保羅·安德烈亞斯，卡倫·榮格*

組織、塑造社會的空間和定義其特征場所是建筑學(xué)至高無上的使命。得益于由此產(chǎn)生的物理上的開放性、可達性與使用功能的多樣性，公共空間的設(shè)計尤其能為集體生活提供積極的條件。“世界未來城市計劃”（IUPA）獎項關(guān)注建筑、公共空間與社會三者間的關(guān)系，2021 年是其第三屆。這一國際建筑獎項在全世界范圍內(nèi)挑選杰出的創(chuàng)新項目，這些項目成功地創(chuàng)造了滿足我們當(dāng)代社會轉(zhuǎn)型復(fù)雜需求的公共空間。該獎項由德國《建筑世界》和中國《世界建筑》兩家卓越的建筑專業(yè)媒體合作頒發(fā)，同時得到了慕尼黑博覽集團、中聯(lián)慕尼（北京）國際會展有限公司與中國建筑學(xué)會的支持。

在與日俱增的國家級與國際級建筑與景觀設(shè)計獎項之中，IUPA 因其獨特的形象而別具一格。首先，該獎項在最廣泛的意義上關(guān)注公共空間的創(chuàng)造，幾乎不考慮學(xué)科的界限：與巴塞羅那當(dāng)代文化中心與其他建筑機構(gòu)頒發(fā)的歐洲城市公共空間獎相比較，IUPA 的入選項目并不限于典型的公共、開放、室外空間——例如公共廣場或公園設(shè)計。相反，IUPA 將公共空間視為一項完整的設(shè)計任務(wù)，既關(guān)乎外部空間，也關(guān)乎建筑物內(nèi)部的空間結(jié)構(gòu)。

也正因此，2019 年的首次IUPA 評獎選中了ALA 建筑事務(wù)所在赫爾辛基的頌歌中央圖書館（圖1）。該圖書館以一種非凡的方式將內(nèi)部和外部聯(lián)系起來，塑造了統(tǒng)一的空間景觀：這個關(guān)于知識型社會的真實宣言已經(jīng)成為全世界創(chuàng)新圖書館建筑設(shè)計的標(biāo)桿。獲得特別獎的是紐約市的藝術(shù)棚，是由Diller Scofidio+Renfro 建筑事務(wù)所設(shè)計的藝術(shù)和大眾文化的跨學(xué)科中心，它以一種理想又典型的方式說明了建筑內(nèi)外部之間的界限可以如何靈活地配置：由聚氟乙烯膜組成的文化中心的屋頂，可以在融入結(jié)構(gòu)的軌道上靈活地延伸，以創(chuàng)造一個包含公共院落的圍合空間。另一特別獎得主也是活化了內(nèi)部和外部的邊界、建筑和開放空間的分野——融入深圳南頭古城的文脈，URBANUS 都市實踐令人驚喜地展現(xiàn)了有針對性的干預(yù)如何能夠?qū)鹘y(tǒng)的城市公共空間聯(lián)系起來并使其恢復(fù)活力——例如具有文化功能的無障礙設(shè)施。

The supreme mission of architecture is the configuration of the spaces that shape a society,the places that define its character.By virtue of the resultant physical openness,accessibility,and options for use,the design of public spaces in particular conditions collective life in a positive direction.The International Urban Project Award is dedicated to this triad of architecture,public space,and society.This international prize for architecture– awarded for the third time in 2021– singles out outstandingly innovative projects worldwide that succeed in generating communal spaces that satisfy the complex demands of our contemporary transformative societies.The prize is awarded through a partnership that joins two distinguished specialist publications devoted to architecture:Bauweltin Germany,andWorld ArchitectureMagazine (WA) in China.The prize receives support from BAU China,Messe München,MMU BAU Fenestration Co.,Ltd.,and the Architecture Society of China.

