趙文舉,馬芳芳,馬 宏,周 春
基于無人機(jī)多光譜影像的土壤鹽分反演模型
趙文舉,馬芳芳,馬 宏,周 春
(蘭州理工大學(xué)能源與動(dòng)力工程學(xué)院,蘭州 730050)
為探究不同作物覆蓋下不同深度的土壤鹽分快速反演模型,該研究采集苜蓿、玉米覆蓋下0~15、>15~30、>30~50 cm層深度的土壤鹽分含量,基于無人機(jī)多光譜影像數(shù)據(jù),提取各地塊采樣點(diǎn)的光譜反射率,在此基礎(chǔ)上引入紅邊波段計(jì)算光譜指數(shù)作為特征變量,采用支持向量機(jī)遞歸特征消除算法(Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination,SVM-RFE)以篩選光譜指數(shù)及未經(jīng)過篩選的全指數(shù)組作為模型輸入組,共構(gòu)建出36個(gè)基于隨機(jī)森林(Random Forest,RF)、極限學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)(Extreme Learning Machine,ELM)、BP神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Back Propagation Neural Network)等機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)模型,確定不同作物覆蓋下的最佳土壤鹽分反演模型。結(jié)果表明:SVM-RFE算法篩選光譜指數(shù)構(gòu)建模型精度優(yōu)于未進(jìn)行篩選構(gòu)建的模型。對(duì)于苜蓿和玉米覆蓋土壤,整體上,RF反演效果優(yōu)于ELM模型和BPNN模型,反演結(jié)果能體現(xiàn)真實(shí)土壤鹽分含量,在0~15和>30~50 cm土層上,RF模型反演效果優(yōu)于其他模型,苜蓿樣地驗(yàn)證集決定系數(shù)p2分別為0.71、0.58,驗(yàn)證集均方根誤差RMSEp分別為0.026、0.033,玉米樣地p2分別為0.67、0.64,RMSEp分別為0.111、0.094,在>15~30 cm土層上ELM反演效果較好,苜蓿樣地p2為0.58,RMSEp為0.039,玉米樣地p2為0.68,RMSEp為0.059。0~15 cm是作物覆蓋下的土壤含鹽量最佳反演深度,驗(yàn)證集平均決定系數(shù)2為0.65,均方根誤差RMSE為0.084。研究結(jié)果可為土壤鹽分的快速反演提供理論依據(jù)。
無人機(jī);土壤;鹽分;多光譜;SVM-RFE;反演模型
土壤鹽堿化嚴(yán)重影響作物根系吸水能力和土壤結(jié)構(gòu),造成了大面積耕地退化和作物減產(chǎn)[1],據(jù)統(tǒng)計(jì)中國鹽堿土面積約3 600萬hm2,分布廣泛,其中耕地占26.6%[2],嚴(yán)重威脅中國1.2億hm2耕地紅線,鹽堿地治理迫在眉睫。如何高效地獲取土壤鹽分信息是鹽堿地治理的關(guān)鍵。傳統(tǒng)方法獲取土地鹽堿化分布及變化規(guī)律精度高但費(fèi)時(shí)費(fèi)力、易受地形限制[3],低空遙感為土壤鹽堿化反演提供科學(xué)、高效的技術(shù)手段。無人機(jī)搭載光譜儀器可快速獲取地面大范圍光譜信息,許多學(xué)者使用無人機(jī)搭載高光譜、多光譜等儀器,實(shí)現(xiàn)了土壤墑情監(jiān)測(cè)和作物生長監(jiān)測(cè)[4-5]。此外,紅邊波段可很好地反映綠色植被生長狀況,與表征植被長勢(shì)的重要參數(shù)間有較好的相關(guān)性[6-7]。
