John Scott Frazer, Glenn Ross Frazer

1Somerville College, University of Oxford, Somerville College, Oxford, UK

2School of Mathematics and Physics, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK

ABSTRACT Objectives The COVID-19 pandemic has had an unprecedented impact across primary care. Primary care services have seen an upheaval, and more and more patients are engaging in telephone consultations in order to maintain social distancing. In the present study, we seek to quantify the effect of the pandemic on primary care prescribing.Design We conducted a retrospective analysis of the English Prescribing Dataset from January 2014 to November 2020, totalling 7 542 293 921 prescriptions. Data were separated into prepandemic and pandemic sets. A Holt- Winters predictive model was used to forecast individual drug prescribing based on historic trends. Observed data were compared with the forecast quantitatively and qualitatively.Setting All prescriptions signed in England and dispensed during the years 2014–2020.Participants All residents of England who received a prescription from primary care facilities during 2014–2020.Results Prescribing of numerous health- critical medications was above predicted in March 2020, including salbutamol (53.0% (99% CI (41.2% to 66.9%))), insulin aspart (26.9% (99% CI (18.5% to 36.6%))) and tacrolimus (18.6% (99% CI (8.3% to 31.1%))). Medications for end- of- life symptom control increased in April, including levomepromazine hydrochloride (94.7% (99% CI (54.6% to 163.0%))). Medications requiring face- to- face visits decreased, including the local anaesthetic bupivacaine hydrochloride (86.6% (99% CI (89.3% to 82.0%))). There was no observed change in medications relating to type 2 diabetes, hypertension or mental health conditions.Conclusions Significantly increased prescribing of several medications was observed, especially among those critical for health. A dramatic spike in end- of- life prescribing highlights the adversity faced by community practitioners during 2020. Medications involving face- to- face consultations declined, as did contraceptives, travel- related vaccines and drugs used in dementia and Parkinson’s disease. Drugs relating to type 2 diabetes, hypertension and mental health were unchanged.

INTRODUCTION

The United Kingdom’s National Health Service (NHS) relies heavily on primary care practitioners to assess patients with a multitude of presentations. In addition, they also commission services for patients, with development of a market system allowing general practitioners (GPs) to ‘buy’ specialist services from hospitals and other providers, encouraging competition in areas such as cost and waiting times.1Almost 1 billion prescriptions were dispensed by GP practices in 2011, with a total cost of ￡8.8 billion (8.3% of the total annual budget of the NHS in this year).2

January 2020 saw the first mentions of COVID-19 in the UK press. Transmission increased through March, which also brought the UK’s first reported death,3introduction of lockdown measures, closure of non- essential shops and services, and stay- at- home orders. Fatalities peaked in April, with a steady decrease in the following months until rising infections during September prompted the second national lockdown.4

The ongoing pandemic has dramatically changed approaches to primary care throughout the UK and abroad. Consultations are now increasingly conducted via telephone,5bringing new challenges in clinical assessment and communication. In April 2019, 22 829 868 consultations were conducted in England and Wales, 14% of which were telephone appointments.5By April 2020, the overall number of consultations had dropped to 15 835 467, although 48% were via telephone.6This shift has seen mounting concern regarding the quality of telephone prescribing,78although observational data is mixed.910NHS approaches to chronic health conditions have also altered, with various delays in cancer care11and elective surgery.12Patient attitudes are similarly changing, with some individuals more hesitant to seek medical attention.1314Stockpiling of consumer goods, fuel, precious metals and even firearms has been reported in response to the COVID-19 pandemic.15However, there is to date no peer- reviewed published literature investigating medication stockpiling, although some local media reports exist.1617Additionally, there is no peer- reviewed published literature to date to quantify the impact of COVID-19 on prescribing across a range of health conditions encountered by primary care prescribers. The present study aims to address this gap.

We hypothesised that national lockdown would lead to reduced patient interaction with primary care, and thus reduced prescribing for chronic health conditions such as hypertension, dyslipidaemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus. As symptoms of depression were shown to have increased during lockdown,18we hypothesised an increase in acute antidepressant prescription. Additionally, we postulated that prescriptions for respiratory disease, such as inhaled bronchodilators and corticosteroids, would increase during this time due to possible medication stockpiling, and that dispensing of prescription paracetamol would be bolstered based on reduced availability of supermarket versions as a result of panic buying.19

METHODS

We performed a retrospective database analysis on data extracted from the English Prescribing Dataset (EPD)20from January 2014 to November 2020, totalling 71 months, and 7 542 293 921 prescriptions. The EPD catalogues all prescriptions signed in primary care practices in England and dispensed in England, Wales, Scotland, Guernsey, Alderney, Jersey and the Isle of Man, including all drugs, appliances and dressings.21It contains data regarding the prescribing GP practices, as well as the quantity, strength and cost of items prescribed. Items prescribed in prisons, hospitals and the private sector are not included in the dataset. British National Formulary (BNF) chapters 1–19 were included in the analysis. No patient demographic data is included within the dataset, and numbers of prescriptions are given as aggregate data per GP practice for each month, and relate to prescriptions dispensed in that month. Thus, we were unable to control for potential biases relating to patient demographics, however, the aggregate nature of our analysis makes this unlikely to affect results. Prescriptions signed but not dispensed, signed outside of England, and prescribed and dispensed in hospitals, prisons, and private practice are excluded. The EPD is made available under the Open Government License V.2.0, and specific permission further to this was not sought.22

The data were separated into the pre- COVID (January 2014–October 2019) set for forecasting, and COVID-19 (November 2019–November 2020) comparison set, allowing validation of the model against several months of prepandemic data. For each month, the number of ‘items’ listed for BNF sections and individual drugs were summed, and time series formed for each. The EPD ‘items’ variable refers to ‘the total number of times that the medicine, dressing or appliance appeared on prescription forms that were prescribed and dispensed’.23Seasonal decomposition of the time series using locally estimated scatterplot smoothing was used to decompose time series data into seasonal, trend, and irregular components, allowing easier pattern identification.24Forecasting was performed using the Holt- Winters method, a predictive technique using triple exponential smoothing to apply moving averages to observed data. Triple exponential smoothing is an amalgamation of three separate smoothing methods: Simple Exponential Smoothing assumes that the data have no trend, producing a recursive average used as a baseline value to predict the next point; Holt’s Exponential Smoothing builds on the previous technique but also incorporates a trend component; Winter’s Exponential Smoothing includes a seasonal trend, which captures repeating time- based variation. These three components are weighted and combined, with exponentially decreasing weight given to older data points. Forecasts for each BNF section and drug were qualitatively compared with observed data by visual inspection of plots, and quantitatively compared using 99% forecast prediction intervals calculated via the R forecast function as described by Hyndman and Khandakar.25Total UK death data (according to the Office for National Statistics26) was used to compare with prescribing trends for medications used in end- of- life care, with Spearman’s rho used to quantify correlation. Analysis was performed in R Studio V.1.3.959.27

RESULTS

We analysed 107 BNF sections, and 1654 individual drugs. A small year- on- year increase in prescribing was noted, although total dispensed prescriptions in 2020 did not grossly differ in magnitude or seasonality from previous years. A mean of 90 871 011 dispensed prescriptions per month (SD 4 176 279) for our included sections was observed from January to November 2020. There was a decrease in prescribing during February each year (mean 7.94%, SD 3.47%), which then recovered in March, continuing normally. The number of dispensed prescriptions in March 2020 was 7.9% higher than the year mean monthly dispensed prescriptions. Throughout this section, we report dispensed prescriptions, and percentage difference relative to forecast data, unless stated otherwise. Further results can be accessed in online supplemental tables 2–4).

Increased prescribing during COVID-19

Respiratory drugs

Prescribing of inhaled bronchodilators increased 41.5% (99% CI (31.3% to 53.5%)) compared with March 2020 predictions, dominated by terbutaline sulfate (64.3% (99% CI (45.1% to 89.3%))), salbutamol (53.0% (99% CI (41.2% to 66.9%))), ipratropium bromide (21.8% (99% CI (4.1% to 46.8%))), formoterol fumarate (15.2% (99% CI (2.7% to 31.3%))) and tiotropium bromide (12.3% (99% CI (0.3% to 27.6%))). Respiratory corticosteroid prescription was 39.8% (99% CI (30.3% to 50.7%)) above predicted for March, due predominantly to budesonide (37.3% (99% CI (25.7% to 51.4%))), inhaled beclometasone dipropionate (39.3% (99% CI (29.2% to 51.2%))) and inhaled fluticasone propionate (39.0% (99% CI (21.6% to 62.4%))) (figure 1, online supplemental table 1). Prescribing of pseudoephedrine was not affected.

Insulins and diabetic control

Increased prescribing of all types of insulin was observed during March 2020 (figure 1, online supplemental table 1); insulin aspart demonstrated the strongest increase from forecast (26.9% (99% CI (18.5% to 36.6%))), while glucose testing reagents (11.6% (99% CI (2.8% to 22.2%))), ketone testing strips (39.0% (99% CI (30.6% to 48.5%))), glucose (18.7% (99% CI (10.4% to 28.5%))), and glucagon (27.8% (99% CI (10.7% to 51.1%))) also increased. Glucose and glucagon both exhibited summer peaks.

Figure 1 Medications with increased prescribing and dispensing during COVID-19. Number of prescriptions of particular medications issued by English primary care practices and dispensed over the period January 2014 to November 2020. Observed number of prescriptions is represented by a black line, with Holt- Winters forecast for October 2019 to November 2020 represented by a blue line. Prediction intervals are also displayed, with 95% prediction interval in dark grey, and 99% prediction interval in light grey. This figure displays a selection of medications which exhibited increased prescribing and dispensing during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Immunomodulators

Drugs used in the prevention of transplant rejection also exhibited a spike, with increases from March predictions observed for tacrolimus (18.6% (99% CI (8.3% to 31.1%))), sirolimus (16.2% (99% CI (?0.59% to 51.9%))), ciclosporin (14.0% (99% CI (?8.5% to 51.1%))), mycophenolate mofetil (12.8% (99% CI (4.8% to 22.2%))) and azathioprine (7.1% (99% CI (?0.2% to 15.6%))) (figure 1, online supplemental table 1). Similarly, the disease- modifying antirheumatic drugs hydroxychloroquine sulfate (13.1% (99% CI (3.8% to 24.1%))), methotrexate (8.4% (99% CI (0.8% to 17.2%))) and leflunomide (7.4% (99% CI (?0.7% to 17.0%))) all increased in March.

Benzodiazepines, opioids and analgesics

Figure 2 End- of- life care. Number of prescriptions of particular medications issued by English primary care practices and dispensed over the period January 2014 to November 2020. Observed number of prescriptions is represented by a black line, with Holt- Winters forecast for October 2019 to November 2020 represented by a blue line. prediction intervals are also displayed, with 95% prediction interval in dark grey and 99% prediction interval in light grey. This figure displays a selection of medications involved with end- of- life care during the pandemic. The bottom right panel displays total deaths during 2020, as well as prescribing of various medications used for symptom control at the end- of- life with peak and minimum prescriptions corrected to a scale of between 0 and 1 to allow comparison.

Prescribing of drugs associated with end- of- life care also reached their highest recorded point during 2020, coinciding with the UK peak number of deaths in April (figure 2). Prescribing of levomepromazine hydrochloride, midazolam hydrochloride, cyclizine lactate, haloperidol, and glycopyrronium bromide increased by 94.7% (99% CI (54.6% to 163.0%)), 78.0% (99% CI (53.1% to 112.4%)), 75.7% (99% CI (35.2% to 150.7%)), 36.5% (99% CI (13.8% to 70.5%)), and 17.2% (99% CI (0.1% to 41.4%)), respectively, in April (online supplemental table 1), and correlated strongly with total monthly deaths throughout 2020 (Spearman’s ρ=0.88, 0.93, 0.60, 0.48 and 0.58, respectively). Morphine sulfate and oxycodone hydrochloride increased by 7.5% (99% CI (?0.7% to 17.1%)) and 2.0% (99% CI (?5.3% to 10.5%)), respectively in April 2020, a small relative increase compared with their large absolute prescribing and dispensing volume. Paracetamol prescribing increased 21.7% (99% CI (8.6% to 38.5%)) during March 2020, although prescribing of ibuprofen was unaffected. Changes to prescribing of benzodiazepines were mixed, with an increase in prescribing of lorazepam relative to predicted in April 2020 (10.2% (99% CI (1.9% to 19.9%))), while diazepam, clonazepam and temazepam remained unchanged.

Decreased prescribing during COVID-19

Drugs requiring face-to-face visits

Medical devices and parenteral drugs reached a particularly low level of prescribing during the pandemic. Prescription of the intramuscular vitamin B12injection hydroxocobalamin fell 38.0% (99% CI (?43.3% to –31.7)) in April 2020 (88 352 less prescriptions than predicted), while the oral form, cyanocobalamin, increased a corresponding 45.5% (99% CI (35.2% to 57.4%)) (38 489 more prescriptions than predicted). The local anaesthetics bupivacaine hydrochloride and lidocaine hydrochloride dropped by 86.6% (99% CI (?89.3% to –82.0%)) and 55.3% (99% CI (?59.9% to –49.5%)), respectively, in April, failing to recover even by late 2020 (figure 3). Helicobacter pylori testing preparations fell 44.1% (99% CI (?59.4% to –10.4%)) and 58.1% (99% CI (?71.6% to –20.2%)) in March and April, respectively, recovering by October. Prescribing of water for injection increased 80.1% (99% CI (58.8% to 108.0%)) from predicted in April, and urine testing reagents 70.0% (99% CI (45.2% to 104.5%)).

Steroids

Prednisolone prescriptions usually peak from December to January, reaching a trough in summer. During 2020, an unusual spike was observed in March (19.0% above predicted (99% CI (7.3% to 33.5%))), and the summer low point was exaggerated, with a 20.9% decrease relative topredicted in May (99% CI (?29.1% to –10.7%)) (figure 1). Prescribing of dexamethasone fell 21.6% from predicted in May (99% CI (?32.0% to –7.4%)).

Figure 4 Elderly care. Number of prescriptions of particular medications issued by English primary care practices and dispensed over the period January 2014 to November 2020. Observed number of prescriptions is represented by a black line, with Holt- Winters forecast for October 2019 to November 2020 represented by a blue line. Prediction intervals are also displayed, with 95% prediction interval in dark grey, and 99% prediction interval in light grey. This figure displays a selection of medications involved in elderly care whose prescribing and dispensing were altered during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Elderly care

Several drugs used in dementia (including donepezil, rivastigmine, memantine, and galantamine) exhibited a slight drop in absolute number of prescriptions dispensed during 2020, rather than the steady year- on- year increase they had been experiencing prior to 2020 (figure 4). Anti- Parkinsonian medications exhibited a similar decline (figure 4). Medications for nocturia and overactive bladder, including desmopressin acetate and tolterodine, dropped 16.8% (99% CI (?22.5% to –10.1%)) and 14.1% (99% CI (?20.7% to –6.3%)), respectively in May, as did lymphoedema (38.4% (99% CI (?43.1% to –32.8%))) and venous ulcer compression garments (32.3% (99% CI (?38.6% to –24.6%))).

Contraceptives

Contraceptives saw reduced prescribing throughout lockdown, reaching a low in May 2020 with a 19.5% reduction from predicted (99% CI (?25.8% to –12.1%)), dominated by levonorgestrel (57.2% (99% CI (?64.3% to –46.6%))), intramuscular medroxyprogesterone acetate (25.5% (99% CI (?31.3% to –18.7%))), and the subdermal implant etonogestrel (84.1% (99% CI (?86.2% to –81.1%))) (figure 5). Prescribing of the emergency contraceptive ulipristal acetate reached 41.5% below predicted in April (99% CI (?61.0% to –17.0%)). Vacuum pumps for erectile dysfunction had fallen by 48.2% in May (99% CI (?55.0% to –38.9%)), as had vaginal dilators (50.2% (99% CI (?61.3% to –30.0%))) and sildenafil for erectile dysfunction (19.8% (99% CI (?33.0% to –0.2%))). The usual summer peak in norethisterone prescribing was lost, reducing 45.9% in May (99% CI (?53.9% to –34.7%)).

Vaccines and travel-related prescriptions

The summer spike usually associated with proguanil hydrochloride with atovaquone was not observed, with a 96.9% reduction from predicted in July 2020 (99% CI (?98.2% to –88.6%)). The typhoid vaccine, usually peaking in January and June, dropped by 50.3% in March (99% CI (?61.3% to –30.6%)), and never recovered throughout the usual summer peak season, with a 96.7% reduction in July (99% CI (?97.4% to –65.4%)) (figure 5). Diphtheria, cholera, yellow fever, hepatitis A, hepatitis B and combined vaccines all exhibited similar trends. Influenza and pneumococcal vaccines were not affected, however, and their absolute number was not different from previous years. In fact, their uptake was slightly increased by late 2020; the influenza vaccine experienced a 44.1% increase in September (99% CI (2.2% to 144.4%)) and 20.7% increase in October (99% CI (1.4% to 49.0%)), with the pneumococcal vaccine increasing 53.8% (99% CI (2.6% to 207.3%)) and 45.2% (99% CI (16.5% to 92.6%)) for the same months, its most successful year since 2014.

Figure 5 Contraceptive, travel and weight loss medications. Number of prescriptions of particular medications issued by English primary care practices and dispensed over the period January 2014 to November 2020. Observed number of prescriptions is represented by a black line, with Holt- Winters forecast for October 2019 to November 2020 represented by a blue line. Prediction intervals are also displayed, with 95% prediction interval in dark grey, and 99% prediction interval in light grey. This figure displays a selection of contraceptive, travel and weight loss medications whose prescribing and dispensing was altered during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Obesity and substance dependence

Prescribing of the antiobesity drug orlistat usually peaks in May–June each year. This seasonality was absent during 2020, with a 24.3% reduction in May (99% CI (?33.2% to –12.8%)) (figure 5). Changes in drugs associated with substance dependence were mixed; prescribing of some medications for opioid dependence was increased, with methadone hydrochloride and buprenorphine hydrochloride 15.3% (99% CI (5.4% to 27.3%)) and 19.7% (99% CI (11.7% to 28.8%)) above April predictions, respectively. Drugs used in the treatment of alcohol dependence increased only slightly. Nicotine decreased 13.5% in April (99% CI (?36.8% to 36.9%)), although this was not statistically significant.

Drugs unchanged during COVID-19

With the exception of a small spike in March 2020 which quickly returned to baseline, antihypertensives were not significantly affected by the pandemic, nor were antianginals, anticoagulants, antiepileptics, oral antidiabetic drugs, antidepressants or antipsychotics (online supplemental tables 1–4).

Antibiotics

While prescribing of the antibiotics class was not significantly different from prediction, some intraclass differences were observed. Prescribing of phenoxymethylpenicillin, typically indicated for childhood throat infections, peaked as usual in March, but subsequently fell by 33.0% (99% CI (?43.6% to ?17.5%)) in April, maintaining a reduced level of prescribing throughout 2020. Chloramphenicol experienced a similar abrupt end to its usual Spring peak. Prescribing of doxycycline hyclate spiked in March with a subsequent decrease below expected in summer (figure 1). Prescribing of flucloxacillin sodium was 12.7% (99% CI (?23.1% to 1.0%)) lower than July prediction, with a similar trend for the acne antibiotics neomycin and lymecycline.

DISCUSSION

Primary care prescribing has profoundly changed during the COVID-19 pandemic. Increased prescribing and dispensing of medications used in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), insulin- dependent diabetes, and transplant immunosuppression was observed, while drugs involving face- to- face visits were avoided. Elderly care medications, including anti- dementia drugs and those used in the treatment of Parkinson’s disease, experienced an alteration of their upwards trend towards a decline during the pandemic. Somewhat surprisingly, the majority of drugs associated with chronic health conditions such as hypertension, type 2 diabetes and mental health conditions, were not grossly affected.

Our results indicate increased prescribing and dispensing of health- critical drugs during the initial pandemic months. Affected medications include insulins, transplant immunosuppressants and respiratory drugs such as inhalers (figure 1). Since prescriptions of these medications increased during March and April 2020, returning to normal thereafter, we surmise that that the observed stockpiling of consumer goods translated into medication stockpiling.15We theorise that patients anticipated shortages of medications and reduced ability to attend GP practices, and so were motivated to request prescription of extra medications, or seek dispensing of already prescribed items. A survey of solid organ transplant recipients in Germany highlighted this group’s particular fears regarding COVID-19.28Montelukast deviated minimally from prediction, as did the beclometasone/formoterol fumarate combination inhaler, suggesting that these trends may be driven by patients with COPD, rather than asthma. The observed increased prescribing and dispensing of prednisolone and doxycycline, commonly used in COPD rescue packs (a ‘pack’ containing a combination of steroid and antibiotic kept by the patient and used in the event of a COPD exacerbation), supports this hypothesis. Indeed, patients with COPD are particularly at risk of mental health disorders in response to lockdown.29The possible difference between patients with COPD and asthma is interesting, as UK shielding guidelines were similar for both patients with severe COPD and severe asthma.30Prescribing of oral diabetic medications did not significantly differ from forecast, suggesting that medications for individuals with type 1 diabetes, for whom abstinence from insulin would be most detrimental, are responsible for the spike in insulin and testing prescriptions. Insulins were reportedly stockpiled in response to the proposed UK exit from the EU in 2019,31although we find no evidence of increased prescribing and dispensing of insulin during that time. Prescribing and dispensing of both glucose and glucagon increased in March 2020, and their observed annual summer prescribing peak is consistent with previous reports.3233Possible alternative explanations for increased prescribing and dispensing during the lockdown period include increased GP prescribing, or increased dispensing by patients’ pharmacies when attempting to fulfil prescriptions, although to our knowledge there is not yet any peer- reviewed evidence to support this theory.

The alarming spike in palliative care medication prescription coincided with the UK peak overall deaths. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines for management of COVID-19 at the end of life specifically recommends levomepromazine for control of delirium or agitation,34which has been borne out in observed community prescribing (figure 2). A recent survey of practitioners regarding provision of end- of- life care highlights the unprecedented demand on the service.35Further to the high death toll among the elderly, their overall care appears to have suffered throughout 2020, with several drugs used in the management of dementia and Parkinson’s disease exhibiting a reduction in absolute number of prescriptions dispensed in 2020, rather than the steady increase they had been experiencing prior to this. This correlates with the observed lack of new diagnoses of dementia,3637with the attrition possibly reflecting patient deaths, as treatment with drugs to combat Parkinson’s disease and dementia is often lifelong. It may also be possible, however, that elderly patients were unable to visit pharmacies to have their prescriptions dispensed due to reduced social support from relatives during lockdown, shielding advice or fears of leaving the house.

Prescribing of drugs involving face- to- face visits reduced during the pandemic, including intramuscular injections, contraceptive implants, practice- based diagnostic tests, and local anaesthetic agents. This is in line with the observed dramatic decrease in face- to- face consultations recorded during 2020.6The depot antipsychotic medications were an exception, likely due to their enforced administration under the mental health act. Despite guidance advising switching patients from warfarin to direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in order to minimise clinic visits,38and a preprint study reporting that 12.2% of patients taking warfarin in England were switched (most commonly to edoxaban or apixaban) between March and May 2020,39we detected no significant deviation from prediction in prescribing of warfarin or DOACs during 2020. The aforementioned study includes only 40% of England’s population, and does not appear to include dispensing data, possibly accounting for these discrepancies.

Despite the considerable attention hydroxychloroquine received as a potential COVID-19 therapy, other antirheumatic drugs exhibited a similar degree of increased prescribing. One explanation of the observed increase is its use in chronic health conditions rather than to perceived benefits against COVID-19, although perhaps reduced availability of hydroxychloroquine due to diversion for COVID-19 therapy resulted in increased switching to alternatives. Indeed, prescribing of dexamethasone fell during COVID-19 despite widespread publicity of its benefit,40possibly as a result of fewer new cancer diagnoses, or possibly due to supply issues in primary care with increase hospital demand for the drug.

A reduction in transmissible childhood diseases (including measles, mumps, rubella, scarlet fever and whooping cough) has been reported during 2020.41Similarly, we observed a reduction in prescribing of antibiotics commonly used to treat common bacterial illnesses in children, including phenoxymethylpenicillin; we surmise that this is due to reduced overall social contact among children, including national lockdown, as well as shop and school closures, although this is an area in which much further work is needed to ascertain whether transmission was indeed reduced, or healthcare- seeking behaviour was curbed. While there are concerns that telephone consultation is leading to a generalised overuse of antibiotics in primary care, this is not apparent among our results.42Due to widespread travel restrictions, prescribing of travel- related vaccines and medications fell dramatically. Norethisterone has a summer- predominant seasonality, thought to reflect attempts to avoid periods during travel,43which was lost during 2020.

Prescribing of orlistat exhibits an almost 25% increase in prescribing in summer compared with winter, although this peak was almost completely lost during 2020. To our knowledge, this seasonality has not been described previously, and does not appear to coincide with peak dieting motivation,4445calorie intake or seasonal exercise.46Colchicine also displayed seasonality, in agreement with preprint data regarding the summer- predominance of gout.47There was a slight peak in nicotine prescribing during January, in agreement with published data.48

No antidepressant deviated significantly from forecast at any point in 2020. This likely multifactorial, and is is at odds with our prespecified hypothesis. Indeed there has been a reported reluctance for patients to attend primary care for mental health concerns,49while a clear increase in symptoms of depression has been described,18and intentional drug overdoses have spiked during COVID-19,5051betraying a further deterioration in general mental health. While there is some suggestion that patients are increasingly avoiding antidepressant medications due to publicised withdrawal effects,52patients experiencing low mood as a result of lockdown may be facing delayed diagnosis, and likely represent an underserved group during the pandemic, thus reducing access to comprehensive investigation of physical causes of low mood, and to first- line treatments such as cognitive behavioural therapy.

Our results reveal the effects of several recent medication approvals and withdrawals. Prescribing of ranitidine dropped by 99.6% in August 2020, following its suspension in mid-2019 due to a carcinogenic ingredient.53This was offset by an increase in famotidine and cimetidine. Prescriptions of ingenol mebutate fell 99.6% by August 2020 due to its suspension by the European Medicines Agency in the previous February.54Prescription of the subcutaneous glucagon- like peptide-1 agonists fell gradually during 2020, possibly due to the recent approval of oral semaglutide.55

What this study adds

Our analysis provides some of the first published quantifiable impact of COVID-19 on primary care prescribing, and further adds to existing evidence regarding the impact of the pandemic on both acute and chronic health conditions. We observe trends in increased prescribing and dispensing of multiple medications relating to health- critical conditions, and present mediation stockpiling as possible explanation of these results, with others including altered GP prescribing or pharmacy dispensing habits. This research reveals issues surrounding reliance on in- person healthcare visits, which may discourage compliance or invoke fear among patients, thus highlighting societal groups who may experience disproportionate detriments in care during lockdown. Overall, however, measures taken by primary care practitioners to maintain prescription of medications for long- term health conditions, such as increased electronic repeat prescribing,5657appear to have been successful.

Strengths and limitations

We analysed an extensive dataset including dispensed prescriptions from the whole of England over the 6 years prior to the COVID-19 pandemic. Our forecast overlapped with several months of prepandemic data, thus validating the model. However, due to the volume of data analysed, we were unable to offer comparison of alternative forecast models. One major limitation of our study is that it does not fully elucidate patient attitudes to their health conditions; only information regarding dispensed prescriptions is captured, and not patient compliance with prescribed medications. In addition, we do not have data regarding absolute disease incidence, thus it is not clear from our data whether changes in number of prescriptions represents changing incidence of certain conditions during the pandemic, or simply a reluctance to interact with healthcare professionals for diagnosis. Due to the limitations of the dataset, we were unable to draw conclusions regarding differential prescribing by patient group during the pandemic, although were able to make some limited inferences based on the class of drug prescribed, for example, those drugs commonly used in paediatric populations or in elderly care.

CONCLUSION

Our results highlight the disruption experienced by primary care prescribers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Prepandemic levels of prescribing and dispensing were observed for chronic health conditions such as type 2 diabetes and hypertension, although there were clear reductions in prescribing for Parkinson’s disease and dementia. Increased prescribing and dispensing of health- critical medications was observed. Medications relating to mental health were not significantly affected. Strains on community services are underscored by the dramatic increase in end- of- life care prescribing. Thus, the above data highlights those particularly vulnerable patient groups who may benefit from future specific care campaigns. Further work will involve reassessment of trends following a period of lifted lockdown to investigate how long- term prescribing is recovering.

ContributorsJSF conceived of the study, conducted data analysis, wrote the first draft of the manuscript, provided details regarding clinical aspects of the study, and provided critical review. GRF was involved with the design of the study, conducted data analysis, wrote the first draft of the manuscript and provided critical review.

FundingThe authors have not declared a specific grant for this research from any funding agency in the public, commercial or not- for- profit sectors.

Competing interestsNone declared.

Patient consent for publicationNot required.

Ethics approvalEthical approval was not required as this study makes use of fully anonymised retrospective data.

Provenance and peer reviewNot commissioned; externally peer reviewed.

Data availability statementData are available on reasonable request. The data underlying this article are available from https:// storage. googleapis. com/ covid19- prescribing. jsfrazer. co. uk/ home. htm.

Supplemental materialThis content has been supplied by the author(s). It has not been vetted by BMJ Publishing Group Limited (BMJ) and may not have been peer- reviewed. Any opinions or recommendations discussed are solely those of the author(s) and are not endorsed by BMJ. BMJ disclaims all liability and responsibility arising from any reliance placed on the content. Where the content includes any translated material, BMJ does not warrant the accuracy and reliability of the translations (including but not limited to local regulations, clinical guidelines, terminology, drug names and drug dosages), and is not responsible for any error and/or omissions arising from translation and adaptation or otherwise.

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Supplementary Table 1-overall BNF code and drug prescribing for various months during 2020.Absolute number of prescribed items is reported as Nobs,forecast number of prescribed items and 99%prediction intervals are reported as Nfor[99%PI],and per cent difference from prediction is reported as%difference.

