Epidemiologist Anthony McMichael of Australian National University surveyed how human societies survived extreme weather brought on by climate shifts. The big threat is changes to food production. And we’ve never weathered a climate change so big， so rapid and so widespread as the one we are now busily creating by burning fossil fuels， notes McMichael.

澳大利亞國立大學(xué)的流行病理學(xué)家安東尼·麥克邁克爾調(diào)查了在氣候變化造成的極端天氣情況下，人類社會(huì)是如何生存的。他認(rèn)為，食物生產(chǎn)的變化是一個(gè)極大的威脅。他還指出，我們使用礦物燃料對(duì)氣候造成的影響，規(guī)模之大、速度之快、傳播之廣，是前所未有的。

Long-running climate changes have often brought about the downfall of cultures， including foiling the earliest human attempts at settled farming nearly 13，000 years ago. Around that time， a major millennia-long climate cooling event known as the “Younger Dryas” coincides with the end of most settlements along the Nile Delta and in modern-day Syria. Skeletons from the era evince “an unusually high proportion of violent deaths， many accompanied by remnants of weapons，” McMichael noted. More recently， three back-to-back decades-long droughts afflicted Mayan society in Central America between roughly 760 AD and 920 AD， and marked the end of that culture’s regional dominance.

長期的氣候變化常常導(dǎo)致文化的衰落，包括粉碎了大約1.3萬年前早期人類想要安頓下來務(wù)農(nóng)的打算。大約在那個(gè)時(shí)候，一個(gè)被稱為“新仙女木”的千年氣候變冷的重大事件，與大多數(shù)定居點(diǎn)（位于尼羅河三角洲和現(xiàn)在的敘利亞）的終結(jié)恰好同時(shí)發(fā)生。麥克邁克爾指出，那個(gè)時(shí)期的人類骨骼顯示出“極高的暴力死亡率，并伴有大量的武器殘骸”。再后來，大約在公元760年到920年之間，連續(xù)三次長達(dá)幾十年的旱情對(duì)中美洲的瑪雅社會(huì)造成了巨大的打擊，標(biāo)志著瑪雅文明對(duì)該地區(qū)的統(tǒng)治結(jié)束。

Culture destruction caused by shorter-term climate changes have proven equally devastating. Decade-long drought in 17th century China led to starvation， internal migration and， ultimately， one factor of the collapse of the Ming Dynasty.

短期的氣候變化已被證明對(duì)文化具有同樣的破壞性。17世紀(jì)中國發(fā)生的一場長達(dá)十年的旱情，導(dǎo)致饑荒和境內(nèi)遷移，并最終使其成為明朝衰落的一個(gè)原因。

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