敏感光譜變量作為反演模型最重要的輸入數(shù)據(jù),其選擇方法一直是該研究領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn)。使用合適的變量選擇方法不僅可以提高模型預(yù)測(cè)精度[8],還可加快機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)速率,孔鈺如等[9]采用連續(xù)投影算法、最佳指數(shù)法以及逐波段組合法分別進(jìn)行無人機(jī)高光譜數(shù)據(jù)最佳波段篩選,結(jié)合支持向量回歸、偏最小二乘回歸和隨機(jī)森林回歸模型對(duì)冬小麥葉片LAI進(jìn)行估算。Zhao等[10]使用相關(guān)系數(shù)法選取相關(guān)性高的光譜指數(shù)構(gòu)建不同植被覆蓋表層土壤含鹽量反演模型,所構(gòu)建模型等較好地反映真實(shí)土壤鹽分含量。楊寧等[11]通過ENET(Elastic Net)變量選擇算法構(gòu)建不同深度土壤含鹽量反演模型,結(jié)果顯示ENET可以有效篩選出最優(yōu)光譜變量,且使用該方法建立的變量組構(gòu)建模型精度相較于未使用變量選擇方法構(gòu)建的反演模型精度有了明顯提高。近年來,支持向量機(jī)遞歸特征消除(Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination,SVM-RFE)逐步被用于遙感領(lǐng)域,張睿等[12]通過對(duì)比在高光譜數(shù)據(jù)分類中SVM-RFE和OneR、Info Gain、Relief F 3種特征選擇方法對(duì)其精度影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)SVM-RFE選擇特征較優(yōu)。甄佳寧等[13]使用SVM-RFE算法選取了光譜波段及光譜指數(shù)組成的最優(yōu)變量組合,從而建立基于Sentinel-2影像的紅樹林冠層氮含量反演模型。在特征數(shù)目較少的情況下,SVM-RFE法可有效去除冗余特征,但將SVM-RFE結(jié)合機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)算法構(gòu)建作物物候期不同深度土壤鹽分反演模型的相關(guān)研究較少。
為此,本文基于無人機(jī)搭載多光譜成像系統(tǒng)獲取作物物候期遙感影像并對(duì)苜蓿和玉米覆蓋下不同深度土壤層鹽分含量進(jìn)行同時(shí)段野外實(shí)測(cè),通過引入紅邊波段構(gòu)建出與實(shí)測(cè)土壤含鹽量相關(guān)性較高的光譜指數(shù)組,采用SVM-RFE算法對(duì)光譜指數(shù)進(jìn)行篩選,將篩選前的全指數(shù)組和篩選后新指數(shù)組作為模型輸入層,構(gòu)建基于隨機(jī)森林(Random Forest,RF)、極限學(xué)習(xí)機(jī)(Extreme Learning Machine,ELM)、反向神經(jīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)(Back Propagation Neural Networks,BPNN)機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)算法的鹽分反演模型,通過對(duì)所建36個(gè)反演模型的反演效果評(píng)估,以討賴河灌區(qū)邊灣農(nóng)場(chǎng)為例,確定出灌區(qū)不同作物覆蓋下適宜的土壤鹽分反演模型,以期為快速反演土壤鹽分提供理論依據(jù)。