Cyclizine lactate 10,414 5,927[4,154-7,701]75.7 407 Analgesics 5,309,715 4,991,310[4,551,713-5,430,908]6.4 Morphine sulfate 458,547 426,753[391,634-461,873]7.5 Oxycodone hydrochloride 155,119 152,093[140,335-163,851]2 901 Anaemias and other blood disorders 1,607,183 1,619,365[1,500,462-1,738,268]-0.8 Hydroxocobalamin 143,925 232,277[210,762-253,791]-38 Cyanocobalamin 123,126 84,637[78,214-91,061]45.5 1502 Local anaesthesia 50,077 110,722[98,072-123,372]-54.8 Lidocaine hydrochloride 46,988 105,144[93,053-117,235]-55.3 Bupivacaine hydrochloride 215 1,603[1,192-2,015]-86.6 May 2020 603 Corticosteroids(endocrine)558,839 694,073[624,757-763,389]-19.5 Prednisolone 485,855 614,566[543,975-685,157]-20.9 Dexamethasone 132,489 169,013[143,089-194,936]-21.6 409 Drugs used in Parkinsonism and related disorders 420,231 458,067[428,087-488,046]-8.3 Co-careldopa(Carbidopalevodopa)102,262 113,824[106,270-121,378]-10.2 Co-beneldopa(Benserazidelevodopa)81,115 88,742[82,933-94,552]-8.6 411 Dementia 324,923 364,083[334,301-393,866]-10.8 Donepezil hydrochloride 164,831 183,192[166,954-199,431]-10 Memantine hydrochloride 116,880 131,506[121,570-141,441]-11.1 Rivastigmine 30,721 34,684[31,718-37,651]-11.4 Galantamine 12,491 13,361[11,550-15,172]-6.5 703 Contraceptives 561,205 697,310[638,559-756,061]-19.5 Medroxyprogesterone acetate 70,721 94,951[87,016-102,886]-25.5 Levonorgestrel 9,329 21,789[17,472-26,106]-57.2 Etonogestrel 1,868 11,718[9,900-13,537]-84.1 405 Obesity 22,177 29,310[25,435-33,185]-24.3 Orlistat 22,171 29,307[25,431-33,184]-24.3

Supplementary Table 2-Overall BNF code and drug prescribing for the month of March 2020.Absolute number of prescribed items is reported as Nobs,forecast number of prescribed items and 99%prediction intervals are reported as Nfor[99%PI],and per cent difference from prediction is reported as% difference.

Belladonna alkaloids 152 203[80-326]Compound antispasmodic preparations 8 -4[-33-26]Eluxadoline 2 1[-23-25]Alverine citratesimeticone 2 -15[-93-63]103 Antisecretory Drugs and Mucosal Protectants 6,154,125 5,945,499[5,502,525-6,388 Omeprazole 2,974,743 2,735,156[2,512,509-2,9 Lansoprazole 2,516,486 2,295,034[2,135,229-2,4 Ranitidine hydrochloride 287,359 563,536[523,671-603,40 Esomeprazole 199,147 180,964[167,851-194,07 Pantoprazole 125,430 112,995[104,527-121,46 Rabeprazole sodium 32,641 28,713[26,371-31,056]Cimetidine 11,973 6,504[3,707-9,300]Famotidine 2,995 1,530[970-2,090]Nizatidine 1,570 2,106[734-3,478]Sucralfate 849 1,156[-317-2,630]Other test for helicobacter pylori preparations 448 802[500-1,104]Misoprostol 379 297[153-441]Pirenzepine 132 135[76-195]104 Acute diarrhoea 153,196 139,601[127,310-151,891]Loperamide hydrochloride 152,743 139,923[127,602-152,24 Loperamide hydrochloride and simeticone 315 322[263-380]Co-phenotrope(Diphenox hydrochlorideatropine sulfate) 91 -735[-1,924-454]Opium and morphine 46 104[-25-234]Telotristat ethyl 1 0[0-0]105 Chronic bowel disorders 230,898 211,766[196,761-226,771]Budesonide 412,041 300,051[272,192-327,91 Mesalazine(Systemic) 139,063 125,769[117,160-134,37 Sulfasalazine 75,653 69,459[64,276-74,641]

Prednisolone sodium phosphate 6,181 6,571[5,206-7,936]Balsalazide sodium 4,276 3,847[3,470-4,223]Prednisolone sodium metasulphobenzoate 1,719 1,602[1,324-1,879]Olsalazine sodium 1,072 1,006[745-1,267]Beclometasone dipropionate(Systemic) 297 249[172-326]106 Laxatives 1,590,104 1,544,082[1,425,692-1,662 Macrogol 3350 561,583 532,033[487,012-577,05 Senna 344,260 346,757[299,457-394,05 Lactulose 225,027 215,231[192,416-238,04 Docusate sodium 204,516 204,233[191,478-216,98 Ispaghula husk 96,866 89,140[80,114-98,166]Bisacodyl 86,238 92,179[60,407-123,950]Glycerol 17,840 18,098[16,349-19,847]Sodium picosulfate 15,696 14,931[13,563-16,299]Prucalopride 11,648 11,783[10,960-12,607]Sodium citrate(Rectal) 7,144 7,125[6,401-7,849]Phosphates(Rectal) 5,369 5,382[4,964-5,800]Sterculia 4,406 4,176[3,654-4,698]Linaclotide 4,308 4,210[2,355-6,065]Naloxegol 2,872 2,935[2,703-3,166]Magnesium hydroxide 1,416 1,757[241-3,273]Methylcellulose 1,217 1,101[294-1,908]Bowel cleansing solutions 363 429[273-586]Co-danthramer(Dantronpoloxamer 188) 199 179[-564-922]Arachis oil 82 76[37-114]Co-danthrusate(Dantrondocusate sodium) 31 150[-502-802]Macrogol 4000 8 -769[-1,792-253]Castor oil 8 3[-4-10]

Other osmotic laxative preparations 7 9[5-13]Other stimulant laxative preparations 5 -7[-38-25]Lubiprostone 5 -80[-412-252]Phosphates 1 4[-17-26]107 Local Prepn for Anal&Rectal Disorders 94,066 105,560[93,130-117,990]Prednisolone 763,412 641,691[571,633-711,74 Hydrocortisone 416,618 457,514[404,583-510,44 Glyceryl trinitrate 167,228 148,334[133,954-162,71 Zinc oxide 26,666 26,914[21,449-32,380]Fluocortolone 256 658[-113-1,430]Hamamelis 94 93[63-123]Other soothing haemorrhoidal preparations 67 85[44-125]Phenol 33 38[4-72]108 Stoma care 41 47[-164-258]41 47[-164-258]109 Drugs affecting intestinal secretions 85,960 80,694[74,248-87,140]Pancreatin 55,669 53,267[48,205-58,328]Ursodeoxycholic acid 30,280 27,589[25,802-29,375]Other preparations for biliary disorders 7 7[-3-17]Chenodeoxycholic acid 2 0[-4-5]Other pancreatin preparations 2 0[-3-3]201 Positive inotropic drugs 245,716 228,747[207,710-249,783]245,716 228,747[207,711-249,78 202 Diuretics 2,745,021 2,542,723[2,341,065-2,744 Furosemide 991,705 953,698[878,655-1,028,Bendroflumethiazide 762,076 683,101[593,741-772,46 Indapamide 457,596 422,668[389,209-456,12 Spironolactone 249,474 235,241[218,205-252,27

Bumetanide 154,236 146,118[135,365-156,87 Eplerenone 77,371 73,050[68,337-77,762]Co-amilofruse(Amiloride hydrochloridefrusemide) 25,590 23,554[18,377-28,732]Amiloride hydrochloride 12,788 11,952[9,308-14,596]Co-amilozide(Amiloride hydrochloridehydrochlorothiazide) 8,276 6,986[5,197-8,775]Torasemide 1,444 1,208[1,011-1,405]Metolazone 1,408 1,575[1,254-1,896]Chlortalidone 1,221 1,198[1,023-1,372]Amiloride hydrochloride with loop diuretics 493 436[293-579]Xipamide 326 294[216-372]Spironolactone with loop diuretics 309 291[223-360]Triamterene with loop diuretics 276 269[180-357]Chlorothiazide 236 240[177-303]Hydrochlorothiazide 80 113[65-160]Co-flumactone(Hydroflumethiazidespironolactone) 68 24[-18-65]Triamterene with thiazides 45 68[36-99]Triamterene 2 -1[-51-49]Co-triamterzide(Triamterenehydrochlorothiazide) 1 2[-45-48]203 Anti-arrhythmic drugs 85,797 78,610[72,121-85,100]Flecainide acetate 40,332 36,387[33,633-39,141]Amiodarone hydrochloride 39,933 37,640[33,895-41,384]Dronedarone hydrochloride 1,970 1,858[1,522-2,194]Propafenone hydrochloride 1,690 1,540[1,369-1,712]Disopyramide 1,096 1,035[810-1,260]Disopyramide phosphate 624 589[482-696]Mexiletine hydrochloride 147 144[25-262]Quinidine sulfate 5 13[0-26]204 Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs 3,576,428 3,350,923[3,127,065-3,574

Bisoprolol fumarate 2,278,919 2,160,016[2,009,288-2,3 Atenolol 550,405 501,933[442,941-560,92 Propranolol hydrochloride 540,613 502,976[469,917-536,03 Carvedilol 52,521 49,745[46,543-52,947]Nebivolol 52,368 48,808[45,440-52,175]Sotalol hydrochloride 41,426 37,322[32,904-41,739]Metoprolol tartrate 30,398 22,334[10,044-34,624]Co-tenidone(Atenololchlortalidone) 12,318 11,247[8,999-13,495]Labetalol hydrochloride 9,756 7,077[5,260-8,893]Celiprolol hydrochloride 2,855 2,605[1,509-3,700]Nadolol 1,402 1,253[637-1,868]Atenolol with calcium channel blocker 1,100 955[619-1,292]Acebutolol hydrochloride 815 752[592-911]Timolol with diuretic 19 25[-57-107]Pindolol 6 -81[-221-58]205 Hypertension and heart failure 6,634,455 6,109,534[5,702,058-6,517 Ramipril 2,688,193 2,494,294[2,329,531-2,6 Losartan potassium 960,833 889,054[831,824-946,28 Lisinopril 765,004 706,358[652,986-759,73 Candesartan cilexetil 659,583 606,350[566,163-646,53 Doxazosin mesilate 604,683 563,266[524,970-601,56 Perindopril erbumine 385,395 353,456[325,983-380,92 Irbesartan 160,992 147,811[136,150-159,47 Enalapril maleate 137,176 125,031[112,852-137,21 Olmesartan medoxomil 39,227 37,241[32,761-41,722]Valsartan 33,384 27,139[15,355-38,924]Clonidine hydrochloride 32,833 35,822[32,575-39,068]Moxonidine 32,691 30,597[27,899-33,295]

Telmisartan 29,275 25,919[23,583-28,255]Sacubitrilvalsartan 26,576 25,094[23,936-26,251]Losartan potassium with diuretic 16,221 13,438[10,753-16,123]Hydralazine hydrochloride 16,140 15,440[14,407-16,472]Lisinopril with diuretic 9,239 6,834[3,877-9,791]Irbesartan with diuretic 6,929 5,947[3,629-8,265]Methyldopa 6,128 5,841[5,168-6,513]Trandolapril 6,038 4,971[3,310-6,631]Captopril 5,744 5,219[4,109-6,328]Valsartan with diuretic 5,035 4,317[3,392-5,242]Eprosartan 4,635 3,985[2,844-5,126]Terazosin hydrochloride 3,756 4,208[3,168-5,247]Perindopril arginine with diuretic 3,638 3,235[2,693-3,777]Telmisartan with diuretic 3,017 2,631[2,097-3,164]Prazosin hydrochloride 2,932 2,926[2,431-3,422]Perindopril arginine 2,649 2,353[1,794-2,912]Minoxidil 2,051 2,026[1,818-2,235]Olmesartan medoxomilamlodipine 1,627 1,501[1,355-1,646]Aliskiren 1,539 1,477[1,148-1,807]Olmesartan medoxomilhydrochlorothiazide 1,405 1,096[859-1,333]Enalapril maleate with diuretic 1,152 1,052[810-1,294]Olmesartan medoxomilamlodipinehydrochlorothiazide 922 849[664-1,034]Imidapril hydrochloride 604 550[388-712]Ramipril with calcium channel blocker 581 565[464-666]Quinapril hydrochloride 568 200[-4,288-4,688]Fosinopril sodium 558 417[-328-1,162]Perindopril with calcium channel blocker 271 327[266-389]Sildenafil(Vasodilator Antihypertensive) 268 230[184-276]

Azilsartan medoxomil 78 48[32-64]Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride 77 102[41-164]Quinapril hydrochloride with diuretic 22 70[8-133]Bosentan 5 8[-4-19]Perindopril erbumine with diuretic 2 -2[-9-5]Tadalafil(Vasodilator Antihypertensive) 2 0[-4-4]Ambrisentan 2 1[-5-6]Macitentan 1 1[-1-4]206 Nit,Calc Block&Other Antianginal Drugs 4,716,636 4,324,283[4,041,771-4,606 Amlodipine 2,866,726 2,637,528[2,473,099-2,8 Isosorbide mononitrate 399,750 375,652[347,038-404,26 Felodipine 339,000 309,966[283,680-336,25 Lercanidipine hydrochloride 254,229 232,749[217,412-248,08 Diltiazem hydrochloride 227,324 212,080[194,553-229,60 Nifedipine 124,963 123,419[108,057-138,78 Nicorandil 117,636 110,996[99,473-122,518 Verapamil hydrochloride 57,267 52,252[47,202-57,302]Lacidipine 53,176 48,365[44,918-51,812]Ranolazine 47,281 44,266[41,493-47,039]Ivabradine 44,580 43,057[40,035-46,079]Naftidrofuryl oxalate 10,922 10,307[8,498-12,116]Isosorbide dinitrate 5,825 5,670[4,808-6,532]Valsartanamlodipine 2,160 2,024[1,802-2,246]Cilostazol 1,676 1,720[1,423-2,016]Pentoxifylline 1,610 1,685[1,297-2,072]Nicardipine hydrochloride 1,321 1,100[693-1,508]Rutosides 841 776[468-1,085]Moxisylyte hydorchloride 94 121[76-166]

Trimetazidine hydrochloride 69 50[23-77]Nimodipine 57 39[11-68]Acetyl-l-carnitine 1 2[-2-6]207 Sympathomimetics 11,329 11,282[10,365-12,198]Midodrine hydrochloride 11,325 11,252[10,347-12,156]208 Anticoagulants and protamine 1,751,258 1,620,364[1,495,912-1,744 Warfarin sodium 602,639 528,463[447,784-609,14 Apixaban 578,725 561,272[532,103-590,44 Rivaroxaban 391,738 397,034[353,828-440,23 Edoxaban 109,449 106,023[98,017-114,029 Dabigatran etexilate 38,926 39,250[33,831-44,670]Enoxaparin 11,478 12,279[10,734-13,825]Dalteparin sodium 7,831 7,894[5,883-9,906]Tinzaparin sodium 5,078 5,678[4,560-6,795]INR blood testing reagents 2,609 2,293[1,752-2,834]Acenocoumarol 1,929 1,804[1,524-2,085]Heparin flushes 573 539[368-710]Fondaparinux sodium 125 151[114-189]Pentosan polysulfate sodium 88 66[34-97]Phenindione 44 54[7-101]Heparin sodium 21 15[-3-32]Heparin calcium 5 3[-6-13]209 Antiplatelet drugs 2,924,782 2,674,206[2,457,446-2,890 Aspirin 1,933,677 1,748,766[1,570,022-1,9 Clopidogrel 915,964 874,613[810,951-938,27 Ticagrelor 53,173 52,206[46,939-57,473]Dipyridamole 20,828 16,791[6,238-27,345]Prasugrel 6,110 4,955[4,238-5,672]

Dipyridamole and aspirin 83 -832[-5,512-3,849]Ticlopidine hydrochloride 1 0[-3-3]211 Antifibrinolytic drugs and haemostatics 37,453 38,566[34,997-42,135]Tranexamic acid 37,453 38,544[34,941-42,146]212 Lipid-regulating drugs 6,973,832 6,408,379[5,991,251-6,825 Atorvastatin 4,383,530 4,138,129[3,852,835-4,4 Simvastatin 1,807,400 1,633,103[1,401,139-1,8 Rosuvastatin calcium 255,028 233,371[219,362-247,38 Pravastatin sodium 223,662 205,892[187,894-223,88 Ezetimibe 173,063 159,764[148,242-171,28 Fenofibrate 49,844 45,726[42,220-49,231]Bezafibrate 35,073 32,625[29,315-35,934]Colesevelam hydrochloride 13,362 12,245[10,257-14,232]Colestyramine 9,917 12,454[10,478-14,430]Fluvastatin sodium 9,592 9,252[8,061-10,444]Omega-3-acid ethyl esters 8,012 6,270[1,691-10,849]Ciprofibrate 2,022 1,874[1,410-2,338]Simvastatin and ezetimibe 1,522 1,266[794-1,737]Colestipol hydrochloride 894 723[118-1,327]Gemfibrozil 768 703[579-827]Acipimox 134 132[80-185]Alirocumab 4 4[-3-11]Evolocumab 3 5[1-8]Fenofibratesimvastatin 2 3[-22-27]301 Bronchodilators 3,660,136 2,586,351[2,385,115-2,787 Salbutamol 2,778,606 1,816,511[1,664,795-1,9 Tiotropium bromide 320,677 285,527[251,335-319,71 Beclometdipropformoterolglycopyrronium 102,319 96,856[90,129-103,584]

Umeclidinium bromidevilanterol 74,379 68,109[64,974-71,244]Terbutaline sulphate 60,988 37,124[32,206-42,042]Umeclidinium bromide 52,885 50,888[40,596-61,180]Glycopyrronium bromide 48,724 47,384[40,446-54,321]Ipratropium bromide 45,147 37,064[30,748-43,380]Theophylline 39,675 37,795[34,645-40,946]Salmeterol 30,309 23,721[17,590-29,852]Tiotropium bromideolodaterol 26,868 24,686[23,485-25,888]Indacaterolglycopyrronium 25,664 26,339[23,654-29,023]Aclidinium bromide 24,029 21,727[15,789-27,665]Aminophylline hydrate 22,573 21,101[18,978-23,224]Aclidinium bromideformoterol 17,580 16,412[13,939-18,886]Formoterol fumarate 11,430 9,918[8,706-11,131]Indacaterol maleate 1,556 1,405[1,034-1,776]Ephedrine hydrochloride 501 434[224-644]Bambuterol hydrochloride 303 283[192-374]Olodaterol 269 254[177-330]Aminophylline 8 0[-20-21]302 Corticosteroids(respiratory) 2,501,201 1,789,455[1,660,007-1,918 Beclometasone dipropionate 1,592,567 1,143,059[1,053,132-1,2 Fluticasone propionate(Inhalation) 478,697 344,268[294,753-393,78 Budesonide 412,041 300,051[272,192-327,91 Fluticasone furoate(Inhalation) 190,119 167,943[157,500-178,38 Ciclesonide 5,587 3,905[3,373-4,438]303 Cromoglycate,Rel,Leukotriene Antagonists 327,597 283,678[266,406-300,949]Montelukast 326,191 285,478[268,116-302,84 Roflumilast 559 646[566-725]Zafirlukast 20 -410[-2,283-1,463]

304 Antihist,Hyposensit&Allergic Emergen 1,136,413 1,063,873[897,513-1,230,2 Cetirizine hydrochloride 364,226 319,537[243,343-395,73 Fexofenadine hydrochloride 315,218 289,769[249,363-330,17 Loratadine 148,108 130,603[96,186-165,020 Promethazine hydrochloride 126,265 122,129[112,833-131,42 Chlorphenamine maleate 75,885 73,895[56,701-91,089]Adrenaline 35,998 32,797[24,703-40,891]Hydroxyzine hydrochloride 33,920 32,675[26,193-39,156]Desloratadine 18,296 15,652[12,090-19,215]Levocetirizine 5,565 4,255[1,531-6,979]Acrivastine 4,291 3,575[2,509-4,641]Alimemazine tartrate 2,607 2,154[1,145-3,163]Diphenhydramine hydrochloride 2,507 2,589[1,961-3,217]Mizolastine 2,141 1,831[1,426-2,237]Ketotifen fumarate 1,463 1,578[1,141-2,016]Clemastine fumarate 421 351[279-423]Cyproheptadine hydrochloride 236 263[179-348]Timothy grass pollen allergen extract 187 178[134-222]Rupatadine fumarate 164 139[-208-486]Bilastine 113 124[64-184]C1-Esterase inhibitor 1 6[-7-20]Brompheniramine maleate 1 2[-2-6]307 Mucolytics 261,833 243,584[227,161-260,006]Carbocisteine 255,321 240,612[224,265-256,95 Acetylcysteine 7,488 6,593[5,511-7,676]Dornase alfa 943 694[527-861]Erdosteine 820 829[614-1,044]Mannitol 1 0[-4-4]

308 Aromatic inhalations 84 285[35-535]Menthol 9,532 10,165[9,262-11,069]Benzoin 7 8[-5-20]Other aromatic inhalation preparations 1 -1[-11-8]309 Cough preparations 18,494 21,131[-4,142-46,404]Codeine phosphate 442,396 434,482[399,963-469,00 Simple 6,257 6,432[-6,572-19,435]Pholcodine 3,954 4,791[-3,219-12,801]Guaifenesin 108 169[51-287]Dextromethorphan hydrobromide 77 72[9-135]Other expectorantand demulcent cough preparations 7 7[-9-23]Squill 6 16[-32-65]Dextromethorphan hydrobrom compound prepartions 4 12[-7-30]310 Systemic nasal decongestants 2,677 2,928[-441-6,297]Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride 2,624 2,877[-484-6,239]401 Hypnotics and anxiolytics 1,210,237 1,182,593[1,089,730-1,275 Zopiclone 425,028 419,718[384,945-454,49 Diazepam 401,538 403,598[370,881-436,31 Melatonin 103,245 97,684[91,528-103,839]Lorazepam 92,154 88,715[81,709-95,722]Temazepam 71,393 70,704[54,795-86,613]Zolpidem tartrate 52,419 51,699[47,211-56,186]Nitrazepam 33,710 31,858[26,721-36,995]Buspirone hydrochloride 15,929 15,365[14,291-16,439]Oxazepam 6,044 5,767[5,036-6,498]Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride 3,637 2,686[596-4,776]Lormetazepam 1,406 1,641[1,340-1,942]Loprazolam mesilate 1,398 537[-362-1,436]

Chloral hydrate 1,115 1,027[915-1,139]Clomethiazole 805 503[111-895]Sodium oxybate 107 107[81-133]Amobarbital sodium 81 86[41-132]Secobarbital sodium 77 90[36-145]Cloral betaine 55 81[-280-443]Meprobamate 52 28[-13-68]Clomethiazole edisilate 22 138[76-200]Butobarbital 21 25[-5-55]Alprazolam 1 1[-2-3]402 Drugs used in psychoses and related disorder 1,050,109 1,033,829[964,597-1,103,0 Quetiapine 326,617 317,516[296,791-338,24 Olanzapine 207,849 206,638[191,672-221,60 Risperidone 144,773 143,857[133,219-154,49 Aripiprazole 107,861 106,398[99,884-112,911 Lithium carbonate 73,891 71,078[66,178-75,978]Valproic acid 47,444 49,217[44,517-53,917]Amisulpride 33,154 32,834[30,431-35,236]Haloperidol 27,517 25,612[20,979-30,245]Chlorpromazine hydrochloride 20,398 19,851[17,612-22,090]Promazine hydrochloride 10,177 10,066[8,807-11,325]Levomepromazine hydrochloride 9,797 9,208[7,159-11,257]Sulpiride 9,394 10,328[9,259-11,397]Zuclopenthixol hydrochloride 6,939 6,939[6,372-7,506]Pericyazine 5,205 4,905[3,983-5,826]Flupentixol decanoate 3,545 3,861[3,514-4,207]Trifluoperazine 3,037 2,705[1,853-3,556]Levomepromazine maleate 3,015 3,042[2,358-3,726]

Zuclopenthixol decanoate 2,458 2,503[2,229-2,777]Lurasidone 1,818 1,643[1,447-1,838]Paliperidone 1,122 1,226[1,048-1,404]Haloperidol decanoate 688 742[560-924]Lithium citrate 608 609[517-702]Benperidol 372 363[306-421]Pimozide 338 296[191-400]Clozapine 201 214[143-285]Fluphenazine decanoate 154 186[-69-440]Asenapine 80 77[30-123]Cariprazine 53 33[21-45]Perphenazine 25 21[-5-47]Thioridazine 23 19[-25-62]Olanzapine embonate 12 11[2-20]Fluphenazine hydrochloride 6 8[-2-17]Zuclopenthixol acetate 3 6[-11-24]403 Antidepressant drugs 6,799,266 6,490,658[6,060,535-6,920 Sertraline hydrochloride 1,588,610 1,525,767[1,428,407-1,6 Citalopram hydrobromide 1,254,104 1,206,310[1,110,681-1,3 Amitriptyline hydrochloride 1,253,408 1,208,411[1,123,436-1,2 Mirtazapine 878,321 854,282[799,154-909,41 Fluoxetine hydrochloride 622,485 588,732[543,624-633,84 Venlafaxine 424,103 404,769[378,666-430,87 Duloxetine hydrochloride 270,985 260,398[244,416-276,38 Escitalopram 120,249 113,518[106,790-120,24 Paroxetine hydrochloride 116,444 109,475[101,208-117,74 Trazodone hydrochloride 100,755 99,275[92,066-106,484]Nortriptyline 60,487 58,759[54,242-63,277]

Dosulepin hydrochloride 45,348 41,185[31,847-50,523]Clomipramine hydrochloride 20,111 18,421[14,879-21,963]Vortioxetine 14,439 13,542[12,621-14,464]Lofepramine hydrochloride 14,355 12,938[11,173-14,703]Flupentixol hydrochloride 14,223 13,622[12,413-14,831]Imipramine hydrochloride 12,200 12,101[10,535-13,668]Citalopram hydrochloride 5,797 5,843[5,227-6,459]Trimipramine maleate 2,166 1,918[1,291-2,545]Reboxetine 2,005 1,918[1,627-2,209]Doxepin 1,947 1,851[1,527-2,174]Fluvoxamine maleate 1,933 1,924[1,556-2,292]Agomelatine 1,803 1,688[1,472-1,903]Moclobemide 757 1,157[910-1,403]Phenelzine sulfate 603 617[364-871]Tranylcypromine sulfate 506 547[441-652]Isocarboxazid 149 158[116-200]Tryptophan 78 91[42-140]Mianserin hydrochloride 26 172[73-272]Nefazodone hydrochloride 5 9[-2-21]Oxitriptan 4 10[2-18]404 CNS stimulants and drugs used for ADHD 147,963 136,954[128,083-145,825]Methylphenidate hydrochloride 104,614 98,542[91,858-105,225]Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate 17,650 16,593[15,456-17,730]Atomoxetine hydrochloride 11,259 10,685[9,845-11,525]Modafinil 7,326 6,968[6,471-7,464]Dexamfetamine sulfate 4,097 4,014[3,709-4,318]Guanfacine 2,987 2,555[2,386-2,724]Pitolisant hydrochloride 21 24[16-32]

Caffeine 5 4[-1-10]Caffeine citrate 4 3[-5-10]405 Obesity 27,273 28,247[24,471-32,023]Orlistat 27,267 28,244[24,467-32,021]Naltrexonebupropion 6 3[-1-7]406 Drugs used in nausea and vertigo 505,140 512,610[449,799-575,422]Betahistine hydrochloride 141,036 137,365[126,522-148,20 Prochlorperazine maleate 117,910 130,681[117,838-143,52 Cyclizine hydrochloride 80,356 81,655[73,451-89,860]Metoclopramide hydrochloride 57,953 56,231[47,388-65,074]Domperidone 29,455 32,633[-8,311-73,576]Cinnarizine 27,953 28,011[24,985-31,037]Ondansetron hydrochloride 22,169 22,768[21,044-24,492]Hyoscine 10,907 11,267[9,701-12,832]Hyoscine hydrobromide 8,832 9,331[5,721-12,941]Cyclizine lactate 6,282 6,104[4,438-7,770]Promethazine teoclate 2,336 2,499[971-4,026]Prochlorperazine mesilate 582 479[30-929]Dimenhydrinatecinnarizine 487 469[387-550]Doxylamine succinatepyridoxine hydrochloride 342 314[218-411]Flunarizine dihydrochloride 126 115[81-150]Ketamine hydrochloride 120 111[64-158]Granisetron hydrochloride 55 42[4-80]Nabilone 48 18[-54-90]Granisetron 44 33[6-60]Aprepitant 9 8[-8-23]407 Analgesics 5,594,383 5,119,539[4,684,937-5,554 Paracetamol 1,708,852 1,404,470[1,235,864-1,5

Co-codamol(Codeine phosphateparacetamol) 1,348,649 1,256,760[1,158,324-1,3 Tramadol hydrochloride 522,355 491,498[439,995-543,00 Morphine sulfate 443,452 433,933[399,980-467,88 Buprenorphine 205,846 204,863[188,117-221,60 Methadone hydrochloride 173,731 154,144[139,653-168,63 Sumatriptan succinate 172,873 160,796[148,056-173,53 Oxycodone hydrochloride 154,114 154,332[142,923-165,74 Co-dydramol(Dihydrocodeineparacetamol) 150,515 135,948[119,008-152,88 Dihydrocodeine tartrate 132,867 125,570[115,263-135,87 Fentanyl 84,298 83,467[75,537-91,398]Pizotifen malate 46,656 44,855[41,434-48,277]Zolmitriptan 34,513 31,044[28,332-33,756]Clonidine hydrochloride 32,833 35,822[32,575-39,068]Rizatriptan 30,573 27,724[25,618-29,830]Nefopam hydrochloride 23,418 22,198[9,804-34,592]Tapentadol hydrochloride 14,484 14,535[13,339-15,732]Naratriptan hydrochloride 13,954 11,961[10,733-13,188]Analgesics with anti-emetics 12,653 10,495[5,004-15,986]Meptazinol hydrochloride 5,832 5,907[5,382-6,432]Frovatriptan 5,334 4,759[4,337-5,180]Diamorphine hydrochloride(Systemic) 4,244 5,833[3,681-7,986]Oxycodone hydrochloridenaloxone hydrochloride 3,293 3,124[2,580-3,667]Almotriptan 3,218 3,472[3,087-3,857]Eletriptan 1,436 1,287[1,117-1,456]Pethidine hydrochloride 1,171 1,428[1,162-1,694]Co-proxamol(Dextropropoxyphene hydrochlorideparacetamol) 919 190[-2,489-2,868]Hydromorphone hydrochloride 654 717[586-847]Tolfenamic acid 457 464[343-584]

