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        ?

        利用七大錦囊,突破閱讀猜詞

        2022-02-10 02:47:54籍萬杰
        求學(xué)·理科版 2022年1期
        關(guān)鍵詞:畫線詞義短語

        籍萬杰

        猜詞悟義是英語閱讀理解的重要考點(diǎn)之一,近幾年高考試題中都會(huì)有一個(gè)小題考查詞義猜測(cè)。從2015年開始,《考試說明》便把以往考綱中的“根據(jù)上下文推斷生詞的詞義”修訂為“根據(jù)上下文推斷單詞和短語的含義”。這一變化需引起我們的高度關(guān)注,這說明高考對(duì)猜詞悟義能力的考查范圍更廣了、要求更高了。筆者在此為考生提供應(yīng)對(duì)猜詞悟義的七個(gè)錦囊,希望能夠幫助大家解答好此類題目。

        利用釋義法解題

        在說明文尤其是科技類說明文中,作者通常會(huì)對(duì)一些關(guān)鍵詞或?qū)I(yè)術(shù)語進(jìn)行解釋。常見的有對(duì)該詞下定義或后跟同位語、定語從句、冒號(hào)、破折號(hào)、括號(hào)等引出解釋說明部分。通過閱讀定義或解釋部分,讀者便可理解該詞或短語的意思。

        【考例1】(2021年全國(guó)甲卷,C篇)

        9. What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe!” probably mean?

        A.Be careful! B.Well done! C.No way! D.Dont worry!

        【解析】原文:A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe!” And thats what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.

        本題可以用釋義法解題。根據(jù)畫線部分后面的解釋“And thats what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.(那才是真正重要的——掌握了滑板的落地技巧,才能成為一名好的滑板玩家。)”可知,作者掌握了滑板落地技巧,因此他的朋友大聲歡呼,由此可以推出本句的“Safe”有贊美之意,故選B項(xiàng)。

        【考例2】(2020年5月天津卷,C篇)

        47. The expression “added bonus” refers to the fact that electric planes.

        A. give passengers more pleasant views

        B. bring airlines more financial benefits

        C. offer more enjoyable flying experiences

        D. cost less in maintenance than traditional ones

        【解析】原文:Theres also the added bonus that electric planes are just much more pleasant to fly in. No loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.

        “added bonus”后面的that從句是同位語從句,解釋說明“added bonus”的內(nèi)容(坐電動(dòng)飛機(jī)更舒服)?!癗o loud engine noise, no smell of fuel, just environmentally friendly peace and quiet.”一句則進(jìn)一步解釋說明,電動(dòng)飛機(jī)飛行時(shí)沒有發(fā)動(dòng)機(jī)的噪音,沒有燃油的氣味,環(huán)境安靜和諧,這意味著人們能夠獲得更加愉悅的飛行體驗(yàn),故選C項(xiàng)。

        利用構(gòu)詞法解題

        英語單詞可以通過添加詞綴、合成或轉(zhuǎn)化的方式構(gòu)成新詞或生成新的詞義。同學(xué)們要熟記一定數(shù)量的詞根、前綴和后綴,從而達(dá)到通過“解剖”一個(gè)單詞,對(duì)一個(gè)生詞能夠“望文生義”的效果,同時(shí)結(jié)合文章的語境來猜測(cè)詞義。

        【考例1】(2016年全國(guó)II卷,B篇)

        27. What does the underlined word “downside” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?

        A. Mistake. ? B. Drawback. ? C. Difficulty. ? D. Burden.

        【解析】原文:Encouraging this kind of thinking has a downside. I ran the risk of losing those students who had a different style of thinking. Without fail one would declare, “But Im just not creative.”

        downside是由“down(向下)+ side(方面)”構(gòu)成的合成詞,并且后文提到“作者冒著失去那些有不同思維風(fēng)格的學(xué)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)”。因此,我們可以猜測(cè)該詞的意思是“不足,缺點(diǎn)”,故選B項(xiàng)。

        【考例2】(2010年福建卷,B篇)

        60. The underlined word “outlawed” in Paragraph 2 probably means “ ”.

        A. allowedB. bannedC. offeredD. refused

        【解析】原文:Five million more families in sub-Saharan Africa will get a TV over the next five years. In 2005 , after the fall of the Taliban(塔利班), which had outlawed TV, 1 in 5 Afghans had one. The global total is another 150 million by 2013 — pushing the numbers to well beyond two thirds of families.