邊灣農(nóng)場(chǎng)位于酒泉市肅州區(qū),隸屬于討賴河灌區(qū),農(nóng)場(chǎng)氣候干旱,降雨稀少,蒸發(fā)量大,海拔約1 390 m,農(nóng)場(chǎng)總面積約15.6 km2,其中耕地面積占34.7%,是討賴河灌區(qū)鹽堿地代表性區(qū)域,見圖1。苜蓿和玉米作為西北內(nèi)陸鹽堿地主要種植作物,將其作為主要作物覆蓋有著重要意義。本研究以邊灣農(nóng)場(chǎng)種植的苜蓿和玉米覆蓋土壤作為主要研究對(duì)象。
圖1 研究區(qū)示意圖
1.2.1 無人機(jī)多光譜遙感影像
使用DJI精靈4,搭載一體式多光譜成像系統(tǒng),該相機(jī)集成可見光以及紅光650 nm、綠光560 nm、藍(lán)光450 nm、近紅外840 nm以及紅邊730 nm共5個(gè)波段,2022年6月7日在酒泉市邊灣農(nóng)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行影像實(shí)地采樣,天氣晴朗,無降雨。設(shè)置飛行高度40 m,航線重疊率70%,旁像重疊率65%,無人機(jī)平均速度4 m/s。采集好的多光譜影像導(dǎo)入大疆智圖進(jìn)行圖像校正、拼接等。
1.2.2 野外實(shí)測(cè)采樣
2022年6月8至10日在酒泉市邊灣農(nóng)場(chǎng)進(jìn)行野外實(shí)測(cè)采樣,采樣點(diǎn)分布見圖2。
此時(shí)該區(qū)苜蓿正處于盛花期,玉米處于拔節(jié)期,分別在苜蓿樣地均勻布設(shè)62個(gè)取樣點(diǎn),玉米樣地布設(shè)56個(gè)取樣點(diǎn),使用土鉆分別對(duì)取樣點(diǎn)0~15、>15~30以及>30~50 cm深度的土壤進(jìn)行取樣,并記錄各點(diǎn)位置信息。每份樣品均稱量30 g放入鋁盒中,烘箱烘干8 h,放涼后進(jìn)行研磨過篩(孔徑2 mm),篩好的土樣中加入150 mL蒸餾水并充分?jǐn)嚢鑋14],靜止數(shù)小時(shí)后,使用雷磁DJS-1C測(cè)定土壤溶液電導(dǎo)率(EC1:5,mS/cm)。根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)公式SSC=0.288 2EC1:5+0.018 3計(jì)算土壤鹽分含量(SSC,%)[15]。
圖2 采樣點(diǎn)分布圖
SVM-RFE算法是一種基于支持向量機(jī)的向后迭代遞歸特征變量選擇方法,主要是利用SVM算法對(duì)所研究特征變量進(jìn)行排序,并評(píng)估每個(gè)特征變量的重要程度,按照向后迭代逐一剔除重要性低的變量[13],相較于相關(guān)性篩選法,該算法有效避免部分變量在進(jìn)入模型前被過濾的情況,常用于遙感研究[16-18]。本研究將32個(gè)常見光譜指數(shù),其中包括16個(gè)鹽分指數(shù)和16個(gè)植被指數(shù),通過引入包含更加廣泛光譜信息的紅邊波段來替代紅光波段,與傳統(tǒng)光譜指數(shù)一起共計(jì)58個(gè)光譜指數(shù)參與篩選。
采用RF、ELM和BPNN共3種機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)算法構(gòu)建土壤鹽分反演模型。以苜蓿和玉米覆蓋土壤樣本的70%即苜蓿樣地43、玉米樣地39個(gè)樣本作為建模集,余下樣本作為驗(yàn)證集。通過評(píng)估決定系數(shù)2、均方根誤差RMSE和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均方根誤差nRMSE對(duì)模型建模集及驗(yàn)證集進(jìn)行精度評(píng)價(jià)。2介于0和1之間,越接近1說明模型精度越高,RMSE越接近0模型精度越高。nRMSE評(píng)價(jià)模型差異,當(dāng)其小于10%時(shí)說明模型無差異,10%~20%間模型差異較小,20%~30%間模型差異一般,大于30%時(shí),認(rèn)為模型差異較大[19]。各參數(shù)計(jì)算公式如下:
試驗(yàn)共采集0~15、>15~30、>30~50 cm土層的苜蓿樣地樣本點(diǎn)62個(gè),玉米樣地樣本點(diǎn)56個(gè),共計(jì)354個(gè)采樣點(diǎn),所有樣本點(diǎn)的土壤含鹽量特性分析見表1。由表1可知,苜蓿樣地0~15 cm表層土壤樣本重度鹽化(土壤含鹽量在0.5%~1%)、中度鹽化(土壤含鹽量在0.2%~0.5%)、輕度鹽化(土壤含鹽量<0.2%)[15]的樣本分別占總樣本的1.6%、83.9%、14.5%;>15~30 cm土層中3個(gè)等級(jí)的樣本占比為0%、83.9%、16.1%;30~50 cm土層的樣本占比為0%、72.6%、27.4%。玉米樣地0~15 cm表層土壤中重度鹽化、中度鹽化、輕度鹽化樣本分別占總樣本的62.5%、37.5%、0%。>15~30 cm和>30~50 cm中3個(gè)等級(jí)的樣本占比均為51.8%、48.2%、0%。3個(gè)土層的樣本數(shù)量變異系數(shù)均小于0.4,變異程度小,最值均在合理范圍內(nèi),無異常值,可全部用于模型數(shù)據(jù)集。
表1 土壤含鹽量特性描述分析
本研究選取常見的16個(gè)傳統(tǒng)鹽分指數(shù),分別為NDSI、Int1、Int2、SI、SI1、SI2、SI3、SI-T、S1、S2、S3、S4、S5、S6、SR、BI和16個(gè)傳統(tǒng)植被指數(shù)NDVI、DVI、EVI、RVI、GCI、GSAVI、GRVI、GOSAVI、GNDVI、GLI、GDVI、LAI、IPVI、MSAVI、NNIP、NLI作為模型輸入,計(jì)算公式見表2。
通過研究引入紅邊波段對(duì)作物參數(shù)或土壤水鹽反演精度的影響,發(fā)現(xiàn)引入紅邊波段可有效提升反演模型精度[20-22]。本文通過引入紅邊波段,將以上傳統(tǒng)光譜指數(shù)中的紅光波段用紅邊波段替代(記為X-reg,如EVI-reg),從而衍生出26個(gè)改進(jìn)光譜指數(shù),共構(gòu)成58個(gè)光譜指數(shù)。
表2 光譜指數(shù)計(jì)算公式表
注:、NIR代表多光譜影像中紅光、綠光、藍(lán)光、近紅外波段的反射值。
Note:,,, NIR represent the reflection values of red band, green band, blue band and near-infrared band in multispectral images.
采用SVM-RFE算法對(duì)原光譜指數(shù)和引入紅變波段后共58個(gè)光譜指數(shù)進(jìn)行篩選(該算法用MATLAB R2018a實(shí)現(xiàn)),通過逐次增加篩選個(gè)數(shù),發(fā)現(xiàn)設(shè)置保留特征為14個(gè)時(shí),反演模型精度最好,為避免篩選特征數(shù)量對(duì)模型精度的影響,對(duì)每層土壤均篩選14個(gè)光譜指數(shù)作為模型的輸入量。SVM-RFE使用SVM機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)模型精度作為度量對(duì)特征進(jìn)行排序,去掉最小特征得分的特征,用剩余特征再次訓(xùn)練模型,進(jìn)行下一次迭代,直到?jīng)]有特征,排在前面的單個(gè)特征并不一定是最優(yōu)特征子集,而是特征變量組合在一起才使得模型達(dá)到最優(yōu)學(xué)習(xí)效果,通過不停迭代,每次減少一個(gè)保留特征數(shù)量,得到重要程度排序表3。