Paracetamol combined preparations 425 408[316-501]Dipipanone hydrochloride 168 103[-333-540]Pentazocine hydrochloride 119 104[63-146]Ergotamine tartrate 107 121[-132-375]Isometheptene mucate 54 170[124-215]Morphine tartrate and cyclizine tartrate 33 25[-57-108]Other non-opioid analgesic preparations 28 26[3-48]Aspirin combined preparations 14 18[-8-44]Paracetamol and caffeine 13 20[-2-42]Paracetamol and ibuprofen 11 16[0-32]Co-codaprin(Codeine phosphateaspirin) 4 19[-15-53]Aspirin and caffeine 2 3[-5-11]Erenumab 1 3[2-3]Gabapentin(Neuropathic Pain) 1 2[-2-6]408 Antiepileptic drugs 2,572,716 2,439,620[2,260,327-2,618 Pregabalin 665,152 630,041[579,935-680,14 Gabapentin 642,973 587,018[530,056-643,97 Lamotrigine 272,800 258,158[242,497-273,81 Levetiracetam 221,432 212,788[199,147-226,43 Sodium valproate 213,337 212,059[195,359-228,76 Carbamazepine 196,801 187,469[173,904-201,03 Topiramate 89,293 85,234[79,416-91,051]Clonazepam 86,134 83,787[77,759-89,815]Phenytoin sodium 56,398 53,586[48,432-58,740]Midazolam hydrochloride 29,686 26,470[22,600-30,339]Clobazam 29,647 28,072[26,144-30,000]Phenobarbital 15,934 15,277[13,880-16,674]Lacosamide 15,636 14,796[13,883-15,709]

Zonisamide 15,158 14,483[13,532-15,435]Primidone 13,594 13,138[12,182-14,093]Oxcarbazepine 9,657 9,609[8,906-10,311]Perampanel 4,549 4,676[4,295-5,056]Ethosuximide 3,645 3,247[3,003-3,492]Brivaracetam 3,215 3,054[2,707-3,400]Eslicarbazepine acetate 2,165 2,120[1,968-2,273]Phenytoin 1,508 1,421[1,117-1,726]Midazolam maleate 1,360 1,771[1,062-2,480]Vigabatrin 1,169 1,120[998-1,242]Rufinamide 1,113 1,062[913-1,211]Stiripentol 293 253[207-299]Paraldehyde 123 112[73-152]Tiagabine 108 109[55-163]Phenobarbital sodium 29 29[0-57]Sultiame 22 31[-40-102]Felbamate 4 5[-8-18]409 Drugs used in Parkinsonism and related disorders 453,890 443,758[413,814-473,702]Co-careldopa(Carbidopalevodopa) 112,139 111,102[103,601-118,60 Co-beneldopa(Benserazidelevodopa) 88,668 85,980[80,187-91,772]Procyclidine hydrochloride 73,452 74,311[69,089-79,534]Ropinirole hydrochloride 56,430 53,703[49,982-57,424]Pramipexole 41,886 40,116[37,083-43,150]Rasagiline mesilate 17,789 17,169[15,498-18,840]Levodopacarbidopaentacapone 13,085 12,754[11,532-13,976]Amantadine hydrochloride 11,636 11,222[10,356-12,087]Rotigotine 11,464 11,280[10,254-12,305]Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride 10,242 10,216[9,329-11,102]

Entacapone 4,312 3,928[3,575-4,281]Tetrabenazine 2,577 2,429[2,148-2,710]Selegiline hydrochloride 2,454 2,477[2,160-2,795]Riluzole 1,804 1,674[1,519-1,829]Opicapone 1,803 2,583[2,313-2,853]Safinamide 1,428 1,562[1,413-1,711]Apomorphine hydrochloride 943 928[808-1,049]Piracetam 648 642[549-735]Orphenadrine hydrochloride 531 195[-1,716-2,107]Tolcapone 34 42[18-67]Apomorphine hydrochloride hemihydrate 29 -1[-24-22]Botulinum toxin type A 15 12[-1-25]Benzatropine mesilate 6 17[-7-41]Pergolide mesilate 1 -24[-85-37]410 Drugs used in substance dependence 311,708 290,149[258,253-322,044]Methadone hydrochloride 173,731 154,144[139,653-168,63 Buprenorphine hydrochloride 64,399 58,554[54,308-62,800]Nicotine 32,219 35,408[24,323-46,494]Varenicline tartrate 25,755 26,155[19,408-32,902]Acamprosate calcium 10,570 10,483[9,450-11,515]Disulfiram 2,609 2,483[1,431-3,536]Bupropion hydrochloride 2,388 2,301[2,090-2,511]Naltrexone hydrochloride 1,346 1,462[1,152-1,772]Buprenorph hydrochloridenaloxone hydrochloride 700 59[-1,565-1,683]Nicotine bitartrate 273 237[119-356]Nalmefene 102 212[-85-510]411 Dementia 341,235 351,408[323,970-378,846]Donepezil hydrochloride 172,971 177,922[162,969-192,87

Memantine hydrochloride 122,325 126,503[117,152-135,85 Rivastigmine 32,640 33,350[30,610-36,090]Galantamine 13,299 12,906[11,202-14,611]501 Antibacterial drugs 2,795,044 2,677,212[2,254,209-3,100 Amoxicillin 696,938 638,597[412,665-864,52 Nitrofurantoin 340,385 372,145[326,304-417,98 Doxycycline hyclate 322,373 274,804[234,033-315,57 Flucloxacillin sodium 283,531 302,824[252,236-353,41 Phenoxymethylpenicillin(Penicillin V) 225,410 241,461[203,421-279,50 Clarithromycin 192,158 188,908[148,505-229,31 Trimethoprim 129,447 115,557[65,806-165,309 Co-amoxiclav(Amoxicillinclavulanic acid) 112,855 104,262[80,235-128,288 Lymecycline 91,203 94,302[85,544-103,061]Azithromycin 78,101 68,650[63,680-73,619]Metronidazole 73,344 77,981[70,054-85,909]Cefalexin 64,465 62,290[51,256-73,323]Ciprofloxacin 46,004 45,788[37,801-53,775]Oxytetracycline 25,674 23,817[19,084-28,551]Pivmecillinam hydrochloride 21,871 24,310[20,238-28,382]Erythromycin ethylsuccinate 18,226 17,170[5,473-28,868]Co-trimoxazole(Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole) 17,485 15,703[14,518-16,887]Methenamine hippurate 10,049 7,771[6,004-9,537]Rifaximin 6,794 6,572[6,102-7,043]Clindamycin hydrochloride 6,587 6,859[5,956-7,762]Fosfomycin trometamol 5,594 6,022[5,347-6,697]Ofloxacin 4,663 4,638[3,598-5,678]Colistimethate sodium 3,445 2,897[2,549-3,245]Levofloxacin 2,950 2,876[2,565-3,187]

Sodium fusidate 2,485 2,834[2,125-3,544]Dapsone 2,353 2,195[1,988-2,403]Tetracycline 2,165 1,887[1,510-2,265]Minocycline hydrochloride 1,941 1,878[1,227-2,529]Cefradine 1,852 1,476[951-2,000]Rifampicin 1,504 1,386[1,147-1,626]Isoniazid 1,247 1,409[1,001-1,817]Doxycycline monohydrate 973 523[-38-1,084]Erythromycin stearate 758 1,715[431-2,998]Cefaclor 698 980[389-1,571]Moxifloxacin 477 434[333-536]Demeclocycline hydrochloride 444 290[-395-975]Ethambutol hydrochloride 426 432[308-555]Vancomycin hydrochloride 411 324[219-429]Cefuroxime axetil 394 349[206-491]Rifampicin combined preparations 161 157[43-272]Tinidazole 157 119[9-230]Cefixime 129 151[16-285]Linezolid 124 87[43-131]Ampicillin 113 113[42-184]Tobramycin 109 78[18-138]Co-fluampicil(Flucloxacillinampicillin) 66 -266[-909-378]Ceftriaxone sodium 66 71[4-137]Cefadroxil 61 6[-184-196]Teicoplanin 39 63[-75-201]Sulfadiazine 31 12[-150-175]Benzylpenicillin sodium(Penicillin G) 28 58[3-114]Meropenem 19 16[-20-52]

Fidaxomicin 17 13[1-24]Rifabutin 16 17[1-34]Amoxicillin sodium 14 12[-9-33]Ertapenem sodium 12 0[-80-81]Ceftazidime pentahydrate 9 14[-3-32]Clofazimine 8 9[3-16]Pyrazinamide 7 5[-20-30]Norfloxacin 5 10[-29-48]Piperacillin sodiumtazobactam sodium 5 9[-96-113]Cefotaxime sodium 4 10[-3-22]Aztreonam 4 2[-4-8]Cefuroxime sodium 3 9[-5-23]Fosfomycin calcium 3 16[-10-42]Amikacin 1 3[-12-18]Daptomycin 1 1[-24-27]Flucloxacillin magnesium 1 1[-6-7]Sulfapyridine 1 3[-2-7]502 Antifungal drugs 133,826 138,412[123,479-153,344]Nystatin 54,584 56,465[48,611-64,319]Terbinafine hydrochloride 43,698 47,301[39,162-55,440]Fluconazole 42,162 44,288[39,673-48,903]Itraconazole 7,321 8,034[6,749-9,319]Griseofulvin 306 312[183-441]Voriconazole 43 21[-13-54]Posaconazole 17 27[-4-58]Amphotericin 8 6[-5-17]Isavuconazole 1 1[-2-4]503 Antiviral drugs 94,008 92,485[84,327-100,643]

Aciclovir 98,198 93,836[87,456-100,215]Valaciclovir 4,002 3,855[3,566-4,144]Oseltamivir phosphate 901 1,172[-9,314-11,658]Famciclovir 559 529[403-656]Lamivudine 298 320[265-376]Entecavir 115 110[58-162]Tenofovir disoproxil 111 109[65-152]Valganciclovir hydrochloride 41 40[3-77]Zanamivir 39 13[-14-39]Inosine pranobex 18 16[2-31]Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil 11 14[-1-28]Efavirenzemtricitabinetenofovir disoproxil 5 9[-1-19]Darunavir 5 1[-12-14]Raltegravir 5 14[1-26]Abacavir and lamivudine 5 1[-4-7]Adefovir dipivoxil 3 5[-4-14]Lopinavir and ritonavir 2 0[-4-3]Ribavirin 2 -2[-27-24]Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide 2 5[2-7]Dolutegravir 2 6[-1-13]Ritonavir 1 5[-8-17]Nevirapine 1 1[-3-6]Sofosbuvirledipasvir 1 1[-1-2]Other HIV infection preparations 1 8[0-17]Emtricitabine 1 0[-2-1]504 Antiprotozoal drugs 242,384 234,341[208,955-259,728]Quinine sulfate 213,458 214,078[192,814-235,34 Quinine bisulfate 28,480 27,491[18,581-36,400]

Mepacrine hydrochloride 150 154[91-218]Chloroquine phosphate 136 102[39-166]Proguanil hydrochloride with atovaquone 53 111[-30-252]Atovaquone 46 33[10-56]Mefloquine hydrochloride 36 -236[-1,096-625]Pyrimethamine 22 19[7-32]Proguanil hydrochloride 1 -6[-31-19]Artemether with lumefantrine 1 1[-3-5]Primaquine 1 -1[-3-2]505 Antihelminthics 6,066 7,553[5,331-9,775]Mebendazole 5,979 7,457[5,246-9,669]Albendazole 27 26[9-43]Levamisole hydrochloride 24 24[1-48]Praziquantel 3 9[-5-22]601 Drugs used in diabetes 5,297,866 4,887,373[4,554,891-5,219 Metformin hydrochloride 2,045,234 1,920,314[1,788,117-2,0 Glucose blood testing reagents 624,352 559,310[511,117-607,50 Gliclazide 582,008 550,774[504,548-597,00 Insulin aspart 212,386 167,378[155,482-179,27 Sitagliptin 211,570 203,714[183,890-223,53 Linagliptin 196,588 198,083[183,253-212,91 Insulin glargine 161,747 134,665[125,055-144,27 Empagliflozin 150,564 139,870[133,700-146,03 Alogliptin 136,942 135,809[125,750-145,86 Dapagliflozin 113,517 108,854[93,477-124,231 Biphasic insulin aspart 73,109 64,026[58,283-69,769]Biphasic isophane insulin 66,518 60,812[54,995-66,629]Insulin detemir 63,897 52,250[47,411-57,090]

Pioglitazone hydrochloride 62,444 59,667[50,462-68,873]Isophane insulin 62,177 55,740[50,436-61,044]Dulaglutide 58,710 56,938[54,921-58,955]Glimepiride 52,131 47,780[43,140-52,420]Canagliflozin 50,232 48,704[42,597-54,811]Insulin Lispro 45,604 37,383[34,702-40,064]Insulin degludec 45,420 38,931[35,916-41,945]Liraglutide 44,516 45,235[40,071-50,400]Ketone blood testing reagents 34,507 24,830[23,238-26,422]Glucose 33,780 28,449[26,296-30,602]Biphasic insulin lispro 29,286 26,868[24,291-29,445]Semaglutide 24,634 23,125[20,259-25,991]Saxagliptin 16,680 15,920[13,404-18,435]Metformin hydrochloridesitagliptin 13,798 13,246[11,938-14,554]Insulin glulisine 9,483 8,036[7,308-8,763]Urine testing reagents 9,177 6,407[5,458-7,357]Exenatide 8,918 8,438[6,415-10,461]Glucagon 8,297 6,493[5,490-7,497]Alogliptinmetformin 6,680 6,935[6,250-7,620]Linagliptinmetformin 5,518 5,426[4,838-6,014]Empagliflozinmetformin 5,463 5,374[5,014-5,733]Repaglinide 4,646 4,319[3,852-4,785]Soluble insulin(Neutral insulin) 3,987 3,293[2,874-3,712]Vildagliptin 3,886 3,618[2,854-4,383]Dapagliflozinmetformin 3,774 3,657[3,362-3,953]Metformin hydrochloridevildagliptin 3,645 3,544[3,083-4,006]Lixisenatide 3,368 3,259[1,351-5,168]Glipizide 2,645 2,240[-889-5,369]

Acarbose 2,406 2,272[1,842-2,703]Metformin hydrochloridepioglitazone 2,281 1,893[703-3,083]Ins degludecliraglutide 2,193 2,176[1,900-2,451]Tolbutamide 1,457 1,367[810-1,924]Canagliflozinmetformin 1,060 1,098[952-1,244]Saxagliptinmetformin 903 905[629-1,180]Saxagliptindapagliflozin 864 962[689-1,235]Nateglinide 570 496[370-623]Ertugliflozin 449 431[318-545]Diazoxide 173 119[44-193]Glibenclamide 131 353[-977-1,683]Empagliflozinlinagliptin 123 123[88-158]Insulin glarginelixisenatide 57 23[12-35]Glucose and ketone blood testing reagents 12 10[-38-57]Insulin human 11 13[-5-32]602 Thyroid and antithyroid drugs 3,113,121 2,857,925[2,666,610-3,049 Levothyroxine sodium 3,050,815 2,801,281[2,613,659-2,9 Carbimazole 53,232 48,985[45,696-52,274]Liothyronine sodium 5,095 4,357[3,791-4,922]Propylthiouracil 3,761 3,330[3,012-3,647]Levothyroxine sodium and liothyronine 216 244[172-317]Iodine 1 0[-7-7]603 Corticosteroids(endocrine) 855,211 713,593[644,392-782,795]Prednisolone 763,412 641,691[571,633-711,74 Dexamethasone 155,189 176,536[151,911-201,16 Fludrocortisone acetate 49,156 46,505[43,289-49,722]Betamethasone sodium phosphate 20,411 23,508[17,986-29,030]Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate 1,769 762[-215-1,739]

Hydrocortisone sodium succinate 1,294 806[324-1,288]Dexamethasone phosphate 878 997[663-1,332]Deflazacort 471 429[366-492]Methylprednisolone 400 471[370-573]Dexamethasone sodium phosphate 69 60[-86-206]Prednisone 6 -48[-139-44]Methylprednisolone sodium succinate 4 5[-8-18]Cortisone acetate 4 5[-3-13]604 Sex hormones 770,631 745,674[694,379-796,969]Finasteride 338,967 326,722[304,725-348,72 Estradiol 237,325 224,736[207,708-241,76 Estradiol with progestogen 110,135 121,996[104,461-139,53 Progesterone 31,627 29,464[26,578-32,350]Norethisterone 26,482 42,208[33,030-51,385]Dutasteride 25,728 24,471[20,723-28,219]Testosterone 24,867 22,077[19,533-24,620]Tibolone 17,374 16,562[15,018-18,106]Oestrogens conjugated 16,508 14,929[12,517-17,341]Estradiol valerate 13,550 8,624[1,271-15,978]Testosterone undecanoate 11,640 12,043[10,624-13,462]Testosterone esters 4,316 4,553[4,089-5,017]Raloxifene hydrochloride 4,233 3,839[3,296-4,381]Oestrogens conjugated with progestogen 3,036 1,011[-4,615-6,638]Estradiol and estriol with progestogen 775 692[419-965]Testosterone enantate 698 677[474-879]Prasterone 112 58[28-88]Oestrogens conjugated with bazedoxifene 43 38[12-64]Ethinylestradiol 34 -22[-174-131]

Nandrolone decanoate 7 6[-7-19]Oxandrolone 2 8[2-14]Dydrogesterone 2 1[-5-6]Testosterone propionate 1 4[0-7]605 Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones and antioestrogen 32,665 31,371[28,907-33,835]Desmopressin acetate 27,459 26,290[24,273-28,308]Somatropin 4,923 4,545[3,979-5,110]Clomifene citrate 241 207[102-312]Choriogonadotropin alfa 13 13[-1-27]Tolvaptan 12 9[-16-35]Menotrophin 9 6[-6-19]Tetracosactide 6 18[0-37]Chorionic gonadotrophin 1 -3[-54-48]606 Drugs affecting bone metabolism 584,409 545,308[495,187-595,429]Alendronic acid 508,882 486,474[443,717-529,23 Risedronate sodium 53,823 51,175[46,864-55,486]Ibandronic acid 15,016 13,785[12,335-15,235]Denosumab 5,287 6,250[5,662-6,838]Sodium clodronate 782 763[530-996]Alendronic acidcolecalciferol 385 369[185-552]Strontium ranelate 130 -508[-3,159-2,142]Teriparatide 63 67[41-92]Other bisphosphonate and other preparations 30 23[4-42]Zoledronic acid 8 4[-6-14]Calcitonin(Salmon) 3 10[-6-26]607 Other endocrine drugs 8,824 7,920[7,357-8,483]Cabergoline 7,331 6,404[5,952-6,855]Bromocriptine 974 987[837-1,137]

Quinagolide hydrochloride 418 383[310-455]Danazol 417 413[339-488]Metyrapone 118 88[45-131]Nafarelin acetate 76 66[39-92]Buserelin 6 10[1-19]Cetrorelix 2 2[-3-7]701 Drugs used in obstetrics 0 0[-2-3]702 Treatment of vaginal and vulval conditions 228,148 226,742[208,814-244,670]Clotrimazole 112,414 123,923[105,896-141,95 Estriol 62,215 59,507[55,257-63,757]Econazole nitrate 637 638[435-841]Dequalinium chloride 92 110[27-193]Ospemifene 37 74[60-87]Fenticonazole nitrate 7 6[-15-26]Boric acid 2 3[0-6]703 Contraceptives 711,935 669,551[610,977-728,126]Desogestrel 280,841 248,285[227,758-268,81 Combined ethinylestradiol 30mcg 259,387 234,931[211,422-258,44 Medroxyprogesterone acetate 78,939 87,980[80,172-95,787]Combined ethinylestradiol 20mcg 37,336 32,932[29,192-36,671]Combined ethinylestradiol 35mcg 23,745 22,630[18,728-26,532]Levonorgestrel 17,986 22,174[18,620-25,729]Etonogestrel 8,448 12,428[10,714-14,141]Phased formulations of ethinylestradiol 3,420 2,767[1,718-3,816]Ulipristal acetate(Emergency Contraceptive) 2,422 3,240[1,862-4,618]Etonogestrelethinylestradiol 1,744 1,520[1,267-1,773]Estradiol valandestradiol valerate with dienogest 1,031 865[750-981]Nonoxinol 9 118 109[45-173]

Combined mestranol 116 88[48-129]Estradiol and nomegestrol 16 -69[-238-100]Norethisterone enantate 4 -3[-47-40]Etynodiol diacetate 1 4[-22-29]704 Drugs used for genito-urinary disorders 1,823,841 1,766,697[1,623,568-1,909 Tamsulosin hydrochloride 696,782 661,418[617,530-705,30 Sildenafil(Erectile Dysfunction) 298,189 324,424[270,811-378,03 Solifenacin 215,730 202,170[187,599-216,74 Mirabegron 137,378 136,215[125,206-147,22 Oxybutynin 126,146 122,618[111,714-133,52 Tolterodine 107,282 110,088[101,445-118,73 Tadalafil 68,952 68,892[62,974-74,810]Alfuzosin hydrochloride 42,843 39,590[36,033-43,147]Trospium chloride 26,650 26,554[23,989-29,119]Fesoterodine fumarate 20,207 19,307[17,678-20,937]Tamsulosin and dutasteride hydrochloride 13,953 13,404[10,375-16,433]Darifenacin hydrobromide 11,947 12,927[10,967-14,888]Alprostadil 8,399 7,967[6,112-9,822]Vardenafil 6,747 6,547[5,025-8,069]Solifenacintamsulosin 4,431 4,555[3,644-5,467]Indoramin 3,582 3,318[2,717-3,919]Propiverine hydrochloride 2,637 2,525[2,223-2,827]Potassium citrate 2,005 1,991[1,743-2,240]Flavoxate hydrochloride 1,349 1,293[1,043-1,544]Avanafil 848 866[591-1,140]Phentolamineaviptadil 523 543[443-643]Dapoxetine hydrochloride 464 582[460-705]Sodium citrate 113 106[48-165]

Chlorhexidine acetate 97 82[-73-237]Bethanechol chloride 54 59[34-84]Other urological pain preparations 21 17[2-33]Distigmine bromide 10 9[-5-23]Lidocaineprilocaine(Premature Ejaculation) 4 1[-1-2]Yohimbine hydrochloride 3 3[-6-12]801 Cytotoxic drugs(malignancy and immunosuppression) 17,607 16,164[15,028-17,300]Hydroxycarbamide 8,622 7,785[7,175-8,394]Mercaptopurine 6,273 5,656[5,139-6,173]Calcium folinate 222 263[217-309]Cyclophosphamide 14 16[-34-67]Tioguanine 4 4[-2-11]Imatinib mesilate 4 3[-11-17]Everolimus 2 1[-2-3]Mitotane 1 2[-2-6]Mesna 1 -1[-6-4]Capecitabine 1 1[-2-3]Ibrutinib 1 1[-1-3]Abemaciclib 1 0[0-0]802 Drugs affecting the immune response(malignancy and immunosuppression) 107,974 98,259[90,613-105,904]Azathioprine 71,777 67,009[62,092-71,927]Tacrolimus 28,930 24,388[22,060-26,717]Mycophenolate mofetil 18,317 16,237[14,988-17,485]Ciclosporin 5,592 4,904[3,700-6,109]Mycophenolic sodium 754 699[532-866]Sirolimus 649 558[427-689]Dimethyl fumar 8 6[-9-21]Peginterferon alpha 3 2[-16-21]

Fingolimod 3 1[-3-6]Interferon alpha 1 4[-3-11]Thalidomide(Immunomodulating) 1 3[-4-9]Rituximab 1 1[-2-3]803 Sex hormones and antagonists in malignancy 285,980 267,903[251,480-284,327]Letrozole 85,900 79,572[74,822-84,323]Tamoxifen citrate 61,679 56,043[51,682-60,405]Anastrozole 52,272 47,788[44,504-51,072]Bicalutamide 20,231 18,921[17,527-20,316]Goserelin acetate 19,705 20,351[17,968-22,735]Leuprorelin acetate 17,607 18,265[16,426-20,104]Exemestane 13,031 12,382[11,521-13,244]Triptorelin acetate 7,078 3,250[192-6,308]Cyproterone acetate 2,668 2,587[2,247-2,927]Degarelix 1,823 1,806[1,621-1,990]Triptorelin embonate 949 968[793-1,142]Octreotide acetate 581 561[422-701]Megestrol acetate 474 339[-98-775]Diethylstilbestrol 447 350[48-652]Lanreotide 360 358[280-435]Flutamide 52 -36[-259-188]Fulvestrant 50 42[16-68]Toremifene citrate 13 16[1-32]Buserelin 6 10[1-19]Enzalutamide 4 6[-4-17]901 Anaemias and other blood disorders 1,689,675 1,664,694[1,547,043-1,782 Folic acid 714,028 691,211[629,956-752,46 Ferrous fumarate 393,002 409,668[337,560-481,77

Ferrous sulfate 246,105 220,463[157,065-283,86 Hydroxocobalamin 198,544 238,383[217,559-259,20 Cyanocobalamin 92,663 86,391[80,122-92,659]Ferrous gluconate 25,536 24,709[21,718-27,700]Sodium feredetate 14,087 17,103[15,038-19,168]Iron and folic acid 3,117 3,029[2,524-3,535]Other oral iron preparations 1,385 1,244[841-1,647]Ferric maltol 424 503[436-570]Darbepoetin alfa 289 271[63-479]Anagrelide hydrochloride 138 125[65-185]Iron dextran 75 47[-13-107]Epoetin alfa 69 63[27-99]Epoetin beta 65 41[-31-113]Deferasirox 22 11[-10-33]Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta 9 12[-4-28]Deferiprone 9 18[-7-43]Filgrastim 8 9[-4-21]Lenograstim 7 3[-7-14]Iron sucrose 5 5[-5-15]Eltrombopag 5 9[-3-21]Iron carboxymaltose 2 -1[-8-6]Desferrioxamine mesilate 1 0[-5-6]Epoetin zeta 1 1[-5-6]902 Fluids and electrolytes 96,543 100,891[88,286-113,496]Sodium bicarbonate 42,634 41,325[38,463-44,186]Sodium chloride 30,296 26,375[23,859-28,891]Water for injection 18,009 16,503[14,508-18,499]Oral rehydration salts 16,235 24,966[15,249-34,683]

Potassium chloride 8,058 7,835[5,366-10,303]Calcium polystyrene sulfonate 174 188[137-239]Patiromer calcium 27 35[29-42]Potassium bicarbonate 26 75[32-118]Sodium polystyrene sulfonate 19 14[0-28]904 Oral nutrition 442,271 402,228[332,514-471,941]Enteral nutrition 312,451 299,596[253,864-345,32 Other food for special diet preparations 75,782 71,602[60,146-83,059]Gluten free bread 26,681 23,578[15,101-32,055]Gluten free mixes 10,709 9,094[6,539-11,650]Low protein mixes 1,445 1,540[1,103-1,977]Gluten freelow protein bread 1,203 982[749-1,215]Gluten freelow protein pasta 991 701[580-822]Low protein pasta 973 869[695-1,044]Low protein biscuits 892 898[728-1,068]Maltodextrin 789 662[405-920]Low protein bread 676 610[410-810]Gluten freelow protein biscuits 530 371[201-540]Low protein meals 391 299[200-398]Gluten freelow protein mixes 277 210[146-274]Low protein cakes 268 224[134-313]Low protein cereals 251 265[197-333]Gluten freelow protein grainsflours 247 203[159-246]Low protein desserts 218 176[107-246]Low protein grainsflours 208 152[104-199]Gluten freewheat free grainsflours 146 89[-155-333]Gluten freelow protein cereals 137 116[77-154]Low protein cooking aids 127 96[58-134]

Low protein snacks 118 64[34-94]Low protein miscellaneous 60 54[34-75]Gluten freelow protein drink 22 0[0-0]Gluten free pasta 7 -128[-661-406]Low protein risotto 7 5[0-11]Gluten freewheat free biscuits 4 -1,351[-3,499-796]Gluten freewheat free cereals 3 -1,602[-6,731-3,527]Fructose 1 4[1-7]Glten free wheatfree lowprotein cooking aids 1 0[-4-5]905 Minerals 82,062 79,219[72,645-85,792]Calcium carbonate 35,939 33,494[30,658-36,331]Sodium fluoride 11,853 11,244[9,739-12,750]Sevelamer 6,541 6,614[5,923-7,306]Calcium acetate 6,107 6,074[5,427-6,721]Magnesium aspartate 4,365 3,984[3,572-4,396]Cinacalcet hydrochloride 4,324 4,423[4,025-4,820]Magnesium glycerophosphate 3,738 3,706[3,078-4,333]Zinc sulfate monohydrate 2,202 2,075[1,854-2,297]Other phosphate supplement preparations 1,369 1,382[1,233-1,531]Other calcium supplement preparations 1,154 1,603[942-2,263]Zinc sulfate 1,113 1,093[902-1,284]Lanthanum carbonate 1,097 1,177[988-1,366]Calcium acetatemagnesium carbonate 763 789[667-912]Other selenium preparations 655 685[539-831]Magnesium citrate 636 592[476-708]Calcium lactate 288 272[205-339]Calcium gluconate 146 154[100-207]Selenium 105 97[58-135]