        本題可以利用構(gòu)詞法結(jié)合文意猜測(cè)詞義?!皁ut”作為前綴構(gòu)成動(dòng)詞時(shí),有“超越,超過”的意思,與“l(fā)aw”連用,意思是“超越了法律”,即為法律所不容。再結(jié)合句子“In 2005, after the fall of the Taliban(塔利班), which had outlawed TV, 1 in 5 Afghans had one.”可知,2005年塔利班政權(quán)垮臺(tái)以后,五分之一的阿富汗人有了電視機(jī),而在這之前電視應(yīng)該是“被禁止的”。故選B項(xiàng),“ban”有“禁止”之意。

        利用因果法解題

        若畫線單詞或短語前后句子之間構(gòu)成因果關(guān)系,那我們便可以根據(jù)這種因果邏輯關(guān)系推知單詞或短語的意義。根據(jù)前面的原因可以推測(cè)后面的結(jié)果,根據(jù)后面的結(jié)果也可以反推前面的原因。因果關(guān)系的語境通常由because、so、thus、therefore、as a result of、since、so that、so/such...that...等標(biāo)志詞體現(xiàn)。

        【考例1】(2020年全國(guó)II卷,C篇)

        30. What does the underlined word “collapsed” in paragraph 5 probably mean?

        A. Boomed. B. Became mature.

        C. Remained stable. ? ? D. Crashed.

        【解析】原文:The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy.

        由“The fur trade kept nutria in check for decades”這一句可知,幾十年來,毛皮貿(mào)易使海貍鼠的數(shù)量處于控制之下。根據(jù)畫線詞后的“the cat-sized animals multiplied like crazy”可知,這種大小像貓的動(dòng)物開始瘋狂地繁殖,由此推知含有畫線詞的這一句指出了原因“20世紀(jì)80年代末海貍鼠市場(chǎng)‘崩潰了”,故選D項(xiàng)。

        【考例2】(2019年全國(guó)II卷,B篇)

        25. What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in Paragraph 2 mean?

        A. Encourage team work.? ? ? ? ?B. Appeal to feeling.

        C. Promote good deeds.? ? ? ? ? ? D. Provide advice.

        【解析】原文:I guess that theres probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids arent even on … At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, Ill do it.”

        由邏輯詞“so”可知,此處可以借助因果邏輯關(guān)系猜測(cè)詞義句意。畫線部分的前一句提到“她可能需要有人勸說一下”,故“tug at the heartstrings”應(yīng)該有“勸說”的意思?!癮ppeal to feeling”意思是“打動(dòng)某人,喚起某人的情感”,故選B項(xiàng)。

        利用同義法解題

        畫線單詞或短語前后有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)與之同義或近義的詞語或結(jié)構(gòu),它往往暗示了該單詞或短語的含義,這時(shí)我們可從熟悉的詞語中推知生詞的含義。常見的表示同義關(guān)系的詞或短語有and、or、like、as well、similarly、too、also、either等。當(dāng)畫線單詞或短語與其他單詞或短語由并列連詞或者表示相同相似關(guān)系的副詞連接時(shí),意味著這兩部分內(nèi)容在含義上是接近的,由此可確定同等關(guān)系中的某個(gè)單詞或短語所屬的義域,進(jìn)而可推知其大致意思。

        【考例1】(2020年全國(guó)III卷,B篇)

        26. What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean?

        A. Listing completely.? ? ? ? ? ? ?B. Directing professionally.

        C. Promoting successfully.? ? ? D. Watching carefully.

        【解析】原文:One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year.