從表3可知,苜蓿樣地篩選結(jié)果多為植被指數(shù),且引入紅邊波段計(jì)算出的改進(jìn)光譜指數(shù)占比較大,而玉米樣地多為鹽分指數(shù)。對(duì)篩選后的光譜指數(shù)組進(jìn)行相關(guān)性檢驗(yàn)(圖3),發(fā)現(xiàn)大部分光譜指數(shù)與實(shí)測(cè)值相關(guān)性顯著,可用于后續(xù)建模。
2.3.1 全指數(shù)組模型反演結(jié)果分析
為探究SVM-RFE在光譜指數(shù)篩選中的適用性,用SVM-RFE算法篩選光譜指數(shù)建立模型與未篩選光譜指數(shù)組建立模型進(jìn)行對(duì)比,全指數(shù)組模型反演結(jié)果見表 4,可知將紅邊波段引入不同作物覆蓋下不同深度土壤鹽分反演模型的構(gòu)建中是可行的。全指數(shù)組構(gòu)建模型中,苜蓿和玉米覆蓋地0~15 cm土壤層反演效果為最優(yōu),其他2個(gè)深度層反演效果接近,苜蓿樣地RF模型驗(yàn)證集p2在0.50~0.57間,RMSEp在0.030~0.036間,玉米樣地RF模型驗(yàn)證集p2在0.60~0.62間,RMSEp在0.044~0.102間,nRMSEc和nRMSEp均小于20%,模型差異小,RF模型表現(xiàn)能力突出,其次是ELM模型。
表3 基于SVM-RFE篩選的光譜指數(shù)重要性排序
圖3 光譜指數(shù)與實(shí)測(cè)土壤含鹽量相關(guān)系數(shù)圖
2.3.2 篩選后指數(shù)組模型反演分析
用SVM-RFE算法篩選光譜指數(shù)后的14個(gè)光譜指數(shù)建立模型,對(duì)比表4和表5,經(jīng)過指數(shù)篩選構(gòu)建的模型精度優(yōu)于未進(jìn)行指數(shù)篩選的全指數(shù)構(gòu)建的模型。由表5和圖4a可知,對(duì)于苜蓿樣地,從深度看,0~15、>15~30 和>30~50 cm土層構(gòu)建的反演模型p2分別在0.61~0.71、0.43~0.58、0.54~0.58之間,RMSEp分別在0.026~0.69、0.030~0.54、0.032~0.39間,0~15 cm土壤鹽分反演明顯優(yōu)于其他深度,其次是>30~50 cm。從模型看,對(duì)于0~15和>30~50 cm土層鹽分反演模型,RF反演效果優(yōu)于ELM和BPNN,p2分別為0.71、0.58,RMSEp分別為0.026、0.033,其次是ELM;對(duì)于>15~30 cm土層,ELM反演精度最高,p2為0.58,RMSEp為0.039,其次是RF模型。綜上,苜蓿覆蓋下土壤鹽分反演最佳深度是0~15 cm,其次是>30~50 cm,且RF整體表現(xiàn)最優(yōu),如圖 5所示。
表4 基于全指數(shù)組的不同深度土壤鹽分含量反演結(jié)果
注:c2、RMSEc、nRMSEc分別為建模集的決定系數(shù)、均方根誤差和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均方根誤差,p2、RMSEp、nRMSEp分別為驗(yàn)證集的決定系數(shù)、均方根誤差和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均方根誤差。下同。
Note:c2、RMSEcand nRMSEcare the determination coefficient, root mean square error and standard root mean square error of the modeling set, andp2、RMSEpand nRMSEpare the determination coefficient, root mean square error and standard root mean square error of the validation set. The same below.
