李玲

我們知道，高考命題是以課標(biāo)詞為依據(jù)的，但有時(shí)也會(huì)出現(xiàn)個(gè)別或極少數(shù)超標(biāo)詞，一旦超標(biāo)詞影響文意理解或影響解題，通常會(huì)注明漢語(yǔ)意思。因此，在高考中，一定要高度重視注明了漢語(yǔ)的地方。

我們?cè)诜治?021年新高考全國(guó)卷后發(fā)現(xiàn)，新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷閱讀四篇文章中的七個(gè)注明漢語(yǔ)的單詞與五道閱讀題直接相關(guān)，新高考全國(guó)Ⅱ卷閱讀有兩篇文章共三個(gè)單詞注明了漢語(yǔ)，也都與兩道閱讀題的解題直接相關(guān)。也就是說(shuō)，凡注明漢語(yǔ)處，均與答案信息直接相關(guān)，要么就在注明了漢語(yǔ)這個(gè)詞的該句，要么在該詞的上句或下句。因此，注明漢語(yǔ)處是高考閱讀命題的一個(gè)特高頻考點(diǎn)，我們一定要注意。

值得一提的是，正確選項(xiàng)中的某個(gè)或某些詞與文中的詞語(yǔ)幾乎都是詞語(yǔ)復(fù)現(xiàn)，如原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)、同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等。請(qǐng)看高考真題：

一、答案在漢語(yǔ)注釋詞的所在句

答案信息就在注明了漢語(yǔ)的這個(gè)詞所在的這個(gè)句子中。

[例1]（新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷閱讀A篇）Rome can be pricey for travelers， which is why many choose to stay in a hostel（旅社）. The hostels in Rome offer a bed in a dorm room for around $25 a night， and for that， you’ll often get to stay in a central location（位置）with security and comfort.

21. What is probably the major concern of travelers who choose to stay in a hostel？

A. Comfort. B. Security. C. Price. D. Location.

分析：本題問(wèn)“選擇住旅社的游客主要關(guān)心的可能是什么？”由含注明了漢語(yǔ)意思的hostel（旅社）一詞所在句“對(duì)于游客來(lái)說(shuō)，羅馬的物價(jià)很高，這就是為什么很多人選擇住旅社的原因”可知，游客最關(guān)心的是“價(jià)格”，故選C項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)C的price（價(jià)格）與文中pricey（價(jià)格高的）為同根詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。

[例2]（新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷閱讀C篇）When the explorers first set foot upon the continent of North America， the skies and lands were alive with an astonishing variety of wildlife ... Unfortunately ... Millions of waterfowl（水禽）were killed at the hands of market hunters and a handful of overly ambitious sportsman. Millions of acres of wetlands were dried to feed and house the ever-increasing populations， greatly reducing waterfowl habitat（棲息地）.

28. What was a cause of the waterfowl population decline in North America？

A. Loss of wetlands.

B. Popularity of water sports.

C. Pollution of rivers.

D. Arrival of other wild animals.

分析：本題問(wèn)“北美水禽數(shù)量下降的一個(gè)原因是什么？”由第一段中含漢語(yǔ)注釋的兩個(gè)單詞waterfowl（水禽）和habitat （棲息地）所在的句子可知，水禽數(shù)量下降的原因有二，一是數(shù)以百萬(wàn)計(jì)的水禽被獵人和少數(shù)野心勃勃的運(yùn)動(dòng)員所殺，二是數(shù)百萬(wàn)英畝的濕地因要供養(yǎng)和安置不斷增長(zhǎng)的人口而變得干燥，大大減少了水禽的棲息地，瀏覽各選項(xiàng)，只有A項(xiàng)Loss of wetlands（濕地的喪失）與原文greatly reducing waterfowl habitat相吻合。選項(xiàng)中l(wèi)oss與文中reducing是近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，wetlands為原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。

[例3]（新高考全國(guó)Ⅱ卷閱讀D篇）Salah Sukkarieh， a professor at the University of Sydney， sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags（標(biāo)簽）on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape， color and texture（質(zhì)地）of grass. That way， cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.

13. What will Sukkarieh’s robot be able to do？

A. Monitor the quality of grass.

B. Cure the diseased cattle.

C. Move cattle to another field.

D. Predict weather changes.

分析：本題問(wèn)“Sukkarieh的機(jī)器人能做什么？”注明漢語(yǔ)的Radio tags（標(biāo)簽）的前一句說(shuō)，該機(jī)器人能夠“判斷奶牛是否生病”，Radio tags（標(biāo)簽）所在句說(shuō)，能夠“測(cè)量溫度的變化”，注明漢語(yǔ)的texture（質(zhì)地）所在句說(shuō)，能夠“跟蹤草地的質(zhì)量”，對(duì)比各選項(xiàng)，只有A項(xiàng)“監(jiān)測(cè)草的質(zhì)量”與原文相符。

二、答案在漢語(yǔ)注釋詞的上一句

答案信息在注明了漢語(yǔ)的這個(gè)詞所在句的上一個(gè)句子中。

[例1]（新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷閱讀D篇）Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support， the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis（重視）on emotion by employers， educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.