Sucroferric oxyhydroxide 84 103[72-135]Other zinc preparations 81 80[48-112]Other magnesium preparations 71 95[40-150]Magnesium lactate 60 50[30-70]Other mineral formulation preparations 19 6[0-13]Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate 9 11[-6-28]Calcium chloride 4 0[-1-1]Monobasic potassium phosphate 3 7[-3-18]Magnesium orotate 1 6[-5-18]Other chromium preparations 1 1[-3-5]906 Vitamins 2,759,307 2,671,813[2,465,041-2,878 Colecalciferol 2,153,620 2,073,483[1,908,762-2,2 Thiamine hydrochloride 253,011 253,964[236,506-271,42 Vitamin B compound 138,457 145,894[129,843-161,94 Other multivitamin preparations 79,712 78,635[68,842-88,428]Alfacalcidol 69,333 66,188[61,219-71,156]Vitamins caps 28,037 27,735[22,795-32,675]Pyridoxine hydrochloride 8,694 8,703[7,960-9,446]Ascorbic acid 6,990 6,751[5,008-8,494]Ergocalciferol 6,897 5,841[3,113-8,568]Calcitriol 5,538 5,320[4,652-5,988]Vitamin A 3,123 3,012[2,426-3,599]Vitamin E 2,828 2,467[1,927-3,008]Phytomenadione 1,082 1,091[828-1,354]Tocopheryl acetate 908 747[593-900]Riboflavin 814 836[729-944]Menadiol sodium phosphate 798 820[267-1,374]Cod liver oil 626 528[185-872]

Nicotinamide 524 529[427-631]Other vitamin B preparations 198 192[140-244]Other vitamin A preparations 0906011 68 56[23-88]Paricalcitol 58 56[17-94]Vitamin B and C injection 39 69[3-135]Other vitamin B compound preparations 18 157[-1-315]Betacarotene 10 4[-4-11]Tocofersolan 6 4[-13-22]Other vitamin C(Ascorbic acid)preparations 1 1[-6-7]Pantothenic acid(Calcium pantothenate) 1 0[-2-2]908 Metabolic disorders 467 452[339-565]Levocarnitine 301 270[195-346]Sodium benzoate 78 68[31-105]Zinc acetate 46 52[18-85]Mercaptamine 30 39[9-70]Betaine anhydrous 16 16[-2-34]Sodium phenylbutyrate 8 8[-7-22]Trientine dihydrochloride 6 10[-25-46]Cholesterol 4 4[-1-9]Sucrase 2 7[-1-15]Nitisinone 1 0[-3-3]909 Foods 22,742 20,870[18,786-22,954]22,742 20,870[18,786-22,954]910 Compound vitamin/mineral formulations 10,976 17,590[13,173-22,007]10,976 17,590[13,173-22,007]911 Health supplements 4,817 4,444[3,328-5,560]Other amino acidandnutritional agent preparations 1,861 1,900[1,687-2,113]Other enzyme preparations 0911020 1,626 1,850[1,071-2,628]

Other digestive aid preparations 1,197 1,205[480-1,930]Taurine 133 121[69-174]912 Other health supplements 11,813 42,045[24,130-59,960]11,813 42,045[24,130-59,960]1001 Drugs used in rheumatic diseases and gout 1,837,948 1,845,392[1,674,029-2,016 Naproxen 558,107 594,374[513,234-675,51 Allopurinol 555,894 518,075[482,430-553,72 Ibuprofen 416,800 442,759[377,190-508,32 Methotrexate 187,380 172,841[159,921-185,76 Hydroxychloroquine sulfate 108,451 95,899[87,361-104,437]Diclofenac sodium 51,816 202,469[138,066-266,87 Colchicine 43,074 42,938[38,511-47,365]Meloxicam 39,292 39,166[31,170-47,163]Etoricoxib 35,368 34,539[31,477-37,601]Piroxicam 33,602 32,871[22,181-43,560]Methylprednisolone acetate 31,398 51,829[45,508-58,151]Celecoxib 27,480 26,620[23,973-29,267]Mefenamic acid 19,404 16,771[9,220-24,323]Triamcinolone acetonide 18,905 25,977[22,685-29,269]Leflunomide 16,342 15,216[13,972-16,460]Febuxostat 15,105 15,447[14,009-16,885]Indometacin 9,996 9,726[8,023-11,430]Etodolac 8,101 7,908[6,535-9,282]Nabumetone 2,232 2,474[2,097-2,850]Diclofenac potassium 1,136 1,087[400-1,773]Penicillamine 669 667[540-794]Aceclofenac 526 474[309-638]Triamcinolone hexacetonide 228 439[311-567]

Ibuprofen lysine 179 175[104-246]Flurbiprofen 169 121[-29-270]Sulindac 143 150[108-192]Dexketoprofen 97 88[53-122]Tiaprofenic acid 91 95[61-128]Probenecid 67 65[21-110]Tenoxicam 48 14[-49-76]Benzbromarone 25 18[-6-41]Glucosamine hydrochloride(Rheumatic) 21 -30[-234-174]Sodium aurothiomalate 13 143[51-235]Apremilast 12 14[5-24]Baricitinib 11 12[6-18]Phenylbutazone 10 10[-3-22]Sulfinpyrazone 8 -82[-358-194]Adalimumab 7 6[-25-37]Ibuprofen sodium dihydrate 3 3[-11-16]Tiopronin 2 4[-6-13]Etanercept 2 6[-32-43]Dexibuprofen 1 -9[-95-77]Glucosamine sulfate(Rheumatic) 1 1[-3-6]1002 Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders 133,141 129,535[120,042-139,027]Baclofen 101,280 99,343[92,388-106,298]Methocarbamol 12,802 13,255[11,479-15,030]Tizanidine hydrochloride 9,072 8,849[8,081-9,617]Pyridostigmine bromide 6,607 5,869[5,437-6,302]Dantrolene sodium 3,175 3,299[2,959-3,640]Dronabinolcannabidiol 128 119[87-151]Neostigmine bromide 76 87[53-121]

Other neuromuscularar transmisson preparations 1 -1[-8-6]1003 Soft-tissue disorders and topical pain relief 562,921 586,896[525,965-647,827]Diclofenac diethyl 168,268 80,403[4,755-156,052]Benzydamine hydrochloride 40,476 53,804[40,737-66,871]Piroxicam 33,602 32,871[22,181-43,560]Heparinoid 25,687 27,273[21,326-33,220]Diethylamine salicylate 16,181 16,270[10,913-21,626]Capsaicin 15,772 -9,131[-24,647-6,385]Ketoprofen 14,295 13,330[10,904-15,757]Methyl salicylate 2,184 2,970[1,441-4,500]Felbinac 303 526[-5,449-6,502]Nicotinates 125 -578[-5,615-4,459]Freeze sprays and gels 42 -87[-982-807]Arnica montana 30 39[3-74]Methyl salicylatelevomenthol 14 17[4-30]Hyaluronidase 2 -2[-9-5]1103 Anti-infective eye preparations 114,012 137,297[114,197-160,397]Chloramphenicol 93,278 114,805[95,734-133,876 Fusidic acid 81,671 96,697[83,306-110,088]Gentamicin sulfate 3,317 2,237[-827-5,301]Ganciclovir 1,115 1,400[554-2,246]Hydrocort sodiumphos 746 633[532-733]Propamidine isetionate 37 55[18-92]Dibrompropamidine isetionate 28 29[-1-59]Cefuroxime sodium 3 9[-5-23]1104 Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory eye preparations 162,146 160,865[109,334-212,395]Dexamethasone 155,189 176,536[151,911-201,16 Sodium cromoglicate 61,434 60,639[21,732-99,545]

Olopatadine 14,879 14,214[11,478-16,950]Prednisolone acetate 8,748 7,196[4,920-9,471]Azelastine hydrochloride 8,291 6,722[4,186-9,258]Fluorometholone 6,210 5,188[3,878-6,497]Prednisolone sodium phosphate 6,181 6,571[5,206-7,936]Ciclosporin(Eye Anti Inflammatory) 5,359 5,353[4,859-5,848]Lodoxamide trometamol 1,660 1,475[885-2,066]Ketotifen fumarate 1,463 1,578[1,141-2,016]Loteprednol etabonate 1,339 874[-540-2,289]Antazoline 979 932[304-1,560]Nedocromil sodium 387 -2,584[-11,379-6,212]Hamamalis 203 175[122-227]Epinastine hydrochloride 137 135[55-215]Naphazoline hydrochloride 82 98[68-128]Flurbiprofen sodium 15 16[3-28]Rimexolone 1 -2[-825-821]Emedastine 1 -148[-422-125]1105 Mydriatics and cytoplegics 6,512 5,998[5,380-6,615]Atropine sulfate 4,725 4,561[3,991-5,131]Cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1,654 1,442[1,226-1,659]Tropicamide 157 107[62-153]Phenylephrine hydrochloride 10 29[-6-65]1106 Treatment of glaucoma 870,092 803,945[748,131-859,759]Latanoprost 257,135 233,334[217,737-248,93 Bimatoprost 102,822 95,845[87,049-104,641]Timolol and bimatoprost 91,103 85,791[79,061-92,520]Brinzolamide 90,763 84,610[76,890-92,329]Dorzolamide and timolol 68,224 62,224[57,507-66,941]

Timolol 53,001 46,497[40,518-52,477]Travoprost 35,223 32,254[28,594-35,914]Dorzolamide 32,359 30,215[28,178-32,251]Latanoprost and timolol 29,853 25,984[23,805-28,163]Brimonidine tartrate 25,275 24,472[22,127-26,816]Timolol and travoprost 20,126 18,878[17,213-20,543]Brinzolamide and timolol 17,686 19,632[15,067-24,196]Brinzolamidebrimonidine 17,226 16,532[14,454-18,610]Acetazolamide 8,629 7,951[7,262-8,640]Tafluprost 7,126 6,788[5,926-7,649]Timolol and brimonidine 5,238 4,749[4,096-5,401]Pilocarpine hydrochloride 5,000 4,658[4,147-5,170]Tafluprost and timolol 2,658 2,748[2,438-3,057]Betaxolol 1,915 1,805[1,309-2,301]Levobunolol hydrochloride 1,027 1,713[999-2,427]Pilocarpine nitrate 616 557[371-742]1107 Local anaesthetics(eye) 58 60[-19-139]Oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 24 15[-10-41]Tetracaine hydrochloride 18 25[-22-72]Proxymetacaine hydrochloride 14 19[-49-86]1108 Miscellaneous ophthalmic preparations 367,831 332,734[273,857-391,610]Hypromellose 164,774 156,501[138,626-174,37 Carbomer 940980 124,138 119,500[97,720-141,279 Carmellose sodium 48,766 42,778[28,291-57,265]Liquid paraffin 7,599 5,512[-41,221-52,246]Acetylcysteine 7,488 6,593[5,511-7,676]Ketorolac trometamol 4,065 4,195[3,407-4,983]Other eye tearlubricantastringent preparations 3,259 3,477[2,308-4,646]

Apraclonidine 3,231 3,004[2,548-3,459]Paraffin soft yellow 2,917 2,568[-1,504-6,639]Carbomer 974P 2,606 2,648[1,913-3,384]Hyetellose 2,363 2,133[1,856-2,411]Nepafenac 1,514 1,753[1,490-2,016]Carbomer 1,240 1,237[978-1,497]Bromfenac 834 839[618-1,059]Moxifloxacin hydrochloride 288 263[199-326]Fluorescein sodium 56 87[23-151]Mercaptamine hydrochloride 12 14[-4-31]Povidone iodine 7 5[-2-11]Idebenone 4 4[-3-10]Polyvinyl alcohol 1 -1,741[-7,771-4,289]Disodium edetate 1 0[-4-5]1201 Drugs acting on the ear 126,189 145,263[126,542-163,984]Docusate sodium 204,516 204,233[191,478-216,98 Hydrocortisone acetate 39,530 40,304[21,111-59,497]Acetic acid 5,509 6,384[4,534-8,234]Ciprofloxaindexameth 4,338 5,276[3,412-7,140]Dexamethasone sodium metasulphobenzoate 3,590 8,132[-15,682-31,947]Flumetasone pivalate 1,652 1,737[-6,586-10,061]Urea hydrogen peroxide 1,489 2,197[1,698-2,695]Oils for the ear 150 -912[-1,751--72]Ciprofloxacinfluocinolone 113 189[126-252]Other otitis external preparations 6 7[0-14]Aluminium acetate 4 -1[-12-9]1202 Drugs acting on the nose 722,546 661,210[585,094-737,325]Mometasone furoate 282,061 263,412[234,231-292,59

Fluticasone furoate 144,054 128,327[107,320-149,33 Fluticasone propionate(Nasal) 83,919 74,519[66,184-82,855]Neomycin sulfate 33,824 43,058[34,365-51,752]Fluticasone propionateazelastine hydrochloride(Nasal) 31,087 29,223[26,130-32,315]Sodium chloride 30,296 26,375[23,859-28,891]Triamcinolone acetonide 18,905 25,977[22,685-29,269]Mupirocin 11,746 11,819[7,564-16,075]Xylometazoline hydrochloride 2,510 2,939[1,364-4,514]Other topical nasal decongestant preparations 11 14[-6-35]Xylometazoline hydrochlorideipratropium bromide 2 0[0-0]203 Drugs acting on the oropharynx 77,053 90,604[72,626-108,582]Benzydamine hydrochloride 40,476 53,804[40,737-66,871]Chlorhexidine gluconate 30,377 30,650[26,625-34,676]Miconazole 12,689 13,116[11,581-14,651]Pilocarpine hydrochloride 5,000 4,658[4,147-5,170]Hydrocortisone(Sodium succinate) 3,423 4,125[3,411-4,840]Choline salicylate 1,219 1,313[905-1,721]Other treatment of dry mouth preparations 746 715[630-800]Artificial saliva 589 -394[-4,783-3,995]Benzocaine 414 666[392-939]Flubiprofen 106 448[111-784]Dequalinium chloride 92 110[27-193]Sodium benzoate 78 68[31-105]Other mouth wash,gargle and dentifrice preparations 56 51[29-73]Hexetidine 52 243[-650-1,135]Amylmetacresol 41 21[-80-122]Cetylpyridinium chloride 31 44[14-74]Tetracaine hydrochloride 18 25[-22-72]1

Diclofenac sod 8 4[-23-31]Amphotericin 8 6[-5-17]Hexylresorcinol 7 6[-20-32]Other oral ulceration and inflammation preparations 2 2[-6-10]Dichlorobenzyl alcoholamylmetacresol 1 0[-12-12]Other lozenge and spray preparations 1 2[-3-6]1301 Management of skin conditions 5,465 5,432[4,133-6,730]Cetomacrogol 5,401 5,426[4,191-6,661]Wool fat 53 48[-73-169]Wool fat hydrous 6 11[-4-26]Paraffin hard 3 4[-4-12]Vehicles 1 -1[-14-12]Other vehicle and emulsifying agent preparations 1 0[-2-2]1302 Emollient and barrier preparations 659,076 642,118[532,118-752,119]Other emollient preparations 455,969 434,264[367,045-501,48 Emollient bath and shower preparations 67,355 63,397[45,451-81,342]Light liquid paraffin 43,114 47,177[27,267-67,088]Urea 40,483 40,464[35,743-45,186]Dimeticone(Barrier) 17,725 20,588[14,920-26,256]Emulsifying wax 6,942 7,123[3,500-10,746]Benzalkonium chloride 5,767 5,843[4,595-7,092]Other barrier preparations 3,936 4,665[3,765-5,565]Wool alcohols 1,814 2,351[-27-4,729]Paraffin soft white 1,018 860[475-1,246]Dexpanthenol 927 982[771-1,192]Chlohexidine gluconate(Emollient) 101 -15[-300-270]Other dusting powder preparations 2 -28[-118-63]Zinc paste 1 -86[-438-265]

1303 Topical local anaesthetics and antipruritics 21,665 22,929[19,337-26,522]Menthol 9,532 10,165[9,262-11,069]Crotamiton 7,875 7,868[4,755-10,980]Calamine 2,822 3,780[1,426-6,135]Doxepin hydrochloride 279 -8[-172-156]Mepyramine maleate 74 5[-177-188]1304 Topical corticosteroids 943,166 971,810[866,774-1,076,846 Betamethasone valerate 268,215 268,299[238,269-298,32 Clobetasone butyrate 115,228 101,223[44,301-158,145 Clobetasol propionate 78,226 75,581[69,176-81,985]Betamethasone esters 31,595 32,775[28,665-36,885]Fluocinolone acetonide 8,045 11,748[5,332-18,165]Fludroxycortide 3,964 3,335[231-6,439]Hydrocortisone butyrate 3,219 3,867[2,039-5,696]Fluocinonide 970 930[615-1,245]Diflucortolone valerate 852 1,539[927-2,152]Fluticasone propionate(Topical) 692 620[83-1,158]Other topical corticosteroid preparations 28 39[18-60]Alclometasone dipropionate 1 2,852[-2,456-8,159]1305 Preparations fo reczema and psoriasis 139,919 135,139[124,512-145,766]Calcipotriol 99,952 97,619[90,240-104,998]Cocois 7,817 7,753[6,965-8,541]Tars 4,875 4,494[3,744-5,243]Pimecrolimus 4,499 4,440[3,529-5,352]Acitretin 804 885[755-1,014]Gamolenic acid 800 755[563-946]Tacalcitol 510 543[151-934]Dithranol 433 432[309-554]

Other psoriasis preparations 146 334[256-412]Other eczema preparations 32 41[-26-107]Alitretinoin 18 18[2-34]Tazarotene 15 9[-96-114]Ustekinumab(Psoriasis) 5 2[-1-4]Ichthammol 4 2[-7-12]Coal tar and corticosteroid preparations 1 -1[-19-17]1306 Acne and rosacea 140,685 153,190[135,548-170,832]Erythromycin 52,987 55,394[35,770-75,018]Benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin phosphate 45,761 50,351[36,796-63,906]Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide 17,206 19,359[16,828-21,889]Adapalene 13,889 15,515[13,626-17,404]Clindamycin phosphate 10,112 10,603[8,034-13,173]Benzoyl peroxide 9,660 11,564[9,706-13,422]Co-cyprindiol(Cyprote acetateethinylestradiol) 7,978 7,125[5,500-8,751]Azelaic acid 7,694 8,240[7,027-9,452]Ivermectin 5,753 6,113[5,465-6,761]Isotretinoin 4,238 4,948[3,296-6,599]Clindamycintretinoin 2,501 2,590[1,844-3,336]Brimonidine tart(Rosacea) 800 912[629-1,195]Nicotinamide 524 529[427-631]Tretinoin 13 8[-6-22]Sulfur 10 5[-6-16]1307 Preparations for warts and calluses 9,553 11,849[7,522-16,176]Salicylic acid 6,482 8,411[4,418-12,405]Imiquimod 2,128 2,320[1,991-2,649]Silver nitrate 614 801[619-983]Podophyllotoxin 454 529[363-695]

Glutaraldehyde 82 134[50-217]Formaldehyde 12 15[-13-44]Camellia sinensis extract 4 8[3-12]Podophyllum resin 1 0[-3-3]1308 Sunscreens and camouflagers 27,677 33,915[27,768-40,062]Fluorouracil(Sunscreen) 11,787 14,488[12,956-16,021]Other sunscreening preparations 4,161 3,181[-1,015-7,377]Other camouflage preparations 3,456 3,405[2,885-3,925]Ingenol mebutate 61 2,305[1,522-3,088]Titanium dioxide 10 17[-30-64]1309 Shampoo and other preparations for scalp and hair conditions 111,446 112,904[100,161-125,647]Ketoconazole 55,567 62,002[55,391-68,612]Coal tar 50,777 48,680[43,710-53,651]Benzalkonium chloride 5,767 5,843[4,595-7,092]Selenium sulfide 2,601 1,936[-493-4,365]Eflornithine monohydrate chloride 2,221 2,077[1,345-2,809]Alkyl sulfate 150 279[11-547]Other shampoo and scalp preparations 8 7[-1-15]1310 Anti-infective skin preparations 245,235 284,594[250,478-318,710]Miconazole nitrate 29,732 36,123[30,660-41,586]Mupirocin 11,746 11,819[7,564-16,075]Amorolfine hydrochloride 11,082 11,698[8,667-14,730]Permethrin 9,686 13,184[9,939-16,429]Sodium fusidate 2,485 2,834[2,125-3,544]Silver sulfadiazine 2,475 1,793[857-2,729]Malathion 1,290 1,087[-676-2,850]Tioconazole 1,149 1,075[499-1,652]Hydrogen peroxide 910 805[624-985]

Cetrimide 501 335[-228-898]Magnesium sulfate 392 439[287-591]Dimeticone(Parasiticidal) 359 -49[-830-732]Undecenoates 167 175[93-258]Penciclovir 107 86[24-149]Dibrompropamidine isetionate 28 29[-1-59]Bifonazole 14 13[-3-28]Tolnaftate 11 13[-13-38]Other antiviral preparations 10 12[-3-27]Polymyxins 7 17[-705-738]Chlorhex hydrochloride 5 8[-1-18]Benzyl benzoate 3 1[-8-11]Other minor cut and abrasion preparations 2 11[-10-31]1311 Skin cleansers,antiseptics,and desloughing 18,346 18,756[16,645-20,867]Chlorhexidine gluconate 30,377 30,650[26,625-34,676]Alkyl sulphate 1,886 2,133[1,817-2,448]Potassium permanganate 766 787[604-970]Iodine compounds 401 -3[-484-479]Alcohol 133 135[80-190]Chlorhexidine acetate 97 82[-73-237]Sodium hypochlorite 55 47[26-68]Ster larvae 37 56[16-96]Chloroxylenol 25 43[9-78]Halogenated phenols with phenol 13 8[-14-30]Isopropyl alcohol 11 5[-10-20]Triclosan 9 -45[-126-37]Other alcohol and saline preparations 3 5[0-11]1312 Antiperspirants 3,396 3,679[2,335-5,023]

Aluminium chloride 3,373 3,685[2,356-5,013]Other antiperspirant preparations 1 1[-12-15]1313 Wound management products 1,511 1,411[1,082-1,739]1,510 1,411[1,082-1,740]1314 Topical circulatory preparations 6,781 7,433[6,486-8,381]8 6[1-11]1315 Miscellaneous topical preparations 133 134[59-208]Other miscellaneous topical preparations 84 99[45-152]Depigmenting agents 49 64[30-97]1404 Vaccines and antisera 301,608 357,500[-431,788-1,146,78 Influenza 165,578 134,941[-634,430-904,3 Pneumococcal 35,726 46,571[11,828-81,315]Typhoid 30,568 61,552[44,035-79,069]Diphtheria 26,427 44,589[36,790-52,387]Hepatitis A 22,852 46,648[25,044-68,252]Hepatitis Atyphoid vaccine 9,513 18,123[123-36,123]Hepatitis B 5,617 7,750[2,379-13,120]Hepatitis Ahepatitis B 3,566 8,336[1,428-15,245]Meningococcal A+C+W135+Y vaccine 424 1,535[-7,702-10,773]Measles,mumps and rubella vaccine 382 598[475-721]Shingles(HZ) 363 496[-516-1,509]Cholera 308 590[318-862]Meningococcal B vaccine 77 834[-5,906-7,575]Haemophilus influenzae Bmeningococcal C 56 61[-2-124]Varicella vaccine live 54 121[39-203]Human papillomavirus(Type 6,11,16,18) 40 52[14-90]Rabies 35 23[-69-115]Humpapvirus(Type 6,11,16,18,31,33,45,52,58) 11 20[13-27]?

Yellow fever 5 17[0-35]Rotavirus 3 6[-24-36]Human papillomavirus(Type 16,18) 2 2[-8-11]Japanese encephalitis vaccine(Inactivated,adsorbed) 1 0[-16-15]1501 General anaesthesia 32,029 29,527[25,364-33,689]Midazolam hydrochloride 29,686 26,470[22,600-30,339]Hyoscine hydrobromide 8,832 9,331[5,721-12,941]Alfentanil hydrochloride 423 415[310-519]Fentanyl citrate 32 35[-6-75]Ketamine 19 41[18-63]Parecoxib sodium 5 6[-1-14]Nitrous oxide 4 11[-61-83]1502 Local anaesthesia 89,084 121,931[109,542-134,320]Lidocaine hydrochloride 84,314 115,842[104,025-127,65 Lidocaine 4,987 5,139[4,408-5,870]Tetracaine 1,104 1,625[696-2,553]Bupivacaine hydrochloride 992 1,739[1,344-2,133]Mepivacaine hydrochloride 158 308[140-476]Prilocaine hydrochloride 12 24[-8-55]Cocaine 3 3[-4-10]Levobupivacaine hydrochloride 2 8[-25-41]1901 Alcohol,wines,and spirits 0 0[-3-3]1902 Selective preparations 42,135 38,918[20,481-57,355]Other toiletry preparations 28,292 28,896[21,638-36,155]Other individually formulated bought in preparations 13,458 7,361[-10,960-25,683]Charcoal 159 171[118-223]Naloxone hydrochloride 111 65[-38-167]Other homeopathic preparations 82 111[-41-263]

Other household and over the counter preparations 2 4[-1-9]1904 Single substances 177 208[94-322]177 208[94-322]1905 Other preparations 1,004 1,138[802-1,474]1,004 1,138[802-1,474]1906 Acids 513 567[261-873]Other oil preparations 343 393[137-648]Other concentrated water preparations 164 183[52-314]Other tincture preparations 3 2[-8-11]Other acid preparations 2 1[-2-4]1907 Base/Dil/Susp agents/Stabilisers 46,951 46,807[42,476-51,139]46,951 46,807[42,476-51,139]1909 Disinfectants,preservatives,and stabilising agents 3 1[-4-6]3 1[-4-6]1913 Cordials/soft drinks 174 239[135-343]174 239[135-343]1914 Waters 946 891[768-1,014]Other purified water preparations 854 768[667-870]Sterile water 92 128[57-198]

Supplementary Table 3-Overall BNF code and drug prescribing for the month of April 2020.Absolute number of prescribed items is reported as Nobs,forecast number of prescribed items and 99%prediction intervals are reported as Nfor[99%PI],and per cent difference from prediction is reported as%difference.