表5 基于SVM-RFE篩選的不同深度土壤鹽分反演模型
圖4 基于SVM-RFE變量篩選的機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)模型土壤含鹽量實(shí)測(cè)值與預(yù)測(cè)值對(duì)比
圖5 苜蓿樣地土壤含鹽量實(shí)測(cè)值與預(yù)測(cè)值對(duì)比
由表5和圖4b可知,對(duì)于玉米樣地0~15 、>15~30 和>30~50 cm土層反演模型p2分別在0.60~0.67、0.52~0.68、0.53~0.64之間,RMSEp分別在0.110~0.134、0.059~0.87、0.044~0.122間,0~15 cm、>15~30 cm反演效果優(yōu)于>30~50 cm。從模型看,玉米與苜蓿樣地反演結(jié)果一致,在0~15 和30~50 cm土層,RF反演效果最優(yōu),p2分別為0.67、0.64,RMSEp分別為0.111、0.094,其次是ELM;對(duì)于>15~30 cm土壤,ELM反演精度最高,p2為0.68,RMSEp為0.059,其次是RF模型。綜上,玉米覆蓋下土壤鹽分反演最佳深度是0~15 cm,其次是15~30 cm,RF總體反演效果依然是最佳(如圖6所示)。且0~15 cm是作物覆蓋下的土壤含鹽量最佳反演深度,苜蓿、玉米樣地平均p2為0.65,平均RMSE為0.084。
圖6 玉米樣地土壤含鹽量實(shí)測(cè)值與預(yù)測(cè)值對(duì)比
作物冠層光譜反射率敏感響應(yīng)土壤鹽分含量,可利用植被指數(shù)和鹽分指數(shù)等建立與實(shí)測(cè)土壤含鹽量的關(guān)系,從而實(shí)現(xiàn)土壤鹽分反演[26]。本文選取苜蓿和玉米覆蓋土壤作為研究對(duì)象,研究不同植被覆蓋下不同深度土壤層含鹽量的反演,以無人機(jī)搭載多光譜相機(jī)為載體,構(gòu)建了多作物、多深度、多模型的土壤鹽分反演模型,實(shí)現(xiàn)農(nóng)耕區(qū)不同深度土壤含鹽量的快速獲取。
通過SVM-RFE變量選擇方法篩選出的苜蓿和玉米光譜指數(shù)有較明顯差異,苜蓿樣地篩選后光譜指數(shù)大部分為植被指數(shù),玉米樣地篩選后光譜指數(shù)大部分為鹽分指數(shù),主要原因是作物光譜特征因?yàn)樽魑镱愋筒煌⒅脖桓采w度差異較大表現(xiàn)出明顯區(qū)別(采樣時(shí)苜蓿覆蓋程度高,玉米覆蓋程度低,大面積的土壤處于裸露狀態(tài)),故由光譜波段構(gòu)建的光譜指數(shù)也有顯著差異[10,27]。張智韜等[28]在研究植被覆蓋程度對(duì)土壤含鹽量反演的影響時(shí),證實(shí)了這一點(diǎn),隨著植被覆蓋度增加,鹽分指數(shù)敏感性逐漸降低,植被指數(shù)敏感性逐漸增加。
Wang等[29]以庫車綠洲為研究區(qū)研究土壤鹽分反演算法比較時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),在0~10 、>10~30 和>30~50 cm三個(gè)土層深度中構(gòu)建的13個(gè)鹽分反演模型2最高的是0~10 cm層(0.60~0.74),其次是>30~50 cm(0.30~0.47),最低的是10~30 cm(0.15~0.31),這與本研究苜蓿覆蓋下土壤鹽分反演結(jié)果一致。而對(duì)于玉米,反演模型效果最好、精度最高的是0~10 cm層,其次是>15~30 cm,最低的是>30~50 cm,這種差異應(yīng)該是由于作物不同、覆蓋度不同以及覆膜產(chǎn)生的[28,30]。
本研究得出,植被覆蓋下土壤鹽分反演模型在0~15 和30~50 cm土層RF模型表現(xiàn)最好,在15~30 cm土壤層ELM反演效果略優(yōu)于RF,許多相關(guān)研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)ELM模型反演精度高[11,30]。綜合評(píng)估構(gòu)建模型表現(xiàn)最佳的是RF模型,2種作物0~15 cm土層的RF模型驗(yàn)證集2和RMSE平均值分別為0.69、0.069,>15~30 cm土層的RF模型驗(yàn)證集2和RMSE平均值為0.59、0.048,>30~50 cm土層的RF模型驗(yàn)證集2和RMSE平均值為0.61、0.039。很多學(xué)者在做相似反演模型比較時(shí),均認(rèn)為基于RF算法構(gòu)建的模型反演精度高,穩(wěn)定性好,抗過擬合能力強(qiáng)[31-32]。Wei等[33]在進(jìn)行土壤鹽漬化監(jiān)測(cè)模型研究時(shí)同樣得出在基于RF、BPNN和SVR算法的植被覆蓋條件下的含鹽量反演機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)模型中,基于光譜指數(shù)組的RF反演模型測(cè)試集2為0.67,RMSE為0.112,基于RF算法模型表現(xiàn)最佳。杜瑞麒等[34]在研究基于Sentinel-2多光譜衛(wèi)星反演植被覆蓋下的土壤鹽分時(shí)同樣得出了類似結(jié)論。故相比于ELM和BPNN,基于RF算法構(gòu)建的土壤鹽分反演模型更能真實(shí)的表達(dá)討賴河流域作物覆蓋下土壤的含鹽量。
本文主要研究了基于無人機(jī)多光譜影像的不同作物覆蓋下不同土壤深度鹽分反演模型并取得了較好的反演結(jié)果,但多源遙感及環(huán)境因素對(duì)模型的影響有待進(jìn)一步研究,在今后的學(xué)習(xí)中,可考慮與衛(wèi)星遙感相結(jié)合,同時(shí)將氣溫、土壤濕度等參數(shù)加入到模型構(gòu)建中,以期確定出精準(zhǔn)性更高、適用性更強(qiáng)的土壤鹽分反演模型。
本文采集了苜蓿、玉米覆蓋下不同深度土壤含鹽量,以全指數(shù)組和用SVM-RFE篩選光譜指數(shù)組結(jié)合RF、ELM和BPNN 3種機(jī)器學(xué)習(xí)算法,建立36個(gè)作物覆蓋下土壤鹽分反演模型,并以決定系數(shù)2、均方根誤差RMSE、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均方根誤差nRMSE評(píng)估各模型反演效果,得出以下結(jié)論:
1)對(duì)比全指數(shù)組構(gòu)建模型,通過SVM-RFE變量選擇方法篩選出的光譜指數(shù)組作為模型輸入數(shù)據(jù),所構(gòu)建的鹽分反演模型反演效果更好,均方根誤差更小,訓(xùn)練速度也明顯提高,表明該變量選擇方法用于不同深度層土壤鹽分反演及相關(guān)研究中來是可行的。
2)對(duì)于基于SVM-RFE變量篩選的苜蓿覆蓋下的土壤,0~15 cm反演效果最好,其次是>30~50 cm,最后是>15~30 cm,驗(yàn)證集2依次為在0.61~0.71、0.43~0.58、0.54~0.58之間。玉米覆蓋下的土壤在0~15 cm土層同樣反演效果最好,其次是>15~30 cm,最后是>30~50 cm,驗(yàn)證集2依次在0.60~0.67、0.52~0.68、0.53~0.64間。故作物覆蓋下的土壤含鹽量的最佳反演深度是0~15 cm,反演結(jié)果最能體現(xiàn)真實(shí)土壤鹽分值。
3)在0~15和>30~50 cm土層RF模型的反演效果最好,苜蓿樣地驗(yàn)證集2分別為0.71、0.58,玉米樣地驗(yàn)證集2分別為0.67、0.64。>15~30 cm土層ELM模型的反演效果最好,苜蓿樣地驗(yàn)證集2為0.58,玉米樣地驗(yàn)證集2為0.68。整體看,苜蓿和玉米樣地所建反演模型中RF模型總體反演效果優(yōu)于ELM模型,BPNN模型表現(xiàn)一般。
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Soil salinity inversion model based on the multispectral images of UAV
Zhao Wenju, Ma Fangfang, Ma Hong, Zhou Chun
(,,730050,)
Soil salinization has posed a serious threat to the growth and yield of crops in the national food security. Among them, the Taolai River basin with the widely distributed saline-alkali land has been one of the most important planting areas in northwest China. It is a high demand for the timely acquisition of soil salinity information during the salinization control. In this study, a representative sampling area of soil salinization was taken as the Bianwan Farm in Suzhou District, Jiuquan City, Gansu Province, China. A rapid inversion model of soil salinity was proposed at the soil depths of 0-15, 15-30, and 30-50 cm under the crop cover of alfalfa and corn in the phenological period. The multi-spectral image data of the Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) was also collected at the same time. The reflectance of the spectral band was extracted in the different acquisition points of plots. The red edge band was also introduced to calculate the spectral index, in order to effectively improve the inversion accuracy. A total of 58 spectral indices were involved in the modeling. The Support Vector Machine-Recursive Feature Elimination (SVM-RFE) was selected to screen the spectral index. Specifically, the SVM was used to sort the feature variables, and then evaluate the importance of each feature variable. The variables with low importance were removed, according to the backward iteration. As such, a better performance was achieved to effectively remove the redundant features for the high running speed of the model. A total of 36 models were constructed to evaluate the accuracy and inversion effect of the models, including Random Forest (RF), Extreme learning machine (ELM), and Back-propagation neural network (BPNN). The model input was taken as the unfiltered full and filtered new variable