Within the growing landscape of national and international prizes for architecture and landscape design,the IUPA is distinguished by its singular profile.To begin with,the creation of public spaces is conceived in the broadest possible sense,and with little regard for disciplinary boundaries:here,in contradistinction to the European Prize for Urban Public Space,awarded by CCCB Barcelona and other architectural institutions,for example,the selected projects are not restricted to classical public,open,outdoor spaces– i.e.the design of public squares or parks.Instead,the IUPA regards public space as an integral design task that pertains to both exterior spaces as well as to the interior spatial configuration of buildings.

And it was for this reason that the premiere IUPA in 2019 singled out the Oodi Central Library in Helsinki by ALA Architects (Fig.1).In a remarkable way,the library links interior and exterior to shape a unified spatial landscape:this authentic manifesto of the knowledge-based society has become a yardstick for innovative library building worldwide.And the recipient of the 2nd prize (special prize)as well– The Shed in New York City,an interdisciplinary centre for art and popular culture designed by Diller Scofidio+Renfro– illustrates in an ideal-typical fashion just how flexibly the delimitation between building and exterior can be configured:the roof of the cultural centre,composed of ETFE foil pillows,can be extended flexibly on rails that are incorporated into the structure to create a spatial enclosure that encompasses a public forecourt.The 3rd prize winner (special prize) too is active along the interface between interior and exterior,building and open space:in the context of the Nantou quarter of Shenzhen's old town,the Chinese architectural office Urbanus illustrated strikingly how targeted constructive interventions– for example with accessible buildings used for cultural functions– are capable of interlinking and revitalising traditional urban public spaces.

It goes without saying that the IUPA is also strongly characterised by the German-Chinese awarding partnership,designed to do justice to China's growing importance on the global architecture scene.In no other country worldwide have spatial and settlement structures changed as profoundly and in such farreaching ways as in the People's Republic of China over the past thirty years.In the hope that these projects will receive commensurate attention internationally,the award also relies upon the well-established expertise of the Chinese magazineWorld Architectureand of the Architecture Society of China,both represented on the jury.In China in particular,an architecture prize that focuses on public space has the potential to provide vital impulses for the continuing development of building culture:in the past,public squares and buildings served primarily to project power.To an increasing degree,contemporary public spaces must instead respond to the need of modern Chinese civil society for openness,accessibility,as well as a diversity of utilisations and users.

With IUPA 2020,the main prizes were awarded to the flowing spatial landscape of Hunters Point Library in Queens by Steven Holl Architects (Fig.2),and the converted culture high-rise SESC 24 de Maio in Sao Paulo by Paulo Mendes de Rocha and MMBB (Fig.3).Nonetheless,two of the three recognitions were awarded to Chinese entries:the Songyang Culture Neighbourhood in Lishui by Jiakun Architects revitalised the area between old,abandoned temples by means of a public park that is interwoven with the surrounding urban district.The Tank Shanghai project by OPEN Architecture transformed a cluster of aviation fuel tanks set along the banks of the Huangpu River into a cultural centre that merges with the surrounding riverine landscape to create a place at the edge of the metropolis that is socially inclusive and accessible to all.The third recognition was awarded to the Future Africa Innovation Campus in Pretoria,the work of Earthworld Architects,a place where learning flows together with life outside of the auditorium.

1 赫爾辛基頌歌中央圖書館，2019年世界未來城市計劃一等獎Oodi Central Library in Helsinki by ALA Architects,First Prize,IUPA 2019

顯而易見，IUPA 的獨特性也體現(xiàn)在了中德兩國的評獎合作上，旨在為中國在全球建筑舞臺上日益增長的重要性予以公允評價。在過去的30 年里，世界上沒有任何一個國家的空間和居住結(jié)構(gòu)像中國這樣發(fā)生了如此深刻和深遠的變化。為了這些項目能夠在國際上得到相應(yīng)的關(guān)注，該獎項還依靠了中國的《世界建筑》雜志和中國建筑學(xué)會成熟的專業(yè)體系，這兩個機構(gòu)都有代表加入評審團。一個關(guān)注公共空間的建筑獎有可能為建筑文化的持續(xù)發(fā)展提供至關(guān)重要的推動力，特別是在中國，公共廣場及建筑曾經(jīng)與權(quán)力表達有關(guān)，而現(xiàn)代公共空間必須在越來越大的尺度上滿足現(xiàn)代中國社會對開放性、可達性，以及使用功能與用戶的多樣性需求。