34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence？

A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.

分析：本題問(wèn)“作者對(duì)情商普及持什么態(tài)度？”答案在漢語(yǔ)注釋詞emphasis（重視）的上一句“……但公眾關(guān)注的總體效果是利大于弊的（... more beneficial than harmful）?！痹摼涫潜径蔚闹黝}句，是作者對(duì)情商普及表達(dá)的觀點(diǎn)，接下來(lái)的emphasis（重視）所在句和下一句各列出一條支撐該觀點(diǎn)的理由。因此，作者對(duì)情商普及是表示贊同的，故選A項(xiàng)，F(xiàn)avorable與文中more beneficial為近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。

[例2]（新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷閱讀D篇）Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable， we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades， advances in science will offer new perspectives（視角） from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence， with its focus on both head and heart， may serve to point us in the right direction.

35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence？

A. Its appeal to the public.

B. Expectations for future studies.

C. Its practical application.

D. Scientists with new perspectives.

分析：本題問(wèn)“關(guān)于情商，最后一段主要講了什么？”由漢明漢語(yǔ)的perspectives（視角）的所在句及上一句，we hope that...和It is our hope that...可知，選B項(xiàng)，“對(duì)未來(lái)研究的展望”。其中expectation與hope為同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。

三、答案在漢語(yǔ)注釋詞的下一句

答案信息在注明了漢語(yǔ)的這個(gè)詞所在句的下一個(gè)句子中。

[例1]（新高考全國(guó)Ⅰ卷閱讀D篇）Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional（情感的） intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person’s makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test， such as character， motivation， confidence， mental stability， optimism and“people skills.”Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities， but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.

32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence？

A. It can be measured by an IQ test.

B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.

C. It includes a set of emotional skills.

D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.

分析：本題問(wèn)“對(duì)情商常見(jiàn)的誤解是什么？”由漢語(yǔ)注釋詞emotional （情感的）的下一句“現(xiàn)在，許多人將情商誤解為是不能用智商來(lái)測(cè)量的一切可取的（desirable）品質(zhì)，如性格、動(dòng)機(jī)、信心、心理穩(wěn)定性、樂(lè)觀主義和人際交往能力等?！笨芍珼項(xiàng)“它指的是一個(gè)人的積極品質(zhì)”與此吻合，其中positive與desirable是近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。

[例2]（新高考全國(guó)Ⅱ卷閱讀C篇）A British woman who won a S1 million prize after she was named the World’s Best Teacher will use the cash to bring inspirational figures into UK schools.

Andria Zafirakou，a north London secondary school teacher， said she wanted to bring about a classroom revolution（變革）. “We are going to make a change， ”she said.“I’ve started a project to promote the teaching of the arts in our schools.”

8. What will Zafirakou do with her prize money？

A. Make a movie. ? ? ?B. Build new schools.

C. Run a project. ? ? ?D. Help local musicians.

分析：本題問(wèn)“扎菲拉庫(kù)（Zafirakou）將如何使用她的獎(jiǎng)金？”本文首段說(shuō)，“英國(guó)一名女子因被評(píng)為‘世界最佳教師’而獲得了100萬(wàn)英鎊的獎(jiǎng)金，她將用這筆錢(qián)為英國(guó)的學(xué)校帶來(lái)鼓舞人心的人物。”第二段和第三段具體說(shuō)明她將如何使用這筆錢(qián)。由注明了漢語(yǔ)的revolution （變革）的下一句，“我已經(jīng)開(kāi)始了一項(xiàng)在我們的學(xué)校推廣藝術(shù)教學(xué)的計(jì)劃?！笨芍眠@筆獎(jiǎng)金來(lái)開(kāi)始推廣一項(xiàng)計(jì)劃（started a project）。瀏覽各選項(xiàng)，只有C項(xiàng)正確，其中project是原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。

總之，漢語(yǔ)注釋不但對(duì)理解文章意思非常重要，也往往是閱讀題的命題點(diǎn)或答案信息點(diǎn)所在之處，務(wù)必要高度重視。凡是試卷中出現(xiàn)漢語(yǔ)注釋都不可忽視，無(wú)論出現(xiàn)在哪一種題型當(dāng)中。

責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青