Belladonna alkaloids 144 205[74-337]Compound antispasmodic preparations 6 -7[-39-25]Eluxadoline 1 0[-26-26]Alverine citratesimeticone 1 -19[-114-75]103 Antisecretory Drugs and Mucosal Protectants 5,823,564 5,842,098[5,383,426-6,300 Omeprazole 2,812,955 2,680,279[2,446,403-2,9 Lansoprazole 2,415,856 2,264,356[2,103,615-2,4 Ranitidine hydrochloride 238,778 550,592[510,567-590,61 Esomeprazole 186,747 178,480[164,903-192,05 Pantoprazole 120,002 108,848[100,174-117,52 Rabeprazole sodium 30,503 28,113[25,768-30,458]Cimetidine 12,504 6,640[3,387-9,893]Famotidine 2,788 1,533[910-2,155]Nizatidine 1,551 2,033[562-3,505]Sucralfate 1,042 1,114[-530-2,759]Other test for helicobacter pylori preparations 286 682[358-1,005]Misoprostol 427 261[106-415]Pirenzepine 149 97[36-158]Tripotassium dicitratobismuthate 1 -97[-452-259]104 Acute diarrhoea 141,982 135,982[123,655-148,308]Loperamide hydrochloride 141,530 136,385[123,998-148,77 Loperamide hydrochloride and simeticone 275 285[223-346]Co-phenotrope(Diphenox hydrochlorideatropine sulfate) 141 -749[-2,063-564]Opium and morphine 34 100[-39-238]Telotristat ethyl 2 0[0-0]105 Chronic bowel disorders 218,058 205,820[190,785-220,854]Budesonide 335,824 289,159[260,299-318,01 Mesalazine(Systemic) 129,948 122,079[113,459-130,69

Sulfasalazine 71,801 68,035[62,779-73,291]Prednisolone sodium phosphate 6,290 6,215[4,754-7,676]Balsalazide sodium 3,954 3,671[3,294-4,048]Prednisolone sodium metasulphobenzoate 1,839 1,506[1,218-1,794]Olsalazine sodium 1,008 942[658-1,227]Beclometasone dipropionate(Systemic) 387 239[159-319]106 Laxatives 1,600,671 1,491,284[1,372,882-1,609 Macrogol 3350 555,260 509,716[462,827-556,60 Senna 356,543 339,188[288,035-390,34 Lactulose 226,427 204,463[181,630-227,29 Docusate sodium 210,113 202,248[189,321-215,17 Ispaghula husk 91,812 84,758[75,723-93,793]Bisacodyl 87,495 87,439[51,587-123,290]Glycerol 19,624 16,694[14,939-18,449]Sodium picosulfate 14,889 14,438[13,024-15,852]Prucalopride 11,545 11,713[10,824-12,603]Sodium citrate(Rectal) 7,637 6,655[5,928-7,381]Phosphates(Rectal) 5,389 5,093[4,675-5,512]Sterculia 4,601 3,966[3,441-4,491]Linaclotide 4,166 4,163[2,178-6,148]Naloxegol 2,947 2,980[2,718-3,242]Magnesium hydroxide 1,456 2,008[471-3,545]Methylcellulose 1,227 1,009[133-1,885]Bowel cleansing solutions 222 380[211-549]Co-danthramer(Dantronpoloxamer 188) 162 218[-636-1,072]Arachis oil 85 63[24-102]Co-danthrusate(Dantrondocusate sodium) 34 171[-618-960]Macrogol 4000 10 -949[-2,262-364]

Castor oil 2 2[-4-9]Other osmotic laxative preparations 2 9[6-13]Other stimulant laxative preparations 3 -25[-59-8]Lubiprostone 3 -123[-500-254]Phosphates 1 5[-18-28]Methylnaltrexone bromide 5 -1[-12-10]107 Local Prepn for Anal&Rectal Disorders 90,176 97,216[84,655-109,777]Prednisolone 574,235 612,617[542,292-682,94 Hydrocortisone 369,870 436,349[382,747-489,95 Glyceryl trinitrate 144,381 143,360[128,729-157,99 Zinc oxide 27,992 24,593[18,980-30,206]Fluocortolone 261 504[-330-1,338]Hamamelis 89 86[56-117]Other soothing haemorrhoidal preparations 91 77[36-118]Phenol 35 40[3-77]108 Stoma care 65 32[-206-270]65 32[-206-270]109 Drugs affecting intestinal secretions 81,456 80,879[74,367-87,390]Pancreatin 52,710 53,918[48,772-59,064]Ursodeoxycholic acid 28,740 26,947[25,149-28,744]Other preparations for biliary disorders 5 8[-3-19]Chenodeoxycholic acid 1 1[-3-5]201 Positive inotropic drugs 243,101 226,701[205,565-247,836]243,101 226,701[205,565-247,83 202 Diuretics 2,635,980 2,512,018[2,310,360-2,713 Furosemide 991,720 948,450[873,405-1,023,Bendroflumethiazide 698,044 664,779[573,935-755,62 Indapamide 417,902 416,893[381,983-451,80

Spironolactone 244,198 233,339[216,226-250,45 Bumetanide 156,272 145,710[134,926-156,49 Eplerenone 76,673 73,376[68,566-78,185]Co-amilofruse(Amiloride hydrochloridefrusemide) 25,503 22,377[16,958-27,796]Amiloride hydrochloride 12,129 11,643[8,789-14,497]Co-amilozide(Amiloride hydrochloridehydrochlorothiazide) 7,541 6,637[4,755-8,519]Torasemide 1,424 1,183[981-1,385]Metolazone 1,650 1,215[875-1,555]Chlortalidone 1,138 1,149[958-1,341]Amiloride hydrochloride with loop diuretics 450 434[283-585]Xipamide 271 275[195-355]Spironolactone with loop diuretics 285 294[224-364]Triamterene with loop diuretics 320 247[155-340]Chlorothiazide 241 216[150-282]Hydrochlorothiazide 123 103[54-151]Co-flumactone(Hydroflumethiazidespironolactone) 46 14[-29-57]Triamterene with thiazides 41 65[33-98]Triamterene 3 1[-55-57]Co-triamterzide(Triamterenehydrochlorothiazide) 6 2[-51-54]203 Anti-arrhythmic drugs 80,392 76,464[69,974-82,953]Flecainide acetate 36,357 35,360[32,602-38,117]Amiodarone hydrochloride 38,934 36,841[33,076-40,606]Dronedarone hydrochloride 1,862 1,828[1,492-2,164]Propafenone hydrochloride 1,520 1,468[1,296-1,640]Disopyramide 992 1,003[768-1,237]Disopyramide phosphate 564 573[461-686]Mexiletine hydrochloride 162 148[23-274]Quinidine sulfate 1 13[-1-28]

204 Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs 3,374,348 3,309,208[3,085,225-3,533 Bisoprolol fumarate 2,171,645 2,145,893[1,992,357-2,2 Atenolol 511,410 490,525[430,868-550,18 Propranolol hydrochloride 495,373 490,021[456,665-523,37 Carvedilol 50,947 49,230[46,008-52,452]Nebivolol 49,779 47,847[44,476-51,218]Sotalol hydrochloride 38,581 36,199[31,736-40,662]Metoprolol tartrate 29,196 19,143[4,189-34,096]Co-tenidone(Atenololchlortalidone) 11,462 10,789[8,421-13,157]Labetalol hydrochloride 8,926 6,081[4,083-8,080]Celiprolol hydrochloride 2,687 2,581[1,367-3,795]Nadolol 1,234 1,186[453-1,920]Atenolol with calcium channel blocker 978 887[529-1,245]Acebutolol hydrochloride 726 699[535-863]Timolol with diuretic 13 33[-59-124]Pindolol 18 -104[-259-51]205 Hypertension and heart failure 6,132,951 6,010,994[5,603,519-6,418 Ramipril 2,484,908 2,455,745[2,290,919-2,6 Losartan potassium 880,102 878,049[820,655-935,44 Lisinopril 705,500 694,258[640,821-747,69 Candesartan cilexetil 604,485 597,466[557,233-637,69 Doxazosin mesilate 568,205 553,539[515,243-591,83 Perindopril erbumine 359,080 347,657[320,180-375,13 Irbesartan 148,613 143,817[132,156-155,47 Enalapril maleate 126,821 121,754[109,488-134,01 Olmesartan medoxomil 36,725 37,006[32,246-41,766]Valsartan 30,593 26,391[13,875-38,906]Clonidine hydrochloride 28,652 34,719[31,473-37,965]

Moxonidine 30,605 29,910[27,210-32,609]Telmisartan 27,039 25,813[23,469-28,158]Sacubitrilvalsartan 27,072 25,852[24,433-27,271]Losartan potassium with diuretic 14,409 12,690[9,760-15,621]Hydralazine hydrochloride 15,974 15,126[14,082-16,170]Lisinopril with diuretic 8,242 6,014[2,866-9,163]Irbesartan with diuretic 6,470 5,593[2,788-8,398]Methyldopa 5,778 5,808[5,118-6,498]Trandolapril 5,550 4,768[2,992-6,544]Captopril 5,443 5,045[3,870-6,220]Valsartan with diuretic 4,564 4,101[3,105-5,097]Eprosartan 4,254 3,698[2,495-4,902]Terazosin hydrochloride 3,454 3,928[2,778-5,078]Perindopril arginine with diuretic 3,260 3,043[2,487-3,598]Telmisartan with diuretic 2,737 2,542[1,985-3,099]Prazosin hydrochloride 2,226 2,770[2,270-3,269]Perindopril arginine 2,500 2,216[1,627-2,805]Minoxidil 1,946 1,899[1,690-2,107]Olmesartan medoxomilamlodipine 1,477 1,493[1,344-1,641]Aliskiren 1,461 1,418[1,065-1,771]Olmesartan medoxomilhydrochlorothiazide 1,293 1,036[788-1,284]Enalapril maleate with diuretic 1,108 1,024[774-1,274]Olmesartan medoxomilamlodipinehydrochlorothiazide 870 932[704-1,160]Imidapril hydrochloride 570 524[355-694]Ramipril with calcium channel blocker 524 512[410-614]Quinapril hydrochloride 585 -12[-5,524-5,500]Fosinopril sodium 425 393[-443-1,228]Perindopril with calcium channel blocker 213 323[258-389]

Sildenafil(Vasodilator Antihypertensive) 245 213[165-260]Azilsartan medoxomil 65 51[35-67]Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride 77 89[23-156]Quinapril hydrochloride with diuretic 52 91[27-154]Bosentan 4 10[-1-22]Tadalafil(Vasodilator Antihypertensive) 1 0[-4-4]Macitentan 1 1[-1-4]Co-zidocapt(Hydrochlorothiazidecaptopril) 1 -59[-296-178]Perindopril tosilate 1 -4[-76-68]Perindopril tosilateindapamide 3 -1[-37-35]206 Nit,Calc Block&Other Antianginal Drugs 4,402,256 4,261,099[3,978,586-4,543 Amlodipine 2,654,153 2,601,243[2,436,511-2,7 Isosorbide mononitrate 393,420 371,910[343,296-400,52 Felodipine 312,333 304,391[277,857-330,92 Lercanidipine hydrochloride 236,661 232,614[217,125-248,10 Diltiazem hydrochloride 216,557 207,229[189,700-224,75 Nifedipine 118,438 117,163[101,272-133,05 Nicorandil 115,145 108,952[97,356-120,547 Verapamil hydrochloride 54,922 50,844[45,792-55,896]Lacidipine 48,689 47,820[44,365-51,276]Ranolazine 46,939 44,341[41,419-47,264]Ivabradine 43,325 42,567[39,511-45,623]Naftidrofuryl oxalate 10,687 10,338[8,409-12,268]Isosorbide dinitrate 5,842 5,437[4,540-6,335]Valsartanamlodipine 2,037 1,960[1,733-2,187]Cilostazol 1,679 1,647[1,343-1,950]Pentoxifylline 1,613 1,593[1,180-2,006]Nicardipine hydrochloride 1,242 991[558-1,425]

Rutosides 814 722[398-1,047]Moxisylyte hydorchloride 88 117[69-165]Trimetazidine hydrochloride 67 47[20-74]Nimodipine 65 43[14-72]Isradipine 3 -96[-255-63]Nicotinic acid derivatives 3 -124[-541-292]207 Sympathomimetics 11,632 11,314[10,319-12,308]Midodrine hydrochloride 11,620 11,281[10,301-12,261]Etilefrine hydrochloride 1 0[-3-4]208 Anticoagulants and protamine 1,663,949 1,603,926[1,476,245-1,731 Warfarin sodium 513,997 515,254[426,896-603,61 Apixaban 580,192 566,428[535,423-597,43 Rivaroxaban 385,758 393,318[346,118-440,51 Edoxaban 118,269 111,934[101,893-121,97 Dabigatran etexilate 38,039 38,347[32,428-44,267]Enoxaparin 10,472 11,579[9,994-13,164]Dalteparin sodium 7,244 7,375[5,236-9,515]Tinzaparin sodium 4,800 5,402[4,228-6,576]INR blood testing reagents 2,522 2,253[1,670-2,836]Acenocoumarol 1,680 1,622[1,338-1,906]Heparin flushes 690 490[317-663]Fondaparinux sodium 103 129[91-168]Pentosan polysulfate sodium 104 63[30-96]Phenindione 55 54[6-102]Heparin sodium 19 16[-2-33]Heparin calcium 5 4[-6-14]209 Antiplatelet drugs 2,814,039 2,632,416[2,415,650-2,849 Aspirin 1,852,085 1,713,594[1,533,471-1,8

Clopidogrel 890,559 865,516[800,477-930,55 Ticagrelor 50,033 51,407[45,739-57,076]Dipyridamole 20,137 15,309[3,692-26,927]Prasugrel 5,816 4,768[4,035-5,500]Dipyridamole and aspirin 55 -769[-6,622-5,085]Ticlopidine hydrochloride 1 0[-3-3]211 Antifibrinolytic drugs and haemostatics 32,451 35,647[31,994-39,301]Tranexamic acid 32,449 35,627[31,931-39,324]Etamsylate 2 -4[-109-101]212 Lipid-regulating drugs 6,555,062 6,320,601[5,903,415-6,737 Atorvastatin 4,122,963 4,105,298[3,813,787-4,3 Simvastatin 1,699,132 1,586,597[1,350,244-1,8 Rosuvastatin calcium 235,177 232,597[217,908-247,28 Pravastatin sodium 209,102 202,463[184,270-220,65 Ezetimibe 163,314 158,552[146,743-170,36 Fenofibrate 47,705 44,514[41,008-48,019]Bezafibrate 32,973 31,362[28,042-34,682]Colesevelam hydrochloride 12,509 12,352[10,101-14,603]Colestyramine 10,287 12,104[10,107-14,101]Fluvastatin sodium 9,126 9,078[7,830-10,327]Omega-3-acid ethyl esters 7,647 5,877[792-10,963]Ciprofibrate 1,840 1,766[1,270-2,263]Simvastatin and ezetimibe 1,339 1,215[697-1,733]Colestipol hydrochloride 1,074 698[53-1,343]Gemfibrozil 722 670[544-796]Acipimox 137 131[78-184]Alirocumab 7 4[-3-11]Evolocumab 3 5[1-9]

Fenofibratesimvastatin 3 3[-26-32]Omega-3 marine triglycerides 1 59[-172-290]301 Bronchodilators 2,811,397 2,503,458[2,302,053-2,704 Salbutamol 2,011,435 1,749,553[1,597,448-1,9 Tiotropium bromide 293,714 275,477[239,331-311,62 Beclometdipropformoterolglycopyrronium 95,229 99,533[91,150-107,916]Umeclidinium bromidevilanterol 68,127 67,951[64,569-71,333]Terbutaline sulphate 45,840 35,056[30,134-39,978]Umeclidinium bromide 48,553 48,522[35,681-61,362]Glycopyrronium bromide 52,901 45,125[37,416-52,833]Ipratropium bromide 39,486 35,594[29,129-42,059]Theophylline 38,396 37,283[34,129-40,437]Salmeterol 25,414 21,546[15,200-27,891]Tiotropium bromideolodaterol 25,123 24,593[23,244-25,941]Indacaterolglycopyrronium 23,922 26,272[22,966-29,578]Aclidinium bromide 22,105 20,659[14,042-27,276]Aminophylline hydrate 22,416 20,733[18,607-22,860]Aclidinium bromideformoterol 15,981 16,027[12,965-19,088]Formoterol fumarate 9,862 9,451[8,162-10,740]Indacaterol maleate 1,454 1,357[953-1,760]Ephedrine hydrochloride 488 440[227-653]Bambuterol hydrochloride 288 268[173-364]Olodaterol 252 253[170-336]Aminophylline 15 1[-20-22]302 Corticosteroids(respiratory) 2,000,084 1,726,319[1,596,670-1,855 Beclometasone dipropionate 1,280,550 1,122,659[1,032,041-1,2 Fluticasone propionate(Inhalation) 391,680 326,526[275,740-377,31 Budesonide 335,824 289,159[260,299-318,01

Fluticasone furoate(Inhalation) 169,866 168,345[157,036-179,65 Ciclesonide 4,529 3,733[3,199-4,268]303 Cromoglycate,Rel,Leukotriene Antagonists 301,088 276,065[258,517-293,614]Montelukast 299,688 278,360[260,518-296,20 Roflumilast 577 646[552-739]Zafirlukast 24 -568[-2,849-1,714]304 Antihist,Hyposensit&Allergic Emergen 1,224,245 1,148,521[981,425-1,315,6 Cetirizine hydrochloride 384,349 344,603[267,037-422,16 Fexofenadine hydrochloride 369,368 326,289[285,844-366,73 Loratadine 160,408 144,360[109,606-179,11 Promethazine hydrochloride 129,307 119,195[109,481-128,90 Chlorphenamine maleate 76,801 77,138[59,729-94,547]Adrenaline 31,456 32,889[24,439-41,340]Hydroxyzine hydrochloride 33,669 31,864[25,042-38,687]Desloratadine 19,597 17,458[13,836-21,081]Levocetirizine 5,700 4,797[1,867-7,726]Acrivastine 4,828 4,037[2,962-5,112]Alimemazine tartrate 2,529 2,001[837-3,165]Diphenhydramine hydrochloride 2,481 2,387[1,725-3,050]Mizolastine 2,367 2,025[1,619-2,431]Ketotifen fumarate 1,715 1,810[1,337-2,283]Clemastine fumarate 417 358[286-430]Cyproheptadine hydrochloride 247 235[146-324]Timothy grass pollen allergen extract 164 172[128-216]Rupatadine fumarate 164 175[-224-574]Bilastine 110 118[51-185]C1-Esterase inhibitor 3 6[-7-20]Brompheniramine maleate 1 1[-3-5]

Omalizumab 2 -1[-9-6]307 Mucolytics 257,964 240,586[224,077-257,096]Carbocisteine 251,741 237,674[221,222-254,12 Acetylcysteine 7,356 6,737[5,483-7,991]Dornase alfa 781 632[463-801]Erdosteine 707 742[522-961]Mannitol 1 1[-3-5]308 Aromatic inhalations 72 234[-20-489]Menthol 9,851 9,963[9,049-10,876]Benzoin 6 5[-8-18]Other aromatic inhalation preparations 1 -3[-13-6]309 Cough preparations 15,454 17,628[-7,863-43,119]Codeine phosphate 423,557 424,477[389,266-459,68 Simple 4,419 4,942[-8,144-18,029]Pholcodine 3,123 3,998[-4,077-12,072]Guaifenesin 102 142[22-262]Dextromethorphan hydrobromide 72 66[-3-134]Other expectorantand demulcent cough preparations 8 5[-11-21]Squill 11 14[-37-65]Dextromethorphan hydrobrom compound prepartions 5 5[-14-24]310 Systemic nasal decongestants 2,149 2,465[-937-5,866]Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride 2,083 2,405[-989-5,798]401 Hypnotics and anxiolytics 1,192,010 1,145,737[1,052,874-1,238 Zopiclone 421,406 405,786[370,878-440,69 Diazepam 389,898 393,142[359,897-426,38 Melatonin 99,528 93,569[87,268-99,869]Lorazepam 96,533 87,585[80,482-94,688]Temazepam 69,267 67,422[50,252-84,592]

Zolpidem tartrate 51,804 50,763[46,224-55,302]Nitrazepam 33,418 31,080[25,771-36,388]Buspirone hydrochloride 16,124 15,016[13,940-16,092]Oxazepam 5,791 5,489[4,758-6,221]Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride 3,326 2,532[236-4,829]Lormetazepam 1,305 1,578[1,253-1,904]Loprazolam mesilate 1,317 388[-606-1,381]Chloral hydrate 1,131 952[840-1,064]Clomethiazole 753 427[9-845]Sodium oxybate 102 97[69-125]Amobarbital sodium 82 71[25-118]Secobarbital sodium 86 75[19-131]Cloral betaine 45 62[-335-459]Meprobamate 38 26[-17-68]Clomethiazole edisilate 30 142[72-212]Butobarbital 25 26[-5-57]Alprazolam 1 0[-2-3]402 Drugs used in psychoses and related disorder 1,091,501 1,018,306[948,933-1,087,6 Quetiapine 331,058 313,231[292,327-334,13 Olanzapine 212,733 203,478[188,453-218,50 Risperidone 151,339 140,489[129,766-151,21 Aripiprazole 111,071 105,536[98,927-112,145 Lithium carbonate 75,435 70,213[65,312-75,114]Valproic acid 50,938 48,166[43,375-52,957]Amisulpride 35,103 32,298[29,882-34,713]Haloperidol 33,612 24,630[19,717-29,542]Chlorpromazine hydrochloride 21,104 19,514[17,259-21,769]Promazine hydrochloride 10,358 9,848[8,481-11,215]

Levomepromazine hydrochloride 16,563 8,506[6,298-10,714]Sulpiride 9,958 9,987[8,919-11,056]Zuclopenthixol hydrochloride 7,413 6,973[6,395-7,551]Pericyazine 5,035 4,720[3,743-5,698]Flupentixol decanoate 3,940 3,651[3,304-3,998]Trifluoperazine 2,979 2,490[1,590-3,390]Levomepromazine maleate 3,156 2,839[2,113-3,566]Zuclopenthixol decanoate 2,542 2,453[2,177-2,730]Lurasidone 1,830 1,662[1,453-1,870]Paliperidone 1,221 1,206[1,015-1,398]Haloperidol decanoate 758 726[534-917]Lithium citrate 633 600[506-694]Benperidol 398 347[289-405]Pimozide 313 292[180-404]Clozapine 220 187[114-260]Fluphenazine decanoate 150 101[-169-370]Asenapine 83 78[29-127]Cariprazine 67 36[21-50]Perphenazine 41 22[-5-50]Thioridazine 12 14[-30-59]Olanzapine embonate 18 12[3-22]Fluphenazine hydrochloride 3 6[-3-15]Zuclopenthixol acetate 3 8[-12-27]403 Antidepressant drugs 6,457,891 6,344,381[5,912,525-6,776 Sertraline hydrochloride 1,491,254 1,496,155[1,396,984-1,5 Citalopram hydrobromide 1,160,956 1,169,152[1,069,551-1,2 Amitriptyline hydrochloride 1,195,024 1,183,519[1,098,115-1,2 Mirtazapine 866,047 840,938[785,376-896,50

Fluoxetine hydrochloride 577,949 572,024[525,760-618,28 Venlafaxine 416,803 398,597[372,359-424,83 Duloxetine hydrochloride 265,507 258,541[242,213-274,86 Escitalopram 110,580 111,012[104,040-117,98 Paroxetine hydrochloride 109,853 106,594[98,292-114,895 Trazodone hydrochloride 99,828 96,998[89,771-104,225]Nortriptyline 57,061 57,323[52,542-62,103]Dosulepin hydrochloride 42,975 39,294[29,598-48,991]Clomipramine hydrochloride 19,399 17,665[13,953-21,378]Vortioxetine 14,931 13,633[12,545-14,721]Lofepramine hydrochloride 14,028 12,584[10,799-14,370]Flupentixol hydrochloride 14,369 13,312[12,097-14,528]Imipramine hydrochloride 11,774 11,771[10,149-13,394]Citalopram hydrochloride 5,828 5,585[4,963-6,207]Trimipramine maleate 2,088 1,781[1,118-2,444]Reboxetine 1,949 1,865[1,570-2,160]Doxepin 1,884 1,727[1,395-2,058]Fluvoxamine maleate 1,933 1,818[1,429-2,207]Agomelatine 1,869 1,622[1,397-1,846]Moclobemide 684 1,128[845-1,412]Phenelzine sulfate 546 569[289-850]Tranylcypromine sulfate 511 518[409-627]Isocarboxazid 147 149[107-191]Tryptophan 113 89[39-139]Mianserin hydrochloride 45 161[54-269]Nefazodone hydrochloride 6 5[-7-16]Oxitriptan 12 10[1-18]404 CNS stimulants and drugs used for ADHD 132,085 129,885[120,849-138,920]

Methylphenidate hydrochloride 91,324 92,872[86,075-99,668]Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate 16,233 16,231[14,969-17,494]Atomoxetine hydrochloride 10,674 10,119[9,250-10,987]Modafinil 6,986 6,786[6,288-7,283]Dexamfetamine sulfate 4,042 4,060[3,738-4,382]Guanfacine 2,799 2,559[2,357-2,761]Pitolisant hydrochloride 23 21[12-29]Caffeine 1 5[0-11]Caffeine citrate 3 1[-7-9]405 Obesity 22,926 26,756[22,930-30,582]Orlistat 22,922 26,753[22,926-30,580]Naltrexonebupropion 4 3[-1-7]406 Drugs used in nausea and vertigo 501,384 490,706[424,718-556,694]Betahistine hydrochloride 134,555 133,659[122,744-144,57 Prochlorperazine maleate 114,563 122,720[109,685-135,75 Cyclizine hydrochloride 81,786 77,820[69,203-86,436]Metoclopramide hydrochloride 60,334 53,444[44,357-62,532]Domperidone 27,813 33,317[-12,964-79,597]Cinnarizine 26,698 26,978[23,930-30,025]Ondansetron hydrochloride 21,949 22,246[20,457-24,035]Hyoscine 11,386 10,885[9,247-12,522]Hyoscine hydrobromide 10,904 8,897[4,828-12,966]Cyclizine lactate 10,414 5,927[4,154-7,701]Promethazine teoclate 2,431 2,215[542-3,889]Prochlorperazine mesilate 588 344[-140-827]Dimenhydrinatecinnarizine 446 455[373-537]Doxylamine succinatepyridoxine hydrochloride 312 328[216-439]Flunarizine dihydrochloride 164 110[75-145]

Ketamine hydrochloride 128 106[56-156]Granisetron hydrochloride 47 54[14-94]Nabilone 46 13[-65-91]Granisetron 44 34[5-62]Aprepitant 11 6[-10-21]407 Analgesics 5,309,715 4,991,310[4,551,713-5,430 Paracetamol 1,614,223 1,359,988[1,186,801-1,5 Co-codamol(Codeine phosphateparacetamol) 1,260,022 1,226,456[1,127,237-1,3 Tramadol hydrochloride 493,437 482,590[430,372-534,80 Morphine sulfate 458,547 426,753[391,634-461,87 Buprenorphine 202,966 203,609[186,195-221,02 Methadone hydrochloride 181,021 157,007[142,247-171,76 Sumatriptan succinate 148,193 152,343[139,487-165,19 Oxycodone hydrochloride 155,119 152,093[140,335-163,85 Co-dydramol(Dihydrocodeineparacetamol) 137,423 131,018[113,872-148,16 Dihydrocodeine tartrate 126,056 126,389[116,082-136,69 Fentanyl 83,872 81,705[73,541-89,869]Pizotifen malate 43,496 43,025[39,569-46,481]Zolmitriptan 29,514 29,728[27,013-32,443]Clonidine hydrochloride 28,652 34,719[31,473-37,965]Rizatriptan 26,530 26,536[24,430-28,643]Nefopam hydrochloride 22,884 21,676[7,728-35,623]Tapentadol hydrochloride 13,935 14,129[12,860-15,398]Naratriptan hydrochloride 11,704 11,622[10,391-12,852]Analgesics with anti-emetics 11,082 9,675[3,752-15,598]Meptazinol hydrochloride 5,859 5,755[5,222-6,289]Frovatriptan 4,597 4,590[4,167-5,012]Diamorphine hydrochloride(Systemic) 5,102 5,249[2,921-7,576]

Oxycodone hydrochloridenaloxone hydrochloride 3,269 2,902[2,333-3,472]Almotriptan 2,806 3,343[2,953-3,733]Eletriptan 1,156 1,236[1,065-1,408]Pethidine hydrochloride 1,124 1,295[1,023-1,568]Co-proxamol(Dextropropoxyphene hydrochlorideparacetamol) 966 -100[-2,890-2,690]Hydromorphone hydrochloride 659 688[554-821]Tolfenamic acid 461 442[318-566]Paracetamol combined preparations 409 413[317-508]Dipipanone hydrochloride 144 111[-363-586]Pentazocine hydrochloride 118 112[68-156]Ergotamine tartrate 112 117[-169-404]Isometheptene mucate 48 172[126-218]Morphine tartrate and cyclizine tartrate 37 26[-63-114]Other non-opioid analgesic preparations 16 21[-3-44]Aspirin combined preparations 9 16[-12-43]Paracetamol and caffeine 29 18[-5-40]Paracetamol and ibuprofen 11 20[4-36]Co-codaprin(Codeine phosphateaspirin) 9 14[-22-50]Aspirin and caffeine 4 2[-6-11]Erenumab 1 3[2-4]Gabapentin(Neuropathic Pain) 1 2[-2-6]408 Antiepileptic drugs 2,499,462 2,404,322[2,221,327-2,587 Pregabalin 646,840 627,189[575,568-678,81 Gabapentin 616,414 580,841[521,414-640,26 Lamotrigine 263,163 253,071[237,315-268,82 Levetiracetam 217,781 209,775[195,964-223,58 Sodium valproate 210,601 206,556[189,800-223,31 Carbamazepine 193,018 184,628[171,064-198,19

Topiramate 85,693 83,210[77,353-89,067]Clonazepam 86,439 82,667[76,456-88,878]Phenytoin sodium 55,206 51,945[46,774-57,116]Midazolam hydrochloride 45,033 25,303[21,198-29,408]Clobazam 28,530 27,428[25,486-29,370]Phenobarbital 15,524 14,752[13,349-16,155]Lacosamide 15,648 14,741[13,781-15,701]Zonisamide 14,974 14,238[13,277-15,200]Primidone 13,129 13,000[12,044-13,957]Oxcarbazepine 9,401 9,329[8,625-10,034]Perampanel 4,554 4,658[4,252-5,064]Ethosuximide 3,387 3,163[2,917-3,408]Brivaracetam 3,312 3,140[2,712-3,569]Eslicarbazepine acetate 2,139 2,105[1,936-2,274]Phenytoin 1,595 1,359[1,043-1,676]Midazolam maleate 1,438 1,780[1,049-2,510]Vigabatrin 1,130 1,070[947-1,192]Rufinamide 1,069 1,037[884-1,190]Stiripentol 250 236[189-283]Paraldehyde 119 112[70-153]Tiagabine 121 102[46-158]Phenobarbital sodium 28 24[-7-54]Sultiame 30 35[-36-106]Felbamate 7 3[-11-16]409 Drugs used in Parkinsonism and related disorders 456,379 435,504[405,542-465,466]Co-careldopa(Carbidopalevodopa) 112,977 109,039[101,512-116,56 Co-beneldopa(Benserazidelevodopa) 89,155 84,226[78,425-90,027]Procyclidine hydrochloride 77,713 73,456[68,233-78,680]

Ropinirole hydrochloride 55,179 53,061[49,338-56,783]Pramipexole 40,714 39,097[36,056-42,138]Rasagiline mesilate 17,117 16,718[14,985-18,451]Levodopacarbidopaentacapone 13,263 12,310[11,079-13,541]Amantadine hydrochloride 11,227 10,824[9,956-11,692]Rotigotine 11,262 10,953[9,875-12,031]Trihexyphenidyl hydrochloride 10,613 10,022[9,125-10,919]Entacapone 4,280 3,830[3,473-4,187]Tetrabenazine 2,549 2,364[2,075-2,653]Selegiline hydrochloride 2,433 2,357[2,033-2,682]Riluzole 1,796 1,693[1,537-1,848]Opicapone 1,923 2,639[2,305-2,973]Safinamide 1,430 1,617[1,431-1,803]Apomorphine hydrochloride 925 942[820-1,065]Piracetam 663 613[518-707]Orphenadrine hydrochloride 560 204[-1,977-2,385]Tolcapone 35 32[7-57]Apomorphine hydrochloride hemihydrate 34 -4[-34-26]Botulinum toxin type A 21 15[2-28]Benzatropine mesilate 15 19[-5-44]410 Drugs used in substance dependence 316,976 286,944[253,663-320,226]Methadone hydrochloride 181,021 157,007[142,247-171,76 Buprenorphine hydrochloride 71,971 60,142[55,863-64,421]Nicotine 28,360 32,802[20,717-44,887]Varenicline tartrate 19,894 23,810[16,741-30,880]Acamprosate calcium 10,913 10,097[9,048-11,146]Disulfiram 2,370 2,254[1,115-3,393]Bupropion hydrochloride 2,289 2,218[2,001-2,434]

Naltrexone hydrochloride 1,385 1,370[1,037-1,703]Buprenorph hydrochloridenaloxone hydrochloride 689 -9[-1,843-1,825]Nicotine bitartrate 249 199[77-321]Nalmefene 86 186[-143-515]411 Dementia 355,440 347,258[318,749-375,768]Donepezil hydrochloride 179,466 174,866[159,337-190,39 Memantine hydrochloride 128,274 126,128[116,480-135,77 Rivastigmine 33,776 32,761[29,917-35,605]Galantamine 13,924 12,651[10,895-14,408]501 Antibacterial drugs 2,382,500 2,466,909[2,037,822-2,895 Amoxicillin 451,513 540,256[314,154-766,35 Nitrofurantoin 344,338 357,314[308,361-406,26 Doxycycline hyclate 276,794 247,428[206,657-288,19 Flucloxacillin sodium 291,578 295,539[244,101-346,97 Phenoxymethylpenicillin(Penicillin V) 145,125 216,532[175,928-257,13 Clarithromycin 154,710 171,072[130,224-211,92 Trimethoprim 132,036 97,605[43,843-151,366]Co-amoxiclav(Amoxicillinclavulanic acid) 120,699 99,249[73,875-124,623]Lymecycline 80,997 90,550[81,732-99,367]Azithromycin 73,255 64,784[59,734-69,833]Metronidazole 69,165 73,409[65,429-81,388]Cefalexin 66,906 59,475[47,404-71,546]Ciprofloxacin 45,820 40,959[32,624-49,293]Oxytetracycline 23,217 22,866[18,010-27,721]Pivmecillinam hydrochloride 23,364 23,748[19,295-28,201]Erythromycin ethylsuccinate 10,577 13,534[1,612-25,457]Co-trimoxazole(Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole) 17,176 15,449[14,234-16,664]Methenamine hippurate 9,905 7,428[5,648-9,208]