2020 年IUPA 的一等獎授予了斯蒂文霍爾建筑師事務(wù)所的皇后區(qū)獵人角社區(qū)圖書館的流動空間景觀（圖2），以及保羅·門德斯·達·洛查與MMBB 建筑事務(wù)所合作在五月二十四日街商貿(mào)服務(wù)綜合體做的高層文化建筑改造（圖3）。再者，3 個特別獎中的兩個則頒給了中國的項目：家琨建筑設(shè)計事務(wù)所的文里·松陽三廟文化交流中心通過一個與周圍城區(qū)交織在一起的公共廊道，使古老廢棄的寺廟之間的區(qū)域重新煥發(fā)活力；OPEN 建筑事務(wù)所的上海油罐藝術(shù)中心項目將黃浦江兩岸的航空油罐群改造成一個文化中心，與沿江景觀融為一體，在大都市的邊緣創(chuàng)造了一個具有社會包容性的、歡迎任何人進入的場所。第三個特別獎授予了Earthworld 建筑事務(wù)所位于比勒陀利亞的未來非洲創(chuàng)新校區(qū)，這是一個學(xué)習(xí)與校外生活交織的場所。

IUPA 2021 的獲獎項目也彰顯了公共的室外和室內(nèi)空間的質(zhì)量與廣義上的文化以及狹義上的文化建筑設(shè)計任務(wù)緊密相連。與商業(yè)建筑設(shè)計任務(wù)（無論是辦公樓、購物中心還是住房）相反，文化功能提供了創(chuàng)造復(fù)雜公共空間的機會，其特點是不受限制的可達性和對社會所有成員的尊重。2021 年的新一屆IUPA 中獲獎的3 個項目全部突破了美學(xué)和社會問題的范疇，制定了真正生態(tài)的和可持續(xù)的解決方案?；谶@種精神，這些獲獎項目都明確地致力于對現(xiàn)有的結(jié)構(gòu)或棕地的再利用，或有意識地使用可持續(xù)生產(chǎn)的、對氣候有利的當(dāng)?shù)夭牧希瑫r優(yōu)先考慮最短的物流路徑。

2021 年，IUPA 的一等獎頒給了一個中國的大型項目，由于其在2022 年初將作為第24 屆冬奧會場館，這一作品將受到全球媒體與公眾的矚目。中德雙方的6 位評審選出了清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計研究院簡盟工作室設(shè)計的首鋼滑雪大跳臺，即單板大跳臺這一相對年輕的項目的比賽場地。該體育設(shè)施位于北京城西，長安街沿線盡端，一個正經(jīng)歷著多重改造的區(qū)域，那是中國首都鋼鐵廠的一部分。首鋼成立于1919 年，曾擁有多達200,000 名工人，是中國最大的鋼鐵廠之一，占地約900hm2。通過保護、再利用和擴建工業(yè)大型建筑等措施，中國令人印象深刻地展示了其在全國范圍內(nèi)、特別是在建筑領(lǐng)域減少碳排放的認(rèn)真態(tài)度，顯示中國正在以資源集約型建筑應(yīng)對全球氣候變化的挑戰(zhàn)。

2 皇后區(qū)獵人角社區(qū)圖書館，2020年世界未來城市計劃一等獎Hunters Point Library in Queens by Steven Holl Architects,First Prize,IUPA 2020

The award-winning projects of IUPA 2021,too,exemplify the way in which the quality of public outdoor and indoor spaces is bound up with culture in the broadest sense,and with cultural building tasks in the narrower sense.In contradistinction to commercial building assignments (whether office buildings,shopping centres,or housing),cultural utilisations provide opportunities to create complex public spaces that are characterised by unrestricted accessibility and by respect for all members of a society.All three of the projects that received awards in the new edition of IUPA for 2021 go beyond aesthetic and social concerns to develop genuinely ecological and sustainable solutions.More than in previous years,the focus has shifted now toward substantive contributions to the sustainable use of resources,and hence to the slowing of rapidly advancing global climate change.In this spirit,all of this year's prize-winning projects are explicitly dedicated to the reutilisation of existing structures or brownfields,or consciously use climate-positive local materials derived from sustainable production while prioritising the shortest transport routes.