group. Finally, the best soil-salinity inversion model was determined for the optimal inversion depth under crop coverage. The results show that the SVM-RFE variable selection significantly improved the accuracy of each soil-salinity inversion model. A better performance was achieved in the coefficient of determination (2), root-mean-square error (RMSE), and training speed of the improved model, compared with the model without variable screening. Overall, the inversion effect of the RF model was better than that of ELM and BPNN models. Among them, the inversion effect was one of the best indicators for real soil salt. Specifically, the RF model presented the best inversion effect in the 0-15 and 30-50 cm soil layers under crop cover, where thep2values of the validation set in the alfalfa field were 0.71 and 0.58, respectively, RMSEpvalues were 0.026 and 0.033, respectively; thep2values in the corn field were 0.67 and 0.64, respectively, the RMSEpvalues were 0.111 and 0.094, respectively. In the 15-30 cm layer, the ELM model presented the best inversion effect, where thep2values in the alfalfa and corn fields were 0.58, and 0.039, respectively; the RMSEpvalues were 0.68, and 0.059, respectively. In the terms of inversion depth, the inversion effects of 0-15 cm and 30-50 cm were better than that of 15-30 cm for the alfalfa-covered soil. The inversion effects of 0-15 cm and 15-30 cm were better than that of 30-50 cm for the corn-covered soil. The comprehensive analysis showed that the 0-15 cm soil layer was the best inversion depth for the soil salt content under crop cover, where the average2of the validation set was 0.65, and the RMSE was 0.084. A strong reference was offered to manage the saline-alkali land in the arid area of northwest China. The finding can also provide a scientific basis for the rapid inversion of salt in the different soil depth layers under crop mulching.
UAV; soils; salinity; multispectral; SVM-RFE; inversion model
10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2022.24.010
S127
A
1002-6819(2022)-24-0093-09
趙文舉,馬芳芳,馬宏,等. 基于無人機(jī)多光譜影像的土壤鹽分反演模型[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào),2022,38(24):93-101.doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2022.24.010 http://www.tcsae.org
Zhao Wenju, Ma Fangfang, Ma Hong, et al. Soil salinity inversion model based on the multispectral images of UAV[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2022, 38(24): 93-101. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi:10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2022.24.010 http://www.tcsae.org
2022-09-12
2022-11-08
國家自然科學(xué)基金項(xiàng)目(51869010)
趙文舉,博士,教授,博士生導(dǎo)師,研究方向?yàn)楹祬^(qū)生態(tài)水利。Email:wenjuzhao@126.com