Rifaximin 7,258 6,576[6,090-7,061]Clindamycin hydrochloride 7,405 6,642[5,707-7,577]Fosfomycin trometamol 5,983 5,990[5,226-6,754]Ofloxacin 4,856 4,419[3,332-5,505]Colistimethate sodium 3,343 2,815[2,462-3,167]Levofloxacin 2,675 2,635[2,316-2,953]Sodium fusidate 2,150 2,502[1,768-3,236]Dapsone 2,245 2,114[1,905-2,323]Tetracycline 1,803 1,744[1,359-2,129]Minocycline hydrochloride 1,779 1,819[1,118-2,519]Cefradine 1,717 1,335[789-1,882]Rifampicin 1,495 1,377[1,135-1,620]Isoniazid 1,241 1,280[834-1,726]Doxycycline monohydrate 864 364[-260-987]Erythromycin stearate 674 1,571[141-3,002]Cefaclor 586 930[289-1,570]Moxifloxacin 448 430[327-533]Demeclocycline hydrochloride 477 296[-471-1,062]Ethambutol hydrochloride 438 416[290-542]Vancomycin hydrochloride 482 326[215-436]Cefuroxime axetil 374 302[146-458]Rifampicin combined preparations 121 161[40-281]Tinidazole 99 126[6-245]Cefixime 95 133[-14-280]Linezolid 178 87[42-132]Ampicillin 89 105[31-180]Tobramycin 94 56[-7-120]Co-fluampicil(Flucloxacillinampicillin) 127 -366[-1,066-334]

Ceftriaxone sodium 87 49[-18-117]Cefadroxil 49 -45[-252-162]Teicoplanin 54 45[-96-186]Sulfadiazine 27 5[-173-183]Benzylpenicillin sodium(Penicillin G) 17 43[-13-99]Meropenem 21 10[-27-46]Fidaxomicin 19 12[0-24]Rifabutin 27 14[-3-31]Amoxicillin sodium 16 10[-12-32]Ertapenem sodium 20 17[-65-99]Ceftazidime pentahydrate 4 15[-3-33]Clofazimine 7 7[1-14]Pyrazinamide 16 9[-17-35]Norfloxacin 6 11[-32-53]Piperacillin sodiumtazobactam sodium 8 1[-106-108]Cefotaxime sodium 1 5[-7-17]Aztreonam 3 0[-6-6]Cefuroxime sodium 22 11[-4-25]Amikacin 1 3[-13-18]Daptomycin 1 0[-26-26]Cycloserine 1 0[-3-3]Pristinamycin 2 -2[-8-4]Aminosalicylic acid 2 0[-17-18]502 Antifungal drugs 130,415 130,927[115,964-145,889]Nystatin 57,854 53,088[44,972-61,203]Terbinafine hydrochloride 35,939 45,945[37,593-54,297]Fluconazole 41,932 40,825[36,195-45,455]Itraconazole 6,439 7,643[6,332-8,954]

Griseofulvin 274 311[174-449]Voriconazole 47 27[-9-62]Posaconazole 34 28[-6-61]Amphotericin 5 9[-2-19]503 Antiviral drugs 82,978 87,564[79,401-95,727]Aciclovir 86,376 90,746[84,365-97,127]Valaciclovir 3,663 3,796[3,498-4,094]Oseltamivir phosphate 262 248[-11,141-11,638]Famciclovir 542 485[352-617]Lamivudine 313 320[264-377]Entecavir 126 102[47-157]Tenofovir disoproxil 142 112[67-156]Valganciclovir hydrochloride 65 49[11-86]Zanamivir 3 11[-15-37]Inosine pranobex 19 20[5-35]Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil 18 15[-1-30]Efavirenzemtricitabinetenofovir disoproxil 11 5[-4-15]Darunavir 2 2[-12-15]Raltegravir 14 13[-1-26]Abacavir and lamivudine 3 2[-4-7]Adefovir dipivoxil 5 3[-6-12]Lopinavir and ritonavir 2 0[-3-4]Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide 3 4[1-7]Dolutegravir 6 6[-1-13]Ritonavir 3 2[-11-15]Nevirapine 2 3[-2-7]Other HIV infection preparations 9 7[-2-16]Zidovudine 2 0[-3-2]

Maraviroc 2 1[-3-5]504 Antiprotozoal drugs 233,548 226,229[200,476-251,981]Quinine sulfate 207,851 206,595[185,165-228,02 Quinine bisulfate 25,256 26,587[17,067-36,107]Mepacrine hydrochloride 213 102[38-166]Chloroquine phosphate 119 93[28-158]Proguanil hydrochloride with atovaquone 19 29[-119-176]Atovaquone 43 30[6-54]Mefloquine hydrochloride 19 -293[-1,180-593]Pyrimethamine 23 18[5-31]Proguanil hydrochloride 2 -7[-33-20]Primaquine 1 -1[-4-2]505 Antihelminthics 6,591 6,135[3,863-8,407]Mebendazole 6,493 6,043[3,783-8,303]Albendazole 26 22[5-39]Levamisole hydrochloride 22 22[-1-46]Praziquantel 12 6[-7-20]601 Drugs used in diabetes 4,876,206 4,788,040[4,454,228-5,121 Metformin hydrochloride 1,921,774 1,891,031[1,758,150-2,0 Glucose blood testing reagents 558,495 535,033[484,750-585,31 Gliclazide 554,774 537,185[490,384-583,98 Insulin aspart 163,778 160,715[148,784-172,64 Sitagliptin 201,011 198,099[177,263-218,93 Linagliptin 192,489 197,939[182,558-213,31 Insulin glargine 135,519 129,665[120,045-139,28 Empagliflozin 140,767 141,498[134,690-148,30 Alogliptin 130,190 136,725[125,569-147,88 Dapagliflozin 105,899 108,006[90,755-125,258

Biphasic insulin aspart 66,008 62,123[56,379-67,866]Biphasic isophane insulin 60,913 59,741[53,449-66,033]Insulin detemir 50,481 49,849[44,884-54,814]Pioglitazone hydrochloride 59,355 57,807[48,112-67,501]Isophane insulin 55,727 54,391[48,785-59,996]Dulaglutide 54,694 57,587[55,403-59,771]Glimepiride 49,528 46,359[41,707-51,010]Canagliflozin 47,047 49,169[42,068-56,271]Insulin Lispro 35,838 35,577[32,891-38,262]Insulin degludec 36,699 39,168[35,732-42,604]Liraglutide 40,449 44,232[38,926-49,537]Ketone blood testing reagents 29,030 24,213[22,539-25,887]Glucose 27,291 27,316[25,111-29,521]Biphasic insulin lispro 26,519 26,388[23,676-29,099]Semaglutide 23,871 25,304[21,638-28,970]Saxagliptin 15,853 15,511[12,811-18,211]Metformin hydrochloridesitagliptin 13,267 12,901[11,510-14,293]Insulin glulisine 7,788 7,843[7,093-8,593]Urine testing reagents 9,729 5,728[4,757-6,699]Exenatide 7,913 7,898[5,757-10,038]Glucagon 5,929 6,265[5,236-7,295]Alogliptinmetformin 6,364 6,978[6,234-7,722]Linagliptinmetformin 5,088 5,368[4,725-6,011]Empagliflozinmetformin 4,991 5,405[4,991-5,820]Repaglinide 4,385 4,082[3,616-4,549]Soluble insulin(Neutral insulin) 3,465 3,076[2,656-3,496]Vildagliptin 3,776 3,438[2,598-4,277]Dapagliflozinmetformin 3,531 3,628[3,316-3,940]

Metformin hydrochloridevildagliptin 3,594 3,387[2,907-3,867]Lixisenatide 3,092 2,994[770-5,217]Glipizide 2,463 2,198[-1,197-5,593]Acarbose 2,407 2,147[1,699-2,596]Metformin hydrochloridepioglitazone 2,150 1,816[512-3,120]Ins degludecliraglutide 2,009 2,080[1,764-2,396]Tolbutamide 1,445 1,306[708-1,904]Canagliflozinmetformin 1,051 1,096[931-1,260]Saxagliptinmetformin 863 887[581-1,192]Saxagliptindapagliflozin 805 978[633-1,324]Nateglinide 534 492[363-621]Ertugliflozin 411 479[332-625]Diazoxide 158 93[5-181]Glibenclamide 106 205[-1,387-1,798]Empagliflozinlinagliptin 117 140[96-185]Insulin glarginelixisenatide 56 25[11-38]Glucose and ketone blood testing reagents 6 8[-47-62]Insulin human 12 7[-13-26]602 Thyroid and antithyroid drugs 2,823,882 2,806,353[2,614,744-2,997 Levothyroxine sodium 2,765,154 2,750,937[2,563,017-2,9 Carbimazole 50,125 48,120[44,822-51,419]Liothyronine sodium 4,803 4,161[3,562-4,759]Propylthiouracil 3,486 3,206[2,885-3,528]Levothyroxine sodium and liothyronine 314 206[132-280]Iodine 1 -2[-9-6]603 Corticosteroids(endocrine) 658,532 686,295[617,036-755,553]Prednisolone 574,235 612,617[542,292-682,94 Dexamethasone 138,060 164,858[139,576-190,14

Fludrocortisone acetate 47,807 45,578[42,330-48,827]Betamethasone sodium phosphate 17,773 21,737[15,801-27,672]Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate 1,205 716[-353-1,785]Hydrocortisone sodium succinate 883 844[310-1,378]Dexamethasone phosphate 1,159 971[601-1,340]Deflazacort 421 411[347-476]Methylprednisolone 376 412[309-515]Dexamethasone sodium phosphate 94 46[-111-203]Prednisone 5 -56[-153-41]Methylprednisolone sodium succinate 5 3[-10-16]Cortisone acetate 6 6[-2-14]604 Sex hormones 712,808 737,806[685,834-789,778]Finasteride 327,786 323,636[301,511-345,76 Estradiol 209,526 222,783[204,586-240,98 Estradiol with progestogen 91,425 119,620[100,923-138,31 Progesterone 27,947 30,835[27,193-34,478]Norethisterone 31,806 42,586[33,243-51,929]Dutasteride 24,701 23,714[19,777-27,652]Testosterone 23,182 21,679[19,066-24,292]Tibolone 15,517 15,937[14,344-17,531]Oestrogens conjugated 14,254 14,508[12,057-16,959]Estradiol valerate 12,068 7,815[-1,544-17,174]Testosterone undecanoate 10,607 11,597[10,128-13,066]Testosterone esters 4,066 4,389[3,907-4,870]Raloxifene hydrochloride 4,033 3,691[3,121-4,261]Oestrogens conjugated with progestogen 2,466 946[-5,155-7,047]Estradiol and estriol with progestogen 707 711[409-1,012]Testosterone enantate 667 641[422-860]

Prasterone 121 49[17-81]Oestrogens conjugated with bazedoxifene 49 38[11-66]Ethinylestradiol 23 -74[-237-90]Nandrolone decanoate 1 7[-7-22]Oxandrolone 4 2[-4-8]Dydrogesterone 2 1[-5-6]Estradiol,estriol and estrone 2 -973[-2,825-879]605 Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones and antioestrogen 29,538 30,097[27,598-32,595]Desmopressin acetate 24,855 25,307[23,281-27,333]Somatropin 4,413 4,238[3,671-4,805]Clomifene citrate 208 185[78-292]Choriogonadotropin alfa 14 15[0-29]Tolvaptan 19 11[-16-39]Menotrophin 13 6[-7-19]Tetracosactide 12 14[-4-32]Chorionic gonadotrophin 2 -5[-63-52]Follitropin alfa 1 3[-3-10]606 Drugs affecting bone metabolism 568,595 533,658[483,329-583,987]Alendronic acid 495,630 477,105[433,924-520,28 Risedronate sodium 52,313 49,666[45,355-53,978]Ibandronic acid 14,119 13,527[12,025-15,029]Denosumab 5,046 6,216[5,611-6,821]Sodium clodronate 868 741[491-991]Alendronic acidcolecalciferol 372 351[154-549]Strontium ranelate 137 -441[-3,435-2,553]Teriparatide 67 61[34-89]Other bisphosphonate and other preparations 30 15[-4-34]Zoledronic acid 6 0[-10-10]

Calcitonin(Salmon) 7 7[-9-23]607 Other endocrine drugs 7,987 7,609[7,046-8,171]bergoline 6,631 6,189[5,737-6,640]mocriptine 890 922[768-1,075]inagolide hydrochloride 390 349[275-422]nazol 383 370[294-446]tyrapone 106 80[35-124]farelin acetate 72 60[33-87]serelin 14 8[-1-16]rugs used in obstetrics 1 0[-3-2]soprostol(Gynaecology) 1 0[-2-2]reatment of vaginal and vulval conditions 197,893 214,795[196,323-233,267]trimazole 106,674 112,325[94,006-130,645riol 50,159 57,323[52,980-61,666]nazole nitrate 616 579[369-788]qualinium chloride 56 104[19-189]pemifene 45 81[64-99]nticonazole nitrate 10 6[-15-27]ric acid 4 2[-1-6]ontraceptives 605,660 645,288[586,639-703,938]sogestrel 257,460 240,694[219,893-261,49mbined ethinylestradiol 30mcg 204,321 227,459[203,828-251,09droxyprogesterone acetate 70,870 88,909[81,045-96,773]mbined ethinylestradiol 20mcg 30,095 31,120[27,364-34,876]mbined ethinylestradiol 35mcg 18,986 21,520[17,586-25,453]onorgestrel 9,833 20,186[16,289-24,083]Ca Bro Qu Da Me Na Bu 701 D Mi 702 T Clo Est Eco De Os Fe Bo 703 C De Co Me Co Co Lev Etonogestrel 2,076 10,842[9,080-12,605]Phased formulations of ethinylestradiol 2,675 2,613[1,487-3,739]

Ulipristal acetate(Emergency Contraceptive) 1,786 3,055[1,526-4,584]Etonogestrelethinylestradiol 1,409 1,460[1,203-1,717]Estradiol valandestradiol valerate with dienogest 802 813[694-932]Nonoxinol 9 89 96[30-162]Combined mestranol 86 83[42-124]Estradiol and nomegestrol 32 -143[-332-46]704 Drugs used for genito-urinary disorders 1,726,575 1,730,962[1,582,857-1,879 Tamsulosin hydrochloride 664,859 654,544[610,415-698,67 Sildenafil(Erectile Dysfunction) 262,672 316,197[257,340-375,05 Solifenacin 208,064 197,850[183,145-212,55 Mirabegron 134,472 135,368[123,839-146,89 Oxybutynin 120,999 118,515[107,538-129,49 Tolterodine 107,291 107,820[98,801-116,838 Tadalafil 62,371 66,930[60,826-73,034]Alfuzosin hydrochloride 40,767 38,655[35,096-42,213]Trospium chloride 26,203 25,982[23,249-28,715]Fesoterodine fumarate 19,438 18,948[17,302-20,593]Tamsulosin and dutasteride hydrochloride 13,078 12,775[9,553-15,997]Darifenacin hydrobromide 11,606 12,762[10,584-14,939]Alprostadil 7,978 7,628[5,726-9,530]Vardenafil 5,932 6,055[4,436-7,674]Solifenacintamsulosin 4,378 4,488[3,459-5,516]Indoramin 3,379 3,139[2,525-3,752]Propiverine hydrochloride 2,620 2,364[2,058-2,670]Potassium citrate 2,068 1,829[1,568-2,090]Flavoxate hydrochloride 1,401 1,233[979-1,487]Avanafil 749 848[537-1,160]Phentolamineaviptadil 444 561[452-670]

Dapoxetine hydrochloride 381 569[435-703]Sodium citrate 99 113[52-173]Chlorhexidine acetate 92 77[-88-242]Bethanechol chloride 75 52[25-79]Other urological pain preparations 12 15[-1-30]Distigmine bromide 8 7[-7-21]Yohimbine hydrochloride 2 3[-7-12]Oxybutynin hydrochloride 1 2[-2-7]801 Cytotoxic drugs(malignancy and immunosuppression) 16,693 15,730[14,582-16,879]Hydroxycarbamide 8,285 7,523[6,913-8,133]Mercaptopurine 5,785 5,503[4,958-6,048]Calcium folinate 243 265[219-311]Cyclophosphamide 24 13[-42-69]Tioguanine 2 2[-5-9]Imatinib mesilate 3 0[-14-14]Everolimus 1 1[-1-4]Mitotane 2 0[-4-5]Mesna 2 0[-5-5]Chlorambucil 1 0[-15-16]Dasatinib 2 1[-8-11]Estramustine phosphate 1 0[-1-2]Busulfan 1 2[-3-6]Procarbazine hydrochloride 1 2[-2-5]802 Drugs affecting the immune response(malignancy and immunosuppression) 106,795 95,095[87,448-102,742]Azathioprine 72,608 65,181[60,228-70,134]Tacrolimus 24,992 24,115[21,780-26,449]Mycophenolate mofetil 17,427 15,777[14,526-17,029]Ciclosporin 5,387 4,589[3,309-5,868]

Mycophenolic sodium 719 644[465-823]Sirolimus 593 509[373-646]Dimethyl fumar 14 6[-10-23]Peginterferon alpha 3 2[-18-22]Fingolimod 2 1[-4-7]Interferon alpha 1 1[-6-8]Thalidomide(Immunomodulating) 2 0[-6-6]Lenalidomide 1 1[-4-6]Glatiramer acetate 1 0[-3-3]803 Sex hormones and antagonists in malignancy 277,021 263,429[247,003-279,856]Letrozole 82,834 79,085[74,303-83,868]Tamoxifen citrate 55,196 54,323[49,799-58,847]Anastrozole 49,045 46,784[43,500-50,068]Bicalutamide 21,373 18,706[17,311-20,100]Goserelin acetate 20,454 19,842[17,270-22,414]Leuprorelin acetate 19,067 17,944[15,970-19,918]Exemestane 12,512 12,074[11,211-12,937]Triptorelin acetate 7,238 3,467[217-6,716]Cyproterone acetate 2,727 2,474[2,128-2,820]Degarelix 1,975 1,813[1,624-2,002]Triptorelin embonate 1,201 939[749-1,129]Octreotide acetate 694 504[360-647]Megestrol acetate 433 321[-152-795]Diethylstilbestrol 458 351[22-680]Lanreotide 381 312[233-391]Flutamide 66 -34[-282-214]Fulvestrant 44 42[15-69]Toremifene citrate 12 17[1-34]

Buserelin 14 8[-1-16]Enzalutamide 3 5[-6-16]Abiraterone 2 2[-3-8]901 Anaemias and other blood disorders 1,607,183 1,619,365[1,500,462-1,738 Folic acid 682,994 680,663[617,211-744,11 Ferrous fumarate 377,590 396,776[319,216-474,33 Ferrous sulfate 238,373 216,119[147,198-285,03 Hydroxocobalamin 143,925 232,277[210,762-253,79 Cyanocobalamin 123,126 84,637[78,214-91,061]Ferrous gluconate 24,753 24,095[20,982-27,209]Sodium feredetate 11,010 15,983[13,718-18,249]Iron and folic acid 2,644 2,892[2,380-3,405]Other oral iron preparations 1,318 1,172[736-1,607]Ferric maltol 528 525[445-606]Darbepoetin alfa 392 252[27-477]Anagrelide hydrochloride 119 113[50-176]Iron dextran 52 49[-12-110]Epoetin alfa 96 63[27-99]Epoetin beta 83 41[-36-119]Deferasirox 21 12[-11-35]Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta 9 14[-3-31]Deferiprone 4 5[-21-30]Filgrastim 14 7[-5-20]Lenograstim 4 3[-8-14]Iron sucrose 7 7[-3-17]Eltrombopag 7 6[-6-19]Iron carboxymaltose 3 -1[-8-6]Desferrioxamine mesilate 1 1[-5-6]

Epoetin zeta 1 -1[-7-5]902 Fluids and electrolytes 104,970 94,970[82,109-107,831]Sodium bicarbonate 42,455 40,873[37,999-43,747]Sodium chloride 29,946 25,296[22,759-27,833]Water for injection 27,780 15,423[13,356-17,490]Oral rehydration salts 14,851 22,091[11,764-32,417]Potassium chloride 7,875 7,871[5,301-10,440]Calcium polystyrene sulfonate 174 192[140-244]Patiromer calcium 35 38[29-46]Potassium bicarbonate 19 66[21-110]Sodium polystyrene sulfonate 17 10[-4-24]904 Oral nutrition 445,020 379,326[306,919-451,733]Enteral nutrition 323,611 285,846[237,985-333,70 Other food for special diet preparations 71,040 67,798[55,582-80,014]Gluten free bread 25,029 21,312[12,006-30,619]Gluten free mixes 10,767 8,571[5,702-11,441]Low protein mixes 1,685 1,424[980-1,869]Gluten freelow protein bread 997 964[723-1,205]Gluten freelow protein pasta 837 716[594-838]Low protein pasta 984 807[631-982]Low protein biscuits 850 856[683-1,029]Maltodextrin 653 585[319-850]Low protein bread 604 577[366-788]Gluten freelow protein biscuits 441 352[170-534]Low protein meals 299 300[198-402]Gluten freelow protein mixes 233 212[146-278]Low protein cakes 200 203[109-297]Low protein cereals 252 248[179-317]

Gluten freelow protein grainsflours 241 205[161-249]Low protein desserts 233 171[101-241]Low protein grainsflours 195 153[104-202]Gluten freewheat free grainsflours 162 96[-173-364]Gluten freelow protein cereals 111 126[87-165]Low protein cooking aids 128 98[60-136]Low protein snacks 82 65[34-95]Low protein miscellaneous 52 53[32-74]Gluten freelow protein drink 17 0[0-0]Gluten free pasta 10 -166[-774-443]Low protein risotto 8 5[-1-11]Gluten freewheat free biscuits 1 -1,570[-3,874-734]Fructose 1 3[0-6]Glten free wheatfree lowprotein cooking aids 3 0[-5-5]Gluten freelow protein cooking aids 1 0[-36-36]905 Minerals 81,254 76,761[70,041-83,480]Calcium carbonate 35,727 32,905[30,061-35,749]Sodium fluoride 11,384 10,821[9,169-12,474]Sevelamer 6,551 6,346[5,596-7,097]Calcium acetate 5,994 5,871[5,192-6,549]Magnesium aspartate 4,214 3,961[3,515-4,407]Cinacalcet hydrochloride 4,735 4,273[3,866-4,680]Magnesium glycerophosphate 3,773 3,443[2,759-4,127]Zinc sulfate monohydrate 2,148 2,002[1,781-2,224]Other phosphate supplement preparations 1,316 1,326[1,171-1,480]Other calcium supplement preparations 973 1,720[1,022-2,418]Zinc sulfate 1,129 1,001[810-1,192]Lanthanum carbonate 1,139 1,117[923-1,312]

Calcium acetatemagnesium carbonate 777 728[599-857]Other selenium preparations 742 641[481-802]Magnesium citrate 589 511[388-634]Calcium lactate 203 260[190-329]Calcium gluconate 127 136[79-193]Selenium 92 94[55-133]Sucroferric oxyhydroxide 94 103[68-138]Other zinc preparations 68 72[39-105]Other magnesium preparations 73 80[22-139]Magnesium lactate 65 51[30-71]Other mineral formulation preparations 15 5[-2-12]Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate 8 5[-12-22]Calcium chloride 1 1[-1-2]Monobasic potassium phosphate 8 7[-4-17]Other chromium preparations 1 1[-3-5]906 Vitamins 2,691,293 2,604,367[2,391,962-2,816 Colecalciferol 2,077,474 2,022,227[1,851,551-2,1 Thiamine hydrochloride 261,835 250,683[233,140-268,22 Vitamin B compound 141,804 140,957[124,469-157,44 Other multivitamin preparations 78,272 75,563[65,096-86,029]Alfacalcidol 66,796 64,794[59,809-69,779]Vitamins caps 28,470 26,403[21,307-31,499]Pyridoxine hydrochloride 8,794 8,396[7,652-9,140]Ascorbic acid 7,178 6,387[4,531-8,243]Ergocalciferol 6,618 5,377[2,396-8,357]Calcitriol 5,214 5,044[4,370-5,719]Vitamin A 2,908 2,806[2,187-3,426]Vitamin E 2,656 2,113[1,535-2,692]

Phytomenadione 1,153 1,002[725-1,279]Tocopheryl acetate 751 647[493-802]Riboflavin 834 781[671-892]Menadiol sodium phosphate 732 777[96-1,458]Cod liver oil 701 436[81-790]Nicotinamide 569 487[383-592]Other vitamin B preparations 187 162[109-215]Other vitamin A preparations 0906011 34 48[9-87]Paricalcitol 59 61[21-102]Vitamin B and C injection 25 79[11-147]Other vitamin B compound preparations 26 151[-17-319]Betacarotene 9 3[-5-10]Tocofersolan 4 1[-18-20]Other pantothenic acid preparations 1 1[-3-6]908 Metabolic disorders 445 402[282-523]Levocarnitine 259 260[180-340]Sodium benzoate 88 60[23-97]Zinc acetate 43 46[11-81]Mercaptamine 32 39[7-70]Betaine anhydrous 26 13[-5-32]Sodium phenylbutyrate 4 2[-13-17]Trientine dihydrochloride 6 7[-31-46]Cholesterol 7 4[-1-9]Sucrase 2 4[-4-13]909 Foods 19,195 20,284[18,131-22,437]19,195 20,284[18,131-22,437]910 Compound vitamin/mineral formulations 11,043 16,104[11,611-20,598]11,043 16,104[11,611-20,598]

911 Health supplements 4,604 3,896[2,734-5,058]Other amino acidandnutritional agent preparations 1,812 1,833[1,618-2,049]Other enzyme preparations 0911020 1,535 1,499[669-2,329]Other digestive aid preparations 1,122 1,179[407-1,952]Taurine 135 122[67-177]912 Other health supplements 11,707 48,732[25,951-71,514]11,707 48,732[25,951-71,514]1001 Drugs used in rheumatic diseases and gout 1,664,744 1,784,837[1,609,056-1,960 Naproxen 496,373 576,808[491,636-661,98 Allopurinol 522,423 511,449[475,741-547,15 Ibuprofen 364,981 416,853[347,631-486,07 Methotrexate 177,936 169,132[155,966-182,29 Hydroxychloroquine sulfate 106,314 93,524[84,590-102,458]Diclofenac sodium 45,873 194,047[129,386-258,70 Colchicine 44,732 42,958[38,531-47,386]Meloxicam 36,691 36,906[28,485-45,326]Etoricoxib 32,865 33,787[30,520-37,055]Piroxicam 30,150 30,597[19,116-42,078]Methylprednisolone acetate 10,356 48,460[42,015-54,905]Celecoxib 25,945 25,588[22,796-28,380]Mefenamic acid 16,663 14,444[6,395-22,492]Triamcinolone acetonide 10,631 25,173[21,793-28,552]Leflunomide 15,816 14,862[13,601-16,123]Febuxostat 14,270 15,070[13,599-16,541]Indometacin 9,468 8,941[7,212-10,671]Etodolac 7,659 7,733[6,283-9,183]Nabumetone 1,900 2,473[2,081-2,866]Diclofenac potassium 1,064 954[219-1,688]

Penicillamine 660 660[531-790]Aceclofenac 444 510[333-687]Triamcinolone hexacetonide 35 441[309-574]Ibuprofen lysine 158 144[68-221]Flurbiprofen 156 99[-65-262]Sulindac 117 151[109-194]Dexketoprofen 86 72[36-107]Tiaprofenic acid 100 91[55-126]Probenecid 68 51[6-97]Tenoxicam 45 8[-59-74]Benzbromarone 14 14[-10-39]Glucosamine hydrochloride(Rheumatic) 17 -50[-283-183]Sodium aurothiomalate 8 118[23-213]Apremilast 10 14[4-24]Baricitinib 14 11[4-17]Phenylbutazone 16 12[0-25]Sulfinpyrazone 7 -72[-398-254]Adalimumab 10 6[-27-38]Ibuprofen sodium dihydrate 4 1[-13-15]Tiopronin 6 1[-8-11]Etanercept 11 0[-39-38]Dexibuprofen 2 -20[-119-80]Glucosamine sulfate(Rheumatic) 2 2[-2-6]Abatacept 1 1[-7-9]1002 Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders 132,681 127,078[117,472-136,684]Baclofen 101,242 97,598[90,625-104,571]Methocarbamol 12,612 12,904[11,034-14,774]Tizanidine hydrochloride 9,150 8,497[7,725-9,268]

Pyridostigmine bromide 6,124 5,754[5,314-6,194]Dantrolene sodium 3,338 3,255[2,910-3,601]Dronabinolcannabidiol 136 109[77-142]Neostigmine bromide 76 81[45-116]Other neuromuscularar transmisson preparations 1 -1[-9-6]Fampridine 1 0[-3-3]1003 Soft-tissue disorders and topical pain relief 508,493 566,362[503,520-629,204]Diclofenac diethyl 151,632 85,764[5,376-166,151]Benzydamine hydrochloride 31,561 46,066[31,788-60,343]Piroxicam 30,150 30,597[19,116-42,078]Heparinoid 23,853 25,899[19,654-32,144]Diethylamine salicylate 14,549 15,089[9,210-20,969]Capsaicin 14,682 -11,872[-29,849-6,104]Ketoprofen 13,084 12,786[10,314-15,257]Methyl salicylate 1,904 2,842[1,157-4,528]Felbinac 211 -457[-7,297-6,382]Nicotinates 149 -407[-6,276-5,462]Freeze sprays and gels 52 -137[-1,116-842]Arnica montana 21 34[-4-71]Methyl salicylatelevomenthol 13 17[2-31]Hyaluronidase 1 -1[-9-6]1103 Anti-infective eye preparations 88,750 118,242[95,106-141,378]Chloramphenicol 70,387 97,040[77,962-116,118]Fusidic acid 66,339 90,582[77,136-104,027]Gentamicin sulfate 2,700 1,508[-1,842-4,858]Ganciclovir 1,201 1,429[431-2,427]Hydrocort sodiumphos 693 664[542-786]Propamidine isetionate 36 37[-1-75]