In 2021,the main IUPA prize goes to a large-scale Chinese project,an achievement that will enjoy the media limelight and global public attention due to its role as the venue for the XXIV Olympic Winter Games in early 2022.The German-Chinese jury,consisting of six experts,selected Big Air Shougang by the studio Atelier Team Minus– a stadium with ski jumps,and the venue for a competition in the relatively young discipline of snowboard jumping (Fig.4).Set along the western periphery of Beijing and with a direct street axis leading to Tian'anmen Square,the sports facility lies within an extensive conversion zone:the area was part of the Chinese Shoudu Gang Tie Chang Steelworks,founded in 1919– with up to 200,000 workers,it was one of China's largest steelworks,occupying a heavy industry zone measuring circa 900 hm2.and extending along the Yongding River.Through large-scale measures devoted to the preservation,reutilisation,and expansion of industrial megastructures,China impressively demonstrates its seriousness about reducing CO2and greenhouse gas emissions throughout the country,in particular in the building sector,and that it is rising to the challenge of resource-conscious building in response to global climate change.

Big Air Shougang is an exemplary instance of this ambitious transformation:with its dynamic form and Olympic colour scheme,the jumping tower soars upward,a horizontal landmark that lies in the shadow of the preserved cooling towers of the old steelworks,and directly in front of the striking silhouette of the western Xishan Mountain Range on the horizon.The new sports facility has the potential to infuse the district with additional potential for development:the close interlinking of green open spaces with the surrounding dynamically growing quarter– which provides production space for creative futureoriented industries and culture alongside office space– will hopefully further invigorate the area while further diversifying the constellation of public space utilisations.

3 圣保羅五月二十四日街商貿(mào)服務(wù)綜合體，2020年世界未來城市計劃一等獎SESC 24 de Maio in Sao Paulo by Paulo Mendes de Rocha and MMBB,FirstPrize,IUPA 2020

首鋼滑雪大跳臺是這種雄心壯志的改造典范：以其動感的造型和奧林匹克的主題配色，在保留下來的冷卻塔的風(fēng)影區(qū)內(nèi)成為水平線上的地標(biāo)，西山山脈清晰的輪廓在背后襯托（圖4）。新的體育設(shè)施可能為該地區(qū)注入更多的發(fā)展?jié)摿Γ壕G色的開放空間與周圍動態(tài)發(fā)展的社區(qū)緊密相連——在提供辦公空間的同時，也為面向未來的創(chuàng)意產(chǎn)業(yè)和文化提供生產(chǎn)空間——極有可能有助于振興該地區(qū)，同時在促進公共空間的利用上多點開花。

首鋼滑雪大跳臺將競技體育賽事的公眾盛況作為城市振興的出發(fā)點，而其他兩個IUPA 獲獎項目則致力于通過文化激活公共空間。正在擴張的瑞典北部小城謝萊夫特奧，擁有全球第二高的木構(gòu)高層建筑，容納了一家整整20 層的酒店，底部4 層高的復(fù)合功能裙房將其與各種城市文化設(shè)施靈活地連接在一起。在內(nèi)部空間，白色建筑事務(wù)所設(shè)計的薩拉文化中心將6 個帶有表演舞臺的大廳組合在一起，可容納50～1200 名觀眾，透明的外殼包覆著市政圖書館的公共閱覽室、公共展廳、劇院和會議空間，以及可供公眾使用的屋頂露臺。穿過大樓的公共長廊，以及大型開放式樓梯，確保偶然路過的人也可以使用這座建筑，希望他們能與綜合體的文化產(chǎn)品有意想不到的接觸。憑借其在火車站和市政廳之間的中心位置，該項目有望成為所有人的城市客廳。