        根據(jù)“One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment”可知,這個(gè)非營(yíng)利組織旨在監(jiān)督電影娛樂業(yè)對(duì)待動(dòng)物的方式,所以下文應(yīng)是表達(dá)“該組織今年正在密切關(guān)注2000多部電影產(chǎn)品”?!発eeping tabs on”與“monitors(監(jiān)控)”表達(dá)的意義相同,故選D項(xiàng)。

        【考例2】(2015年四川卷,D篇)

        44. What does the underlined word “nocturnal” in Paragraph 5 mean?

        A. Active at night.? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. Inactive at night.

        C. Active during the day.? ? ? ? D. Inactive during the day.

        【解析】原文:And it is not just robins that are being kept awake by artificial light. Blackbirds and seagulls are also being more nocturnal.

        畫線單詞前一句說“不是只有知更鳥在人造光下會(huì)一直醒著”,而“also(也)”表明這一句與前面表達(dá)的意思相近,即“黑鸝和海鷗也更活躍”?!皀octurnal”應(yīng)該是“awake”的近義詞,意為“夜間活躍的”,故選A項(xiàng)。

        利用反義法解題

        運(yùn)用轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比描述事物或現(xiàn)象是寫作時(shí)常用的一種手法,作者常借用一些信號(hào)詞來提供相反信息,從而表明一個(gè)詞語與前面或后面的另一個(gè)詞語互為反義或轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系。抓住這些信號(hào)詞,結(jié)合上下文意,我們就能夠快速推測(cè)出詞義。體現(xiàn)對(duì)比關(guān)系的詞語很多,常見的有but、yet、however、while、unlike、instead(of)、on the other hand、rather than、on the contrary等。

        【考例1】(2020年新高考全國(guó)I卷,D篇)

        13. What does the underlined word “beanpoles” in paragraph 1 refer to?

        A. Big eaters. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? B. Overweight persons.

        C. Picky eaters. ? ? ? ? ? ? ? D. Tall thin persons.

        【解析】原文:According to a recent study in the Journal of Consumer Research, both the size and consumption habits of our eating companions can influence our food intake. And contrary to existing research that says you should avoid eating with heavier people who order large portions(份), its the beanpoles with big appetites you really need to avoid.

        由“contrary to(與……相反)”可知,畫線詞一句與前句意思相反,因此“beanpoles”應(yīng)該與“heavier people”意思相反,意思是“與現(xiàn)存的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)(應(yīng)該避免和食量大的胖人一起吃飯)相反,你真正需要避開的是胃口大而又高又瘦的人”,故選D項(xiàng)。

        【考例2】(2012年全國(guó)II卷,D篇)

        54. What do the words “a replica” in Paragraph 2 refer to?

        A. A painting of the skeleton.? ? ? B. A photograph of Lucy.

        C. A copy of the skeleton. ? ? ? ? ? D. A written record of Lucy.

        【解析】原文:Even the Ethiopian public has only seen Lucy twice. The Lucy on exhibition at the Ethiopian National Museum in the capital, Addis Ababa, is a replica while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom.

        由“while(而)”可知,本題可以使用反義法解題。根據(jù)畫線詞后面的“while the real remains are usually locked in a secret storeroom”可知,“while”前后構(gòu)成轉(zhuǎn)折對(duì)比關(guān)系,所以畫線詞與“real”意思相反,意思應(yīng)為“假的”,故答案為C,意思是“一個(gè)骨骼的復(fù)制品”。

        利用語境法解題

        有些猜測(cè)詞義句意題找不到以上標(biāo)志或線索,這時(shí)我們可以利用上下文提供的語境進(jìn)行合乎邏輯的綜合分析,進(jìn)而推測(cè)詞義句意。

        【考例1】(2021年全國(guó)乙卷,B篇)

        25. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?