Dibrompropamidine isetionate 37 19[-12-50]Cefuroxime sodium 22 11[-4-25]Polihexanide 5 3[-3-10]1104 Corticosteroids and other anti-inflammatory eye preparations 182,679 183,941[132,408-235,475]Dexamethasone 138,060 164,858[139,576-190,14 Sodium cromoglicate 86,474 84,684[45,777-123,590]Olopatadine 17,808 16,200[13,421-18,979]Prednisolone acetate 7,286 6,891[4,448-9,335]Azelastine hydrochloride 10,674 8,710[6,174-11,246]Fluorometholone 5,814 5,110[3,727-6,493]Prednisolone sodium phosphate 6,290 6,215[4,754-7,676]Ciclosporin(Eye Anti Inflammatory) 5,380 5,386[4,818-5,954]Lodoxamide trometamol 1,904 1,717[1,117-2,318]Ketotifen fumarate 1,715 1,810[1,337-2,283]Loteprednol etabonate 1,128 789[-763-2,342]Antazoline 1,310 1,118[486-1,751]Nedocromil sodium 400 -1,692[-10,704-7,320]Hamamalis 179 152[95-209]Epinastine hydrochloride 210 177[94-261]Naphazoline hydrochloride 96 93[62-124]Flurbiprofen sodium 10 16[4-29]Emedastine 1 -113[-401-174]1105 Mydriatics and cytoplegics 6,476 5,754[5,134-6,374]Atropine sulfate 4,648 4,380[3,802-4,958]Cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1,711 1,406[1,187-1,625]Tropicamide 140 103[54-151]Phenylephrine hydrochloride 13 28[-8-65]1106 Treatment of glaucoma 813,201 782,995[727,146-838,845]

Latanoprost 237,137 228,295[212,673-243,91 Bimatoprost 96,439 93,010[84,001-102,018]Timolol and bimatoprost 84,135 83,164[76,179-90,148]Brinzolamide 84,977 81,998[74,052-89,944]Dorzolamide and timolol 63,858 61,233[56,380-66,087]Timolol 49,774 44,845[38,528-51,162]Travoprost 32,971 30,626[26,959-34,294]Dorzolamide 30,854 30,037[27,958-32,117]Latanoprost and timolol 27,851 25,280[23,079-27,482]Brimonidine tartrate 24,056 23,588[21,191-25,985]Timolol and travoprost 18,649 18,054[16,307-19,801]Brinzolamide and timolol 17,341 18,675[13,616-23,735]Brinzolamidebrimonidine 16,441 16,311[14,027-18,594]Acetazolamide 8,536 7,688[6,993-8,383]Tafluprost 7,042 6,605[5,712-7,498]Timolol and brimonidine 4,859 4,519[3,852-5,185]Pilocarpine hydrochloride 4,803 4,491[3,979-5,003]Tafluprost and timolol 2,480 2,747[2,380-3,114]Betaxolol 1,848 1,724[1,193-2,255]Levobunolol hydrochloride 1,224 1,598[845-2,352]Pilocarpine nitrate 634 540[345-735]1107 Local anaesthetics(eye) 41 46[-34-127]Oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 14 21[-5-47]Tetracaine hydrochloride 16 9[-41-60]Proxymetacaine hydrochloride 8 8[-60-77]1108 Miscellaneous ophthalmic preparations 340,702 317,759[255,937-379,581]Hypromellose 153,650 149,901[131,428-168,37 Carbomer 940980 114,799 114,643[91,521-137,765

Carmellose sodium 44,872 42,216[27,090-57,341]Liquid paraffin 7,076 5,337[-45,857-56,531]Acetylcysteine 7,356 6,737[5,483-7,991]Ketorolac trometamol 3,269 3,935[3,097-4,774]Other eye tearlubricantastringent preparations 2,891 3,306[2,015-4,597]Apraclonidine 3,258 2,911[2,410-3,412]Paraffin soft yellow 2,704 1,711[-2,756-6,178]Carbomer 974P 2,513 2,565[1,767-3,364]Hyetellose 2,167 2,073[1,795-2,352]Nepafenac 1,201 1,691[1,413-1,969]Carbomer 1,133 1,187[903-1,471]Bromfenac 640 763[528-999]Moxifloxacin hydrochloride 311 217[152-281]Fluorescein sodium 37 88[23-154]Mercaptamine hydrochloride 10 10[-8-27]Povidone iodine 6 5[-2-11]Polyvinyl alcohol 4 -1,789[-8,371-4,794]Disodium edetate 2 1[-4-6]1201 Drugs acting on the ear 112,915 132,072[113,306-150,839]Docusate sodium 210,113 202,248[189,321-215,17 Hydrocortisone acetate 36,992 36,447[15,711-57,183]Acetic acid 4,591 5,645[3,635-7,655]Ciprofloxaindexameth 4,283 5,379[3,303-7,455]Dexamethasone sodium metasulphobenzoate 2,727 5,073[-21,559-31,705]Flumetasone pivalate 1,540 867[-8,291-10,024]Urea hydrogen peroxide 1,285 1,910[1,401-2,420]Oils for the ear 86 -1,139[-2,030--248]Ciprofloxacinfluocinolone 119 198[125-272]

Other otitis external preparations 16 8[1-15]Aluminium acetate 2 -2[-12-9]1202 Drugs acting on the nose 684,567 664,670[588,124-741,216]Mometasone furoate 258,421 267,857[237,830-297,88 Fluticasone furoate 136,103 121,804[100,039-143,57 Fluticasone propionate(Nasal) 78,003 78,770[70,434-87,105]Neomycin sulfate 26,637 38,571[29,698-47,445]Fluticasone propionateazelastine hydrochloride(Nasal) 29,434 30,952[27,745-34,159]Sodium chloride 29,946 25,296[22,759-27,833]Triamcinolone acetonide 10,631 25,173[21,793-28,552]Mupirocin 9,468 11,312[6,999-15,624]Xylometazoline hydrochloride 2,123 2,645[1,036-4,255]Other topical nasal decongestant preparations 12 15[-6-36]Xylometazoline hydrochlorideipratropium bromide 3 0[0-0]Oxymetazoline hydrochloride 2 0[-2-2]1203 Drugs acting on the oropharynx 69,600 81,297[61,859-100,734]Benzydamine hydrochloride 31,561 46,066[31,788-60,343]Chlorhexidine gluconate 28,037 29,074[24,927-33,221]Miconazole 13,514 12,578[11,028-14,129]Pilocarpine hydrochloride 4,803 4,491[3,979-5,003]Hydrocortisone(Sodium succinate) 3,343 3,896[3,158-4,634]Choline salicylate 1,372 1,151[729-1,574]Other treatment of dry mouth preparations 722 685[600-770]Artificial saliva 617 -643[-5,451-4,165]Benzocaine 368 600[310-890]Flubiprofen 58 341[-24-706]Dequalinium chloride 56 104[19-189]Sodium benzoate 88 60[23-97]

Other mouth wash,gargle and dentifrice preparations 60 49[27-72]Hexetidine 70 272[-744-1,288]Amylmetacresol 43 10[-91-112]Cetylpyridinium chloride 39 28[-3-58]Tetracaine hydrochloride 16 9[-41-60]Diclofenac sod 3 4[-25-33]Amphotericin 5 9[-2-19]Hexylresorcinol 8 3[-24-30]Other oral ulceration and inflammation preparations 2 4[-5-12]Dichlorobenzyl alcoholamylmetacresol 2 0[-13-13]Other lozenge and spray preparations 3 4[-1-8]1301 Management of skin conditions 5,100 5,068[3,738-6,398]Cetomacrogol 5,040 5,125[3,865-6,385]Wool fat 53 -13[-139-113]Wool fat hydrous 2 8[-8-24]Paraffin hard 5 4[-4-11]1302 Emollient and barrier preparations 614,806 607,037[490,701-723,372]Other emollient preparations 423,198 414,473[343,182-485,76 Emollient bath and shower preparations 62,950 59,134[40,307-77,960]Light liquid paraffin 40,714 43,689[23,199-64,180]Urea 39,338 38,674[33,861-43,486]Dimeticone(Barrier) 11,903 20,183[14,279-26,088]Emulsifying wax 7,251 5,733[1,931-9,534]Benzalkonium chloride 6,590 5,477[4,149-6,805]Other barrier preparations 3,899 3,964[3,026-4,902]Wool alcohols 1,601 1,987[-525-4,499]Paraffin soft white 1,016 669[269-1,070]Dexpanthenol 782 817[600-1,034]

Chlohexidine gluconate(Emollient) 103 -25[-320-270]Zinc paste 1 -76[-475-322]Lactic acid 2 1[-3-4]1303 Topical local anaesthetics and antipruritics 21,593 22,747[19,133-26,361]Menthol 9,851 9,963[9,049-10,876]Crotamiton 7,936 7,635[4,310-10,960]Calamine 2,391 3,893[1,524-6,262]Doxepin hydrochloride 253 -41[-229-147]Mepyramine maleate 89 20[-167-208]1304 Topical corticosteroids 843,393 926,699[821,663-1,031,735 Betamethasone valerate 243,376 254,782[224,752-284,81 Clobetasone butyrate 102,902 95,813[34,035-157,591]Clobetasol propionate 69,005 72,482[66,063-78,901]Betamethasone esters 28,190 30,972[26,754-35,190]Fluocinolone acetonide 7,371 11,089[4,075-18,102]Fludroxycortide 3,441 3,248[-281-6,776]Hydrocortisone butyrate 2,994 3,838[1,826-5,851]Fluocinonide 858 865[532-1,199]Diflucortolone valerate 724 1,420[754-2,085]Fluticasone propionate(Topical) 610 624[62-1,185]Other topical corticosteroid preparations 25 36[14-59]Alclometasone dipropionate 3 998[-4,796-6,792]1305 Preparations fo reczema and psoriasis 127,863 131,327[120,667-141,986]Calcipotriol 93,070 94,616[87,235-101,997]Cocois 6,944 7,398[6,600-8,197]Tars 4,707 4,293[3,513-5,074]Pimecrolimus 3,634 4,336[3,383-5,290]Acitretin 876 880[743-1,016]

Gamolenic acid 773 683[483-883]Tacalcitol 509 525[99-951]Dithranol 442 372[247-497]Other psoriasis preparations 157 297[218-376]Other eczema preparations 41 33[-36-103]Alitretinoin 18 16[0-32]Tazarotene 19 -17[-131-97]Ustekinumab(Psoriasis) 2 2[0-5]Ichthammol 5 1[-9-11]Methoxsalen 4 3[-2-8]1306 Acne and rosacea 117,018 144,430[126,772-162,089]Erythromycin 45,191 50,625[29,768-71,482]Benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin phosphate 38,159 46,407[32,656-60,158]Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide 14,291 18,308[15,734-20,881]Adapalene 11,971 14,826[12,843-16,809]Clindamycin phosphate 8,623 9,839[7,234-12,443]Benzoyl peroxide 8,149 10,823[8,930-12,715]Co-cyprindiol(Cyprote acetateethinylestradiol) 6,422 6,889[5,175-8,603]Azelaic acid 6,424 7,945[6,732-9,158]Ivermectin 4,734 6,135[5,431-6,840]Isotretinoin 2,792 4,608[2,826-6,390]Clindamycintretinoin 2,128 2,502[1,678-3,326]Brimonidine tart(Rosacea) 589 919[620-1,218]Nicotinamide 569 487[383-592]Tretinoin 14 12[-3-27]Sulfur 6 10[0-21]1307 Preparations for warts and calluses 6,621 11,003[6,554-15,451]Salicylic acid 3,868 7,846[3,732-11,961]

Imiquimod 1,869 2,098[1,765-2,431]Silver nitrate 485 746[564-928]Podophyllotoxin 552 461[294-627]Glutaraldehyde 53 126[40-212]Formaldehyde 15 17[-13-47]Camellia sinensis extract 11 8[3-12]1308 Sunscreens and camouflagers 22,197 35,154[28,973-41,334]Fluorouracil(Sunscreen) 7,661 13,924[12,369-15,479]Other sunscreening preparations 5,530 5,708[1,508-9,908]Other camouflage preparations 2,794 3,213[2,685-3,742]Ingenol mebutate 33 2,203[1,358-3,047]Titanium dioxide 17 17[-35-69]1309 Shampoo and other preparations for scalp and hair conditions 98,042 105,101[92,172-118,029]Ketoconazole 47,637 58,009[51,399-64,620]Coal tar 45,657 45,124[40,103-50,145]Benzalkonium chloride 6,590 5,477[4,149-6,805]Selenium sulfide 2,362 1,814[-859-4,487]Eflornithine monohydrate chloride 1,921 1,997[1,257-2,737]Alkyl sulfate 128 249[-45-543]Other shampoo and scalp preparations 6 4[-4-12]1310 Anti-infective skin preparations 210,078 266,646[232,492-300,800]Miconazole nitrate 26,472 34,357[28,803-39,912]Mupirocin 9,468 11,312[6,999-15,624]Amorolfine hydrochloride 10,191 11,612[8,562-14,661]Permethrin 8,218 11,344[7,932-14,756]Sodium fusidate 2,150 2,502[1,768-3,236]Silver sulfadiazine 2,613 1,476[478-2,474]Malathion 1,146 637[-1,317-2,592]

Tioconazole 1,057 983[384-1,583]Hydrogen peroxide 779 733[551-915]Cetrimide 449 297[-320-915]Magnesium sulfate 438 393[238-547]Dimeticone(Parasiticidal) 443 -385[-1,220-451]Undecenoates 159 175[87-264]Penciclovir 80 76[13-140]Dibrompropamidine isetionate 37 19[-12-50]Bifonazole 8 16[0-31]Tolnaftate 11 12[-16-40]Other antiviral preparations 10 16[2-31]Polymyxins 2 -86[-891-720]Chlorhex hydrochloride 10 6[-4-15]Benzyl benzoate 1 2[-7-12]Other minor cut and abrasion preparations 1 13[-7-34]Benzoic acid 2 1[-13-14]1311 Skin cleansers,antiseptics,and desloughing 15,182 17,654[15,514-19,795]Chlorhexidine gluconate 28,037 29,074[24,927-33,221]Alkyl sulphate 1,739 2,018[1,685-2,352]Potassium permanganate 734 743[556-930]Iodine compounds 386 -8[-530-514]Alcohol 127 98[42-154]Chlorhexidine acetate 92 77[-88-242]Sodium hypochlorite 53 45[24-67]Ster larvae 55 61[21-101]Chloroxylenol 30 36[0-72]Halogenated phenols with phenol 18 5[-18-28]Isopropyl alcohol 7 2[-14-17]

Triclosan 14 -47[-134-41]Other alcohol and saline preparations 3 5[0-11]1312 Antiperspirants 2,760 3,676[2,327-5,024]Aluminium chloride 2,731 3,676[2,344-5,008]Other antiperspirant preparations 6 -1[-15-13]1313 Wound management products 1,472 1,312[975-1,650]1,470 1,312[975-1,650]1314 Topical circulatory preparations 6,013 7,203[6,246-8,160]2 6[1-11]1315 Miscellaneous topical preparations 135 107[25-189]Other miscellaneous topical preparations 85 76[15-136]Depigmenting agents 50 65[31-99]1404 Vaccines and antisera 158,337 177,039[-612,249-966,328]Influenza 95,417 13,451[-755,921-782,82 Pneumococcal 22,586 35,441[385-70,497]Typhoid 10,401 39,464[20,751-58,177]Diphtheria 13,060 35,789[27,560-44,018]Hepatitis A 7,634 32,910[9,414-56,407]Hepatitis Atyphoid vaccine 2,866 16,845[-2,803-36,493]Hepatitis B 4,090 6,553[754-12,353]Hepatitis Ahepatitis B 1,433 6,158[-1,301-13,617]Meningococcal A+C+W135+Y vaccine 327 176[-9,834-10,187]Measles,mumps and rubella vaccine 110 600[464-736]Shingles(HZ) 192 401[-630-1,432]Cholera 47 533[247-818]Meningococcal B vaccine 39 1,076[-5,991-8,143]Haemophilus influenzae Bmeningococcal C 29 54[-12-120]Varicella vaccine live 51 126[38-215]

Human papillomavirus(Type 6,11,16,18) 25 56[17-95]Rabies 17 7[-88-101]Humpapvirus(Type 6,11,16,18,31,33,45,52,58) 3 21[14-29]Yellow fever 7 20[1-38]Rotavirus 2 0[-32-31]Human papillomavirus(Type 16,18) 1 1[-9-11]1501 General anaesthesia 57,205 27,732[23,349-32,116]Midazolam hydrochloride 45,033 25,303[21,198-29,408]Hyoscine hydrobromide 10,904 8,897[4,828-12,966]Alfentanil hydrochloride 429 389[283-495]Fentanyl citrate 73 33[-9-76]Ketamine 32 40[17-63]Parecoxib sodium 5 5[-3-13]Nitrous oxide 4 4[-72-80]1502 Local anaesthesia 50,077 110,722[98,072-123,372]Lidocaine hydrochloride 46,988 105,144[93,053-117,235 Lidocaine 4,704 4,780[4,044-5,516]Tetracaine 597 1,401[414-2,388]Bupivacaine hydrochloride 215 1,603[1,192-2,015]Mepivacaine hydrochloride 48 234[62-406]Prilocaine hydrochloride 1 19[-13-51]Cocaine 4 2[-5-10]Levobupivacaine hydrochloride 1 2[-31-35]1901 Alcohol,wines,and spirits 0 0[-3-3]1902 Selective preparations 40,999 32,530[12,386-52,674]Other toiletry preparations 25,977 26,913[18,780-35,046]Other individually formulated bought in preparations 14,623 3,421[-17,029-23,871]Charcoal 137 141[87-194]

Naloxone hydrochloride 138 35[-75-145]Other homeopathic preparations 78 88[-70-245]Other household and over the counter preparations 3 7[2-12]1904 Single substances 197 181[60-301]197 181[60-301]1905 Other preparations 995 1,102[701-1,502]995 1,102[701-1,502]1906 Acids 484 464[146-783]Other oil preparations 313 304[40-569]Other concentrated water preparations 169 169[27-311]Other tincture preparations 1 4[-6-14]Other acid preparations 1 1[-2-3]1907 Base/Dil/Susp agents/Stabilisers 49,504 45,901[41,459-50,343]49,504 45,901[41,459-50,343]1909 Disinfectants,preservatives,and stabilising agents 1 1[-4-6]1 1[-4-6]1913 Cordials/soft drinks 141 233[117-348]141 233[117-348]1914 Waters 1,014 876[747-1,005]Other purified water preparations 924 770[666-873]Sterile water 90 118[46-189]

Supplementary Table 4-Overall BNF code and drug prescribing for the month of May 2020.Absolute number of prescribed items is reported as Nobs,forecast number of prescribed items and 99%prediction intervals are reported as Nfor[99%PI],and per cent difference from prediction is reported as%difference.

Belladonna alkaloids 136 208[68-348]Compound antispasmodic preparations 6 -9[-44-26]Alverine citratesimeticone 2 -25[-136-87]103 Antisecretory Drugs and Mucosal Protectants 5,564,685 6,186,409[5,708,595-6,664 Omeprazole 2,722,641 2,836,887[2,589,234-3,0 Lansoprazole 2,326,438 2,398,179[2,236,508-2,5 Ranitidine hydrochloride 164,530 579,323[539,116-619,53 Esomeprazole 180,625 188,967[174,856-203,07 Pantoprazole 116,636 116,583[107,671-125,49 Rabeprazole sodium 29,431 29,925[27,577-32,273]Cimetidine 16,492 7,029[3,290-10,768]Famotidine 4,347 1,593[906-2,279]Nizatidine 1,243 2,035[470-3,600]Sucralfate 1,359 1,304[-511-3,118]Other test for helicobacter pylori preparations 337 668[323-1,013]Misoprostol 453 269[105-433]Pirenzepine 181 114[52-175]104 Acute diarrhoea 129,865 145,036[132,660-157,411]Loperamide hydrochloride 129,462 145,452[132,976-157,92 Loperamide hydrochloride and simeticone 248 299[235-363]Co-phenotrope(Diphenox hydrochlorideatropine sulfate) 122 -748[-2,181-685]Opium and morphine 33 84[-63-231]105 Chronic bowel disorders 205,405 217,784[202,719-232,848]Budesonide 303,261 307,949[277,780-338,11 Mesalazine(Systemic) 122,315 129,365[120,733-137,99 Sulfasalazine 68,206 71,668[66,314-77,022]Prednisolone sodium phosphate 4,865 6,321[4,749-7,892]Balsalazide sodium 3,660 3,863[3,485-4,240]

Prednisolone sodium metasulphobenzoate 1,590 1,573[1,275-1,871]Olsalazine sodium 904 969[659-1,279]Beclometasone dipropionate(Systemic) 381 256[173-340]106 Laxatives 1,503,402 1,578,680[1,460,266-1,697 Macrogol 3350 530,109 540,324[491,039-589,61 Senna 326,284 353,869[298,770-408,96 Lactulose 216,442 215,498[192,646-238,35 Docusate sodium 191,151 213,683[200,526-226,84 Ispaghula husk 87,676 90,273[81,230-99,316]Bisacodyl 82,533 87,544[47,530-127,559]Glycerol 18,249 17,359[15,596-19,123]Sodium picosulfate 14,576 15,202[13,736-16,669]Prucalopride 10,955 12,569[11,605-13,533]Sodium citrate(Rectal) 7,470 7,128[6,398-7,858]Phosphates(Rectal) 5,206 5,464[5,045-5,883]Sterculia 4,176 4,112[3,584-4,641]Linaclotide 3,968 4,221[2,113-6,329]Naloxegol 2,758 3,135[2,840-3,431]Magnesium hydroxide 1,243 1,898[341-3,456]Methylcellulose 1,106 982[41-1,922]Bowel cleansing solutions 240 376[195-557]Co-danthramer(Dantronpoloxamer 188) 122 267[-702-1,237]Arachis oil 73 77[38-116]Co-danthrusate(Dantrondocusate sodium) 27 188[-748-1,125]Macrogol 4000 13 -1,071[-2,697-556]Castor oil 5 3[-4-10]Other osmotic laxative preparations 3 10[6-14]Other stimulant laxative preparations 6 -26[-62-9]

Lubiprostone 1 -133[-555-290]P hosphates 3 4[-20-28]Methylnaltrexone bromide 2 -1[-12-10] Local Prepn for Anal&Rectal Disorders 97,182 99,616[86,907-112,326]rednisolone 485,855 614,566[543,975-685,15 Hydrocortisone 371,323 455,934[401,508-510,36 Glyceryl trinitrate 130,341 152,843[137,898-167,78inc oxide 27,011 25,685[19,926-31,443]luocortolone 203 410[-481-1,302]Hamamelis 85 92[61-123]Other soothing haemorrhoidal preparations 82 85[44-127]henol 30 50[11-89] Stoma care 56 0[-265-265]56 0[-265-265] Drugs affecting intestinal secretions 71,962 84,234[77,657-90,810]ancreatin 44,918 55,580[50,351-60,808]Ursodeoxycholic acid 27,042 28,669[26,860-30,478]Other preparations for biliary disorders 2 6[-5-17] Positive inotropic drugs 224,827 239,302[218,068-260,536]224,827 239,302[218,068-260,53 Diuretics 2,498,199 2,669,600[2,467,942-2,871urosemide 930,821 1,010,639[935,590-1,08endroflumethiazide 670,535 699,977[607,672-792,28ndapamide 405,306 440,071[403,496-476,64pironolactone 228,146 246,850[229,661-264,04umetanide 143,955 154,435[143,622-165,24 107 P Z F P 108 109 P 201 202 F B I S B Eplerenone 71,416 76,940[72,031-81,849]Co-amilofruse(Amiloride hydrochloridefrusemide) 23,460 23,405[17,742-29,068]

Amiloride hydrochloride 11,183 12,260[9,191-15,330]Co-amilozide(Amiloride hydrochloridehydrochlorothiazide) 7,284 7,017[5,047-8,987]Torasemide 1,340 1,240[1,034-1,447]Metolazone 1,984 1,450[1,089-1,810]Chlortalidone 1,060 1,172[961-1,383]Amiloride hydrochloride with loop diuretics 425 428[268-588]Xipamide 253 277[195-359]Spironolactone with loop diuretics 279 304[231-376]Triamterene with loop diuretics 265 261[164-358]Chlorothiazide 242 232[164-300]Hydrochlorothiazide 137 110[61-159]Co-flumactone(Hydroflumethiazidespironolactone) 58 21[-24-67]Triamterene with thiazides 45 68[33-102]Triamterene 3 2[-60-64]Co-triamterzide(Triamterenehydrochlorothiazide) 2 5[-53-63]203 Anti-arrhythmic drugs 76,866 81,220[74,730-87,710]Flecainide acetate 34,751 37,461[34,701-40,221]Amiodarone hydrochloride 37,320 39,014[35,229-42,799]Dronedarone hydrochloride 1,657 1,892[1,555-2,229]Propafenone hydrochloride 1,440 1,550[1,377-1,722]Disopyramide 985 1,026[782-1,270]Disopyramide phosphate 526 600[481-718]Mexiletine hydrochloride 179 175[43-308]Quinidine sulfate 8 13[-3-28]204 Beta-adrenoceptor blocking drugs 3,209,677 3,511,350[3,287,242-3,735 Bisoprolol fumarate 2,062,886 2,265,508[2,108,812-2,4 Atenolol 486,979 516,707[456,393-577,02 Propranolol hydrochloride 474,826 523,134[489,464-556,80

Carvedilol 47,695 52,335[49,089-55,580]Nebivolol 47,020 51,034[47,660-54,407]Sotalol hydrochloride 36,387 38,106[33,599-42,614]Metoprolol tartrate 27,814 23,797[5,866-41,728]Co-tenidone(Atenololchlortalidone) 10,857 11,303[8,813-13,792]Labetalol hydrochloride 8,541 6,314[4,124-8,504]Celiprolol hydrochloride 2,517 2,706[1,373-4,040]Nadolol 1,162 1,232[372-2,093]Atenolol with calcium channel blocker 962 882[504-1,260]Acebutolol hydrochloride 704 715[545-885]Timolol with diuretic 12 36[-65-137]Pindolol 6 -121[-292-49]205 Hypertension and heart failure 5,887,157 6,376,109[5,968,633-6,783 Ramipril 2,388,544 2,604,339[2,439,449-2,7 Losartan potassium 848,431 930,681[873,124-988,23 Lisinopril 677,704 734,514[680,990-788,03 Candesartan cilexetil 579,653 634,618[594,341-674,89 Doxazosin mesilate 542,622 588,315[550,020-626,61 Perindopril erbumine 342,145 366,406[338,923-393,88 Irbesartan 142,069 152,414[140,754-164,07 Enalapril maleate 122,182 128,735[116,384-141,08 Olmesartan medoxomil 34,555 38,757[33,677-43,837]Valsartan 29,221 27,957[14,733-41,180]Clonidine hydrochloride 28,406 36,470[33,224-39,716]Moxonidine 29,748 31,570[28,869-34,270]Telmisartan 26,019 27,118[24,766-29,471]Sacubitrilvalsartan 25,392 27,228[25,517-28,939]Losartan potassium with diuretic 14,161 13,593[10,400-16,786]

Hydralazine hydrochloride 14,892 16,356[15,296-17,415]Lisinopril with diuretic 8,047 6,181[2,849-9,512]Irbesartan with diuretic 6,138 5,937[2,593-9,282]Methyldopa 5,360 6,178[5,470-6,887]Trandolapril 5,288 5,131[3,244-7,018]Captopril 5,215 5,130[3,888-6,372]Valsartan with diuretic 4,295 4,441[3,372-5,510]Eprosartan 3,963 3,970[2,707-5,233]Terazosin hydrochloride 3,097 4,034[2,758-5,310]Perindopril arginine with diuretic 3,186 3,152[2,582-3,722]Telmisartan with diuretic 2,610 2,702[2,123-3,281]Prazosin hydrochloride 2,155 2,568[2,065-3,072]Perindopril arginine 2,449 2,343[1,724-2,961]Minoxidil 1,926 2,129[1,921-2,338]Olmesartan medoxomilamlodipine 1,469 1,581[1,430-1,731]Aliskiren 1,332 1,497[1,120-1,874]Olmesartan medoxomilhydrochlorothiazide 1,253 1,083[822-1,345]Enalapril maleate with diuretic 1,059 1,071[814-1,328]Olmesartan medoxomilamlodipinehydrochlorothiazide 814 942[666-1,218]Imidapril hydrochloride 528 576[399-754]Ramipril with calcium channel blocker 488 558[455-662]Quinapril hydrochloride 521 -52[-6,662-6,558]Fosinopril sodium 392 333[-593-1,259]Perindopril with calcium channel blocker 182 340[270-409]Sildenafil(Vasodilator Antihypertensive) 235 204[155-253]Azilsartan medoxomil 68 56[40-72]Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride 75 87[17-158]Quinapril hydrochloride with diuretic 32 86[22-151]

Bosentan 6 4[-8-16]Perindopril erbumine with diuretic 1 -2[-9-5]Macitentan 2 1[-1-4]Cilazapril 1 -85[-534-365]Perindopril tosilate 1 6[-77-89]Perindopril tosilateindapamide 1 0[-41-41]206 Nit,Calc Block&Other Antianginal Drugs 4,193,791 4,520,965[4,238,453-4,803 Amlodipine 2,551,516 2,754,869[2,589,798-2,9 Isosorbide mononitrate 366,934 394,391[365,777-423,00 Felodipine 298,710 321,882[295,103-348,66 Lercanidipine hydrochloride 227,527 245,217[229,578-260,85 Diltiazem hydrochloride 204,439 220,440[202,906-237,97 Nifedipine 109,051 121,784[105,310-138,25 Nicorandil 106,571 115,761[104,066-127,45 Verapamil hydrochloride 51,111 53,979[48,924-59,033]Lacidipine 46,924 50,742[47,277-54,207]Ranolazine 44,438 47,327[44,240-50,413]Ivabradine 40,804 44,988[41,899-48,077]Naftidrofuryl oxalate 10,041 10,778[8,729-12,828]Isosorbide dinitrate 5,489 5,765[4,831-6,700]Valsartanamlodipine 1,875 2,092[1,860-2,323]Cilostazol 1,570 1,723[1,411-2,035]Pentoxifylline 1,492 1,670[1,232-2,109]Nicardipine hydrochloride 1,167 1,027[569-1,485]Rutosides 796 784[444-1,123]Moxisylyte hydorchloride 90 112[62-163]Trimetazidine hydrochloride 110 51[23-79]Nimodipine 47 50[21-79]