第三個獲獎作品是由思維可建筑事務(wù)所設(shè)計的荷蘭蒂爾堡“機車棚”圖書館，該項目選擇了兼顧可達性、開放性與多樣性的相關(guān)策略，還利用了現(xiàn)存結(jié)構(gòu)：建于1932 年的機車廠的兩個舊的、廢棄的工作大廳，經(jīng)過一絲不茍的改造，現(xiàn)在成為該市新的市政圖書館，位于火車站北側(cè)的荒涼地帶。近90%的原始結(jié)構(gòu)得以保留，而兩個大廳的原始尺度非常不宜人——面積為90m×60m，高度為15m——現(xiàn)在被多個夾層和畫廊分解，所有這些都可以從位于建筑中央的層疊式開放樓梯進入。中央入口大廳橫跨所有樓層：它同時是一個主入口、購物廣場和活動論壇。為了應(yīng)對同時發(fā)生的空間利用而僅用分區(qū)系統(tǒng)選擇性控制，比如在大廳舉辦多個活動，佩特拉·布萊瑟和她的內(nèi)/外工作室設(shè)計了與建筑等高的紡織窗簾，作為靈活有聲效的房間分隔物，同時暗示了蒂爾堡悠久的紡織傳統(tǒng)。在這個項目里還可以通過一個公共長廊橫穿整個建筑，又再降低了可達性的門檻。

IUPA 2021 通過這3 個獲獎項目再次詮釋了如何以高質(zhì)量的方式重新利用場地和現(xiàn)存建筑——懷著對早期建筑實體和建筑歷史的尊重，改造或轉(zhuǎn)型可以取得成功?！?/p>

4 北京2022首鋼滑雪大跳臺中心，2021年世界未來城市計劃一等獎Big Air Shougang,Beijing 2022 by TeamMinus of THAD,First Prize,IUPA 2021

While Big Air Shougang takes the public spectacle of a competitive sporting event as a point of departure for urban revitalisation,the other two recipients of IUPA recognitions strives to activate public spaces through culture.In the small but expanding city of Skellefte? in northern Sweden,the second tallest timber high-rise worldwide,with twenty full stories,accommodates a hotel that rises from a four-story pedestal complex that links a variety of urban cultural facilities flexibly with one another.In the interior,the "Sara Kulturhuset" by White Arkitekter groups six halls with performance stages that seat between 50 and 1200 spectators,surrounded by the transparent exterior shell that contains the public reading rooms of the municipal library,extensive exhibition,theatre,and conference spaces,as well as publicly accessible roof terraces.A public promenade through the building,with its large open staircase,also ensures that the building will be used by passersby as well,who will hopefully enjoy unanticipated encounters with the complex's cultural offerings.With its central location between the train station and the town hall,the building promises to become an urban living room for all.

The third award recipient,the project "LocHal" in Tilburg in the Netherlands,designed by Civic Architects,chose a related strategy for generating accessibility,openness,and diversity,and also uses a pre-existing structure:two older,disused work halls of a locomotive plant,built in 1932,were subjected to a scrupulous metamorphosis,and now serve as the city's new municipal library,set on the inhospitable northern side of the train station.Nearly 90% of the original structure was preserved,while the almost inhuman original dimensions of the double hall– which covers an area measuring 90 m× 60 m and rises to a height of 15 m– is now broken up by multiple mezzanine floors and galleries,all accessed from a central,cascade-style open staircase.The central entrance hall spans all levels:it is simultaneously a main entrance,market square,and event forum.To allow for concurrent utilisations such as events in the hall,which is climate controlled only selectively,Petra Blaisse and her Inside/Outside Studio created building-height textile curtains that serve as flexible,acoustically efficacious room dividers while alluding to Tilburg's long-standing textile tradition.Here as well,the building can be traversed via a public promenade,again generating low-threshold accessibility.

With these three prize-winning projects,IUPA 2021 demonstrates again how places and existing architectural structures can be reutilised in high-quality ways– how modifications or transformations can succeed by showing respect for earlier architectural substance and architectural history.□