        A. Admit.B. Argue.C. Remember.D. Remark.

        【解析】原文:Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter (29%) rely only on their smartphones, according to a survey(調(diào)查). Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that its not really necessary and theyre keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.

        根據(jù)畫線單詞的上文“Of those Australians who still have a landline(在那些仍然有固定電話的澳大利亞人中)”可知,這個(gè)調(diào)查的目標(biāo)人群是仍然有固定電話的澳大利亞人。再根據(jù)下文“its not really necessary and theyre keeping it as a security blanket—19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies.(固定電話并不是必需的,他們將其作為一種安全保障——19%的人表示他們從未使用過固定電話,另有13%的人保留固定電話以防緊急情況)”可知,很多人認(rèn)為固定電話并不是必須擁有的,有些人保留固定電話只是為了能在緊急情況下使用。由此推知,在調(diào)查中他們應(yīng)該是承認(rèn)了固定電話的非必要性。因此,畫線單詞“concede”意思應(yīng)為“承認(rèn)”,故選A項(xiàng)。

        【考例2】(2019年全國(guó)I卷,B篇)

        25. What does the underlined word “stumbles” in paragraph 2 refer to?

        A. Improper pauses. B. Bad manners.

        C. Spelling mistakes. D. Silly jokes.

        【解析】原文:But hes nervous. “Im here to tell you today why you should…should…” Chris trips on the “-ld,” a pronunciation difficulty for many non-native English speakers. His teacher, Thomas Whaley, is next to him, whispering support. “…Vote for …me…” Except for some stumbles, Chris is doing amazingly well. When he brings his speech to a nice conclusion, Whaley invites the rest of the class to praise him.

        根據(jù)上下文語境可知,老師借助競(jìng)選演說鼓勵(lì)同學(xué)們學(xué)會(huì)贊美自己。文中Chris的母語不是英語,他學(xué)英語才三年多,說話不流利,而且他在演講時(shí)非常緊張,所以說話磕磕絆絆,經(jīng)常停頓。“stumble”一詞描述的是Chris演講時(shí)的狀態(tài),而A項(xiàng)的意思是“不恰當(dāng)?shù)耐nD”,故正確答案為A。

        利用常識(shí)法解題

        在僅靠分析篇章內(nèi)在邏輯關(guān)系和語境無法猜出詞義時(shí),我們可以借助生活經(jīng)驗(yàn)和普通常識(shí)確定詞義。

        【考例】(2020年江蘇卷,C篇)

        61. The underlined expression “stomach it” in Paragraph 1 most probably means “ ”.

        A. digest the meal easily B. manage without breakfast

        C. decide wisely what to eatD. eat whatever is offered

        【解析】原文:For those who can stomach it, working out before breakfast may be more beneficial for health than eating first, according to a study of meal timing and physical activity.

        此題考查“stomach”的生僻意思。根據(jù)生活常識(shí)可知,有的人鍛煉前不吃早飯是受不了的,所以此處意為“如果可以忍受空腹的話,在吃早飯前去鍛煉比吃過早餐后去鍛煉好處更多”,故選B項(xiàng)。

        ·最后的話·

        高考英語試題的閱讀材料選材地道、內(nèi)容新穎、語言鮮活,常蘊(yùn)含豐富地道的詞匯和表達(dá)方式。文章中有時(shí)會(huì)出現(xiàn)生詞,抑或是使用熟詞的生僻意思,借此考查考生是否具有通過構(gòu)詞、語法、定義、同位、同義、對(duì)比、因果、常識(shí)、上下文語境等線索推斷詞義句意的能力。

        同學(xué)們?cè)趶?fù)習(xí)過程中應(yīng)熟練掌握考綱所要求的3500個(gè)詞匯,同時(shí)具備必要的構(gòu)詞知識(shí),擴(kuò)大閱讀量,再適當(dāng)運(yùn)用以上猜詞錦囊,相信會(huì)對(duì)解答好猜詞悟義題有所助益。

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