Acetyl-l-carnitine 2 2[-2-6]207 Sympathomimetics 10,592 11,991[10,912-13,070]Midodrine hydrochloride 10,588 11,964[10,902-13,025]Etilefrine hydrochloride 2 2[-2-5]208 Anticoagulants and protamine 1,539,272 1,692,155[1,560,866-1,823 Warfarin sodium 450,755 544,758[446,913-642,60 Apixaban 546,866 599,195[566,076-632,31 Rivaroxaban 365,237 406,800[355,447-458,15 Edoxaban 115,778 120,232[107,953-132,51 Dabigatran etexilate 35,133 39,351[32,901-45,801]Enoxaparin 9,590 12,484[10,854-14,114]Dalteparin sodium 6,648 7,821[5,551-10,091]Tinzaparin sodium 4,486 5,592[4,363-6,820]INR blood testing reagents 2,382 2,291[1,665-2,917]Acenocoumarol 1,595 1,740[1,451-2,028]Heparin flushes 563 514[339-690]Fondaparinux sodium 85 116[76-156]Pentosan polysulfate sodium 83 62[27-97]Phenindione 47 49[0-98]Heparin sodium 18 15[-3-32]Heparin calcium 6 1[-9-11]209 Antiplatelet drugs 2,657,624 2,790,272[2,573,500-3,007 Aspirin 1,752,250 1,809,600[1,628,107-1,9 Clopidogrel 838,203 912,810[846,216-979,40 Ticagrelor 47,546 53,710[47,609-59,810]Dipyridamole 18,395 16,070[3,379-28,761]Prasugrel 5,727 4,932[4,183-5,680]Dipyridamole and aspirin 39 -584[-7,704-6,535]

211 Antifibrinolytic drugs and haemostatics 32,112 39,040[35,279-42,800]Tranexamic acid 32,112 39,018[35,203-42,833]212 Lipid-regulating drugs 6,261,716 6,689,544[6,272,278-7,106 Atorvastatin 3,951,374 4,322,808[4,025,209-4,6 Simvastatin 1,612,277 1,665,462[1,424,799-1,9 Rosuvastatin calcium 225,220 246,855[231,309-262,40 Pravastatin sodium 198,636 213,846[195,428-232,26 Ezetimibe 155,517 167,717[155,559-179,87 Fenofibrate 45,572 47,622[44,116-51,128]Bezafibrate 31,046 33,255[29,920-36,589]Colesevelam hydrochloride 11,593 12,730[10,213-15,248]Colestyramine 9,516 11,961[9,944-13,978]Fluvastatin sodium 8,658 9,374[8,066-10,682]Omega-3-acid ethyl esters 7,212 6,174[578-11,769]Ciprofibrate 1,737 1,875[1,344-2,405]Simvastatin and ezetimibe 1,192 1,272[707-1,836]Colestipol hydrochloride 1,325 803[119-1,487]Gemfibrozil 681 694[566-822]Acipimox 145 136[82-189]Alirocumab 5 4[-3-11]Evolocumab 7 5[1-9]Fenofibratesimvastatin 2 3[-31-37]301 Bronchodilators 2,420,292 2,638,560[2,436,988-2,840 Salbutamol 1,679,996 1,837,784[1,685,292-1,9 Tiotropium bromide 273,104 292,791[254,141-331,44 Beclometdipropformoterolglycopyrronium 90,957 105,694[95,480-115,908 Umeclidinium bromidevilanterol 64,145 72,406[68,735-76,078]Terbutaline sulphate 38,143 37,519[32,591-42,447]

Umeclidinium bromide 45,428 50,185[34,529-65,841]Glycopyrronium bromide 44,736 46,648[38,107-55,188]Ipratropium bromide 35,277 36,785[30,174-43,395]Theophylline 35,517 39,346[36,188-42,504]Salmeterol 23,581 22,498[15,945-29,051]Tiotropium bromideolodaterol 23,271 26,476[24,950-28,002]Indacaterolglycopyrronium 22,506 27,598[23,598-31,598]Aclidinium bromide 20,317 19,523[12,162-26,884]Aminophylline hydrate 20,243 21,387[19,258-23,517]Aclidinium bromideformoterol 14,901 16,519[12,804-20,234]Formoterol fumarate 9,042 9,854[8,468-11,241]Indacaterol maleate 1,323 1,404[961-1,847]Ephedrine hydrochloride 440 472[256-688]Bambuterol hydrochloride 257 259[159-359]Olodaterol 232 256[167-345]Aminophylline 6 1[-20-23]302 Corticosteroids(respiratory) 1,803,206 1,828,461[1,698,612-1,958 Beclometasone dipropionate 1,157,024 1,197,565[1,106,238-1,2 Fluticasone propionate(Inhalation) 352,240 345,110[292,856-397,36 Budesonide 303,261 307,949[277,780-338,11 Fluticasone furoate(Inhalation) 160,510 178,075[165,822-190,32 Ciclesonide 4,052 3,790[3,252-4,328]303 Cromoglycate,Rel,Leukotriene Antagonists 290,052 290,169[272,325-308,014]Montelukast 288,817 292,811[274,412-311,21 Roflumilast 523 688[579-798]Zafirlukast 7 -605[-3,322-2,112]304 Antihist,Hyposensit&Allergic Emergen 1,206,536 1,291,810[1,123,980-1,459 Cetirizine hydrochloride 373,662 391,127[311,918-470,33

Fexofenadine hydrochloride 375,726 366,818[326,321-407,31 Loratadine 156,611 163,015[127,880-198,15 Promethazine hydrochloride 125,715 123,468[113,314-133,62 Chlorphenamine maleate 73,418 86,584[68,963-104,206]Adrenaline 32,039 34,263[25,471-43,055]Hydroxyzine hydrochloride 31,652 34,014[26,849-41,180]Desloratadine 19,114 19,962[16,275-23,649]Levocetirizine 5,578 5,768[2,647-8,889]Acrivastine 4,591 4,708[3,624-5,793]Alimemazine tartrate 2,298 2,176[844-3,509]Diphenhydramine hydrochloride 2,459 2,436[1,740-3,131]Mizolastine 2,344 2,326[1,920-2,732]Ketotifen fumarate 1,673 1,943[1,435-2,452]Clemastine fumarate 395 375[303-447]Cyproheptadine hydrochloride 204 259[166-353]Timothy grass pollen allergen extract 149 187[142-232]Rupatadine fumarate 151 221[-233-675]Bilastine 117 129[55-203]C1-Esterase inhibitor 6 7[-7-22]Omalizumab 1 -2[-10-6]307 Mucolytics 236,283 252,950[236,354-269,546]Carbocisteine 230,499 249,662[233,105-266,21 Acetylcysteine 6,750 7,168[5,730-8,607]Dornase alfa 697 676[505-847]Erdosteine 642 713[489-938]Mannitol 1 0[-4-4]308 Aromatic inhalations 42 211[-49-471]Menthol 9,456 10,477[9,554-11,400]

Benzoin 5 6[-7-19]Other aromatic inhalation preparations 1 -3[-12-7]309 Cough preparations 11,562 14,195[-11,518-39,908]Codeine phosphate 406,371 444,122[408,039-480,20 Simple 2,824 3,224[-9,947-16,396]Pholcodine 2,232 2,870[-5,269-11,010]Guaifenesin 71 120[-2-242]Dextromethorphan hydrobromide 50 71[-3-144]Other expectorantand demulcent cough preparations 7 3[-13-19]Squill 4 14[-40-68]Dextromethorphan hydrobrom compound prepartions 4 2[-17-21]310 Systemic nasal decongestants 1,642 2,022[-1,413-5,458]Pseudoephedrine hydrochloride 1,580 1,956[-1,470-5,382]401 Hypnotics and anxiolytics 1,128,147 1,212,813[1,119,950-1,305 Zopiclone 401,556 424,811[389,737-459,88 Diazepam 367,822 419,818[385,866-453,76 Melatonin 96,367 98,622[92,162-105,082]Lorazepam 89,040 93,417[86,184-100,650]Temazepam 65,362 68,967[50,519-87,415]Zolpidem tartrate 48,958 52,902[48,303-57,500]Nitrazepam 30,766 32,429[26,955-37,904]Buspirone hydrochloride 15,177 15,870[14,792-16,948]Oxazepam 5,383 5,666[4,933-6,399]Chlordiazepoxide hydrochloride 3,186 2,679[179-5,179]Lormetazepam 1,228 1,659[1,308-2,010]Loprazolam mesilate 1,246 236[-852-1,324]Chloral hydrate 1,016 1,039[927-1,152]Clomethiazole 665 431[-11-874]

Sodium oxybate 90 104[74-133]Amobarbital sodium 80 76[29-123]Secobarbital sodium 93 76[19-133]Cloral betaine 51 91[-342-523]Meprobamate 22 23[-22-67]Clomethiazole edisilate 23 149[71-228]Butobarbital 14 20[-11-52]Alprazolam 2 1[-2-3]402 Drugs used in psychoses and related disorder 1,023,518 1,074,911[1,005,397-1,144 Quetiapine 315,212 330,028[308,946-351,11 Olanzapine 200,989 214,363[199,279-229,44 Risperidone 141,511 148,731[137,899-159,56 Aripiprazole 105,099 110,448[103,740-117,15 Lithium carbonate 70,409 74,481[69,580-79,383]Valproic acid 47,785 50,528[45,633-55,424]Amisulpride 32,595 34,140[31,707-36,574]Haloperidol 29,048 25,736[20,559-30,912]Chlorpromazine hydrochloride 19,718 20,473[18,202-22,743]Promazine hydrochloride 9,744 10,395[8,915-11,875]Levomepromazine hydrochloride 11,968 8,748[6,392-11,104]Sulpiride 9,075 10,547[9,479-11,616]Zuclopenthixol hydrochloride 6,961 7,171[6,582-7,759]Pericyazine 4,891 5,037[4,002-6,072]Flupentixol decanoate 3,613 3,943[3,596-4,290]Trifluoperazine 2,752 2,559[1,613-3,505]Levomepromazine maleate 3,058 2,894[2,127-3,661]Zuclopenthixol decanoate 2,484 2,515[2,236-2,794]Lurasidone 1,704 1,679[1,457-1,901]

Paliperidone 1,178 1,263[1,058-1,468]Haloperidol decanoate 665 720[519-920]Lithium citrate 595 629[532-725]Benperidol 351 385[327-444]Pimozide 294 295[175-414]Clozapine 240 184[109-259]Fluphenazine decanoate 127 92[-192-377]Asenapine 60 89[38-139]Cariprazine 63 39[22-56]Perphenazine 28 25[-3-53]Thioridazine 19 16[-28-61]Olanzapine embonate 16 13[4-23]Fluphenazine hydrochloride 8 7[-3-16]Zuclopenthixol acetate 6 5[-18-27]403 Antidepressant drugs 6,221,692 6,707,694[6,274,110-7,141 Sertraline hydrochloride 1,456,678 1,580,538[1,479,498-1,6 Citalopram hydrobromide 1,118,399 1,238,880[1,134,116-1,3 Amitriptyline hydrochloride 1,149,789 1,247,909[1,162,080-1,3 Mirtazapine 824,631 885,826[829,827-941,82 Fluoxetine hydrochloride 557,540 604,272[556,559-651,98 Venlafaxine 399,069 420,465[394,087-446,84 Duloxetine hydrochloride 253,200 273,670[256,957-290,38 Escitalopram 107,864 118,226[110,935-125,51 Paroxetine hydrochloride 104,726 113,209[104,862-121,55 Trazodone hydrochloride 94,427 102,342[95,098-109,586 Nortriptyline 55,071 60,056[54,942-65,170]Dosulepin hydrochloride 40,471 40,721[30,680-50,763]Clomipramine hydrochloride 18,290 19,275[15,399-23,151]

Vortioxetine 14,452 14,638[13,365-15,911]Lofepramine hydrochloride 13,041 13,227[11,421-15,033]Flupentixol hydrochloride 13,448 14,014[12,793-15,236]Imipramine hydrochloride 11,053 12,370[10,694-14,047]Citalopram hydrochloride 5,323 5,921[5,293-6,548]Trimipramine maleate 2,026 1,878[1,177-2,580]Reboxetine 1,870 1,950[1,651-2,250]Doxepin 1,753 1,850[1,510-2,190]Fluvoxamine maleate 1,708 2,047[1,638-2,457]Agomelatine 1,688 1,653[1,419-1,888]Moclobemide 506 1,156[830-1,483]Phenelzine sulfate 378 587[276-897]Tranylcypromine sulfate 468 556[443-668]Isocarboxazid 155 161[118-204]Tryptophan 93 86[35-137]Mianserin hydrochloride 33 171[55-287]Nefazodone hydrochloride 12 6[-5-17]Oxitriptan 6 11[2-19]404 CNS stimulants and drugs used for ADHD 125,194 139,583[130,385-148,781]Methylphenidate hydrochloride 86,016 99,908[93,000-106,815]Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate 15,822 17,448[16,052-18,845]Atomoxetine hydrochloride 10,154 10,964[10,063-11,865]Modafinil 6,560 7,169[6,671-7,668]Dexamfetamine sulfate 3,915 4,263[3,921-4,606]Guanfacine 2,697 2,741[2,502-2,980]Pitolisant hydrochloride 24 23[14-32]Caffeine 4 5[0-10]Caffeine citrate 2 1[-7-9]

405 Obesity 22,177 29,310[25,435-33,185]Orlistat 22,171 29,307[25,431-33,184]Naltrexonebupropion 6 3[-1-7]406 Drugs used in nausea and vertigo 471,979 516,036[446,647-585,426]Betahistine hydrochloride 128,662 142,590[131,578-153,60 Prochlorperazine maleate 110,857 129,005[115,713-142,29 Cyclizine hydrochloride 75,705 81,492[72,410-90,575]Metoclopramide hydrochloride 56,075 55,931[46,605-65,256]Domperidone 25,832 34,707[-16,938-86,353]Cinnarizine 25,802 28,712[25,639-31,784]Ondansetron hydrochloride 20,290 23,071[21,211-24,930]Hyoscine 10,303 11,544[9,837-13,251]Hyoscine hydrobromide 9,388 9,006[4,481-13,532]Cyclizine lactate 7,358 6,024[4,149-7,899]Promethazine teoclate 2,230 2,322[515-4,129]Prochlorperazine mesilate 563 293[-225-810]Dimenhydrinatecinnarizine 418 455[373-537]Doxylamine succinatepyridoxine hydrochloride 293 344[217-470]Flunarizine dihydrochloride 150 124[89-159]Ketamine hydrochloride 118 114[61-167]Granisetron hydrochloride 52 48[7-90]Nabilone 45 13[-71-96]Granisetron 43 35[5-65]Aprepitant 21 4[-13-20]407 Analgesics 4,956,161 5,270,409[4,824,101-5,716 Paracetamol 1,433,376 1,424,009[1,245,782-1,6 Co-codamol(Codeine phosphateparacetamol) 1,207,965 1,295,723[1,195,447-1,3 Tramadol hydrochloride 475,784 505,076[452,154-557,99

Morphine sulfate 421,459 449,179[412,661-485,69 Buprenorphine 192,659 214,570[196,359-232,78 Methadone hydrochloride 158,158 160,794[145,770-175,81 Sumatriptan succinate 145,345 160,860[147,889-173,83 Oxycodone hydrochloride 144,889 159,797[147,655-171,94 Co-dydramol(Dihydrocodeineparacetamol) 131,321 138,194[120,846-155,54 Dihydrocodeine tartrate 120,411 131,348[121,041-141,65 Fentanyl 78,321 86,404[77,932-94,876]Pizotifen malate 41,273 45,828[42,327-49,330]Zolmitriptan 28,330 32,228[29,510-34,946]Clonidine hydrochloride 28,406 36,470[33,224-39,716]Rizatriptan 25,872 28,499[26,392-30,605]Nefopam hydrochloride 22,086 21,526[6,016-37,037]Tapentadol hydrochloride 13,338 14,650[13,301-15,999]Naratriptan hydrochloride 11,302 12,198[10,965-13,432]Analgesics with anti-emetics 10,516 10,122[3,796-16,448]Meptazinol hydrochloride 5,529 6,138[5,594-6,682]Frovatriptan 4,424 4,906[4,483-5,329]Diamorphine hydrochloride(Systemic) 3,506 5,189[2,692-7,686]Oxycodone hydrochloridenaloxone hydrochloride 3,038 3,116[2,517-3,715]Almotriptan 3,007 3,565[3,170-3,959]Eletriptan 1,296 1,283[1,110-1,456]Pethidine hydrochloride 1,007 1,397[1,117-1,676]Co-proxamol(Dextropropoxyphene hydrochlorideparacetamol) 1,055 -121[-3,019-2,776]Hydromorphone hydrochloride 595 725[589-861]Tolfenamic acid 399 454[327-582]Paracetamol combined preparations 394 403[304-501]Dipipanone hydrochloride 154 110[-400-619]

Pentazocine hydrochloride 117 112[65-159]Ergotamine tartrate 96 129[-191-449]Isometheptene mucate 47 178[132-224]Morphine tartrate and cyclizine tartrate 40 25[-69-119]Other non-opioid analgesic preparations 21 19[-6-44]Aspirin combined preparations 10 18[-10-47]Paracetamol and caffeine 26 17[-7-40]Paracetamol and ibuprofen 13 17[1-33]Co-codaprin(Codeine phosphateaspirin) 3 11[-28-49]Aspirin and caffeine 3 2[-7-11]Erenumab 1 3[2-4]Gabapentin(Neuropathic Pain) 2 3[-1-7]408 Antiepileptic drugs 2,375,283 2,533,066[2,345,680-2,720 Pregabalin 620,239 661,918[608,630-715,20 Gabapentin 589,417 612,472[550,170-674,77 Lamotrigine 249,954 267,133[251,276-282,99 Levetiracetam 205,140 221,612[207,632-235,59 Sodium valproate 199,287 215,452[198,628-232,27 Carbamazepine 179,929 194,109[180,545-207,67 Topiramate 82,120 87,328[81,432-93,223]Clonazepam 81,474 87,258[80,812-93,704]Phenytoin sodium 51,501 54,867[49,679-60,054]Midazolam hydrochloride 31,731 25,974[21,646-30,302]Clobazam 27,050 28,922[26,966-30,879]Phenobarbital 14,545 15,592[14,183-17,000]Lacosamide 14,657 15,573[14,560-16,586]Zonisamide 13,786 14,825[13,854-15,797]Primidone 12,568 13,546[12,588-14,504]

Selegiline hydrochloride 2,224 2,412[2,081-2,743]Riluzole 1,681 1,756[1,600-1,913]Opicapone 1,729 2,860[2,455-3,265]Safinamide 1,327 1,700[1,473-1,926]Apomorphine hydrochloride 804 992[868-1,115]Piracetam 644 666[570-762]Orphenadrine hydrochloride 513 310[-2,152-2,773]Tolcapone 28 39[13-65]Apomorphine hydrochloride hemihydrate 30 -7[-44-30]Botulinum toxin type A 7 13[-1-26]Benzatropine mesilate 57 12[-14-37]410 Drugs used in substance dependence 284,036 293,277[258,535-328,019]Methadone hydrochloride 158,158 160,794[145,770-175,81 Buprenorphine hydrochloride 66,898 62,234[57,918-66,551]Nicotine 27,044 32,492[19,392-45,591]Varenicline tartrate 16,749 23,199[15,821-30,577]Acamprosate calcium 10,399 10,491[9,423-11,559]Disulfiram 2,274 2,416[1,197-3,636]Bupropion hydrochloride 2,217 2,322[2,098-2,545]Naltrexone hydrochloride 1,375 1,442[1,086-1,797]Buprenorph hydrochloridenaloxone hydrochloride 654 -30[-2,080-2,021]Nicotine bitartrate 257 195[70-320]Nalmefene 69 168[-191-528]411 Dementia 324,923 364,083[334,301-393,866]Donepezil hydrochloride 164,831 183,192[166,954-199,43 Memantine hydrochloride 116,880 131,506[121,570-141,44 Rivastigmine 30,721 34,684[31,718-37,651]Galantamine 12,491 13,361[11,550-15,172]

501 Antibacterial drugs 1,982,597 2,426,260[1,991,176-2,861 Amoxicillin 280,698 469,820[243,547-696,09 Nitrofurantoin 325,251 376,602[324,622-428,58 Doxycycline hyclate 197,558 231,019[190,248-271,78 Flucloxacillin sodium 302,504 322,652[270,322-374,98 Phenoxymethylpenicillin(Penicillin V) 109,473 206,060[163,045-249,07 Clarithromycin 114,283 163,723[122,435-205,01 Trimethoprim 123,457 97,208[39,536-154,880]Co-amoxiclav(Amoxicillinclavulanic acid) 101,622 100,476[73,729-127,222 Lymecycline 78,424 94,497[85,600-103,394]Azithromycin 64,459 66,817[61,674-71,959]Metronidazole 65,592 76,395[68,365-84,425]Cefalexin 61,360 61,927[48,764-75,091]Ciprofloxacin 41,873 42,497[33,828-51,165]Oxytetracycline 22,150 23,538[18,564-28,511]Pivmecillinam hydrochloride 22,231 24,351[19,537-29,165]Erythromycin ethylsuccinate 7,855 11,466[-677-23,610]Co-trimoxazole(Trimethoprimsulfamethoxazole) 15,496 16,131[14,886-17,377]Methenamine hippurate 9,250 7,241[5,446-9,035]Rifaximin 6,651 6,891[6,390-7,393]Clindamycin hydrochloride 6,910 7,266[6,300-8,232]Fosfomycin trometamol 5,944 6,331[5,473-7,190]Ofloxacin 4,868 4,746[3,614-5,877]Colistimethate sodium 2,978 2,923[2,565-3,280]Levofloxacin 2,117 2,620[2,293-2,946]Sodium fusidate 2,225 2,592[1,835-3,350]Dapsone 2,205 2,308[2,097-2,519]Tetracycline 1,599 1,708[1,316-2,101]

Minocycline hydrochloride 1,673 1,890[1,138-2,643]Cefradine 1,520 1,415[847-1,982]Rifampicin 1,369 1,428[1,183-1,674]Isoniazid 1,075 1,331[845-1,816]Doxycycline monohydrate 800 370[-315-1,056]Erythromycin stearate 549 1,433[-149-3,015]Cefaclor 517 959[266-1,651]Moxifloxacin 343 425[321-529]Demeclocycline hydrochloride 431 357[-492-1,205]Ethambutol hydrochloride 376 432[303-561]Vancomycin hydrochloride 418 356[240-471]Cefuroxime axetil 321 341[170-512]Rifampicin combined preparations 88 154[27-280]Tinidazole 93 132[5-260]Cefixime 130 118[-41-277]Linezolid 132 99[53-145]Ampicillin 80 87[9-164]Tobramycin 90 65[-1-131]Co-fluampicil(Flucloxacillinampicillin) 113 -345[-1,101-410]Ceftriaxone sodium 97 61[-9-130]Cefadroxil 40 -27[-253-198]Teicoplanin 61 63[-82-208]Sulfadiazine 25 -4[-197-188]Benzylpenicillin sodium(Penicillin G) 11 32[-25-88]Meropenem 18 6[-30-43]Fidaxomicin 14 12[0-24]Rifabutin 23 20[3-38]Amoxicillin sodium 8 10[-13-33]

Ertapenem sodium 21 8[-75-90]Ceftazidime pentahydrate 14 13[-6-32]Clofazimine 11 8[2-14]Pyrazinamide 9 14[-13-40]Norfloxacin 4 12[-35-59]Piperacillin sodiumtazobactam sodium 3 4[-106-114]Cefotaxime sodium 3 3[-9-15]Aztreonam 2 2[-4-8]Cefuroxime sodium 9 15[1-29]Fosfomycin calcium 3 13[-17-44]Flucloxacillin magnesium 1 -1[-8-6]Pristinamycin 3 -3[-9-3]Aminosalicylic acid 2 2[-16-20]502 Antifungal drugs 124,989 140,361[125,358-155,365]Nystatin 53,571 55,060[46,669-63,452]Terbinafine hydrochloride 35,558 51,174[42,589-59,758]Fluconazole 42,360 43,737[39,088-48,387]Itraconazole 6,341 8,343[7,005-9,681]Griseofulvin 315 339[192-486]Voriconazole 35 28[-8-65]Posaconazole 29 23[-12-59]Amphotericin 7 9[-2-20]503 Antiviral drugs 81,453 91,427[83,259-99,596]Aciclovir 85,696 96,491[90,109-102,873]Valaciclovir 3,283 4,033[3,724-4,342]Oseltamivir phosphate 61 236[-11,990-12,462]Famciclovir 476 492[354-630]Lamivudine 284 316[259-373]

Entecavir 95 105[46-163]Tenofovir disoproxil 132 101[55-146]Valganciclovir hydrochloride 57 40[2-78]Zanamivir 1 5[-22-31]Inosine pranobex 17 21[6-36]Emtricitabine and tenofovir disoproxil 11 22[5-38]Efavirenzemtricitabinetenofovir disoproxil 6 5[-5-15]Darunavir 2 1[-13-16]Raltegravir 7 20[6-34]Abacavir and lamivudine 2 2[-4-8]Adefovir dipivoxil 7 4[-5-14]Ribavirin 1 -2[-31-27]Emtricitabine and tenofovir alafenamide 2 4[2-7]Dolutegravir 3 6[-2-13]Ritonavir 1 3[-10-17]Nevirapine 2 0[-4-5]Other HIV infection preparations 2 7[-2-16]504 Antiprotozoal drugs 219,928 244,930[218,780-271,080]Quinine sulfate 195,251 220,056[198,450-241,66 Quinine bisulfate 24,295 29,937[19,843-40,031]Mepacrine hydrochloride 208 119[54-184]Chloroquine phosphate 105 91[25-157]Proguanil hydrochloride with atovaquone 9 12[-141-165]Atovaquone 36 34[9-59]Mefloquine hydrochloride 6 -317[-1,230-595]Pyrimethamine 16 23[11-36]Pentamidine isetionate 2 0[-4-4]505 Antihelminthics 7,195 6,523[4,203-8,844]

Mebendazole 7,072 6,427[4,119-8,734]Albendazole 21 26[8-43]Levamisole hydrochloride 32 25[1-49]Praziquantel 12 7[-7-20]601 Drugs used in diabetes 4,614,557 5,065,472[4,730,333-5,400 Metformin hydrochloride 1,836,717 2,001,862[1,868,300-2,1 Glucose blood testing reagents 527,986 564,839[511,845-617,83 Gliclazide 526,485 567,653[520,149-615,15 Insulin aspart 149,380 169,555[157,591-181,51 Sitagliptin 191,875 208,538[186,537-230,53 Linagliptin 180,861 207,435[191,523-223,34 Insulin glargine 123,802 137,376[127,744-147,00 Empagliflozin 135,842 151,221[143,680-158,76 Alogliptin 124,652 142,834[130,535-155,13 Dapagliflozin 102,599 111,051[91,844-130,257 Biphasic insulin aspart 60,507 66,054[60,309-71,799]Biphasic isophane insulin 56,137 62,907[56,047-69,768]Insulin detemir 45,207 52,097[46,967-57,227]Pioglitazone hydrochloride 56,211 59,984[49,792-70,176]Isophane insulin 50,995 57,037[51,079-62,996]Dulaglutide 52,732 61,210[58,819-63,600]Glimepiride 46,838 48,971[44,304-53,638]Canagliflozin 45,216 50,425[42,229-58,621]Insulin Lispro 32,746 37,219[34,528-39,909]Insulin degludec 33,231 41,568[37,686-45,451]Liraglutide 38,309 46,186[40,743-51,629]Ketone blood testing reagents 24,490 24,734[22,967-26,501]Glucose 24,562 29,286[27,025-31,548]

Biphasic insulin lispro 24,233 27,978[25,094-30,862]Semaglutide 23,082 27,490[22,956-32,025]Saxagliptin 14,952 16,226[13,308-19,145]Metformin hydrochloridesitagliptin 12,600 13,500[12,015-14,985]Insulin glulisine 7,120 8,215[7,438-8,992]Urine testing reagents 8,197 6,086[5,094-7,079]Exenatide 7,516 8,291[6,026-10,556]Glucagon 4,946 6,602[5,547-7,657]Alogliptinmetformin 6,136 7,197[6,393-8,000]Linagliptinmetformin 4,774 5,640[4,940-6,341]Empagliflozinmetformin 4,854 5,641[5,168-6,115]Repaglinide 4,147 4,386[3,919-4,852]Soluble insulin(Neutral insulin) 2,914 3,198[2,777-3,618]Vildagliptin 3,645 3,572[2,646-4,497]Dapagliflozinmetformin 3,270 3,729[3,400-4,058]Metformin hydrochloridevildagliptin 3,352 3,549[3,047-4,051]Lixisenatide 2,800 2,941[380-5,502]Glipizide 2,446 2,178[-1,463-5,820]Acarbose 2,218 2,161[1,695-2,627]Metformin hydrochloridepioglitazone 2,021 1,808[390-3,226]Ins degludecliraglutide 1,862 2,183[1,821-2,545]Tolbutamide 1,285 1,372[732-2,013]Canagliflozinmetformin 972 1,116[932-1,301]Saxagliptinmetformin 832 916[580-1,252]Saxagliptindapagliflozin 776 1,061[637-1,485]Nateglinide 454 543[411-674]Ertugliflozin 390 526[345-708]Diazoxide 170 106[3-208]

Glibenclamide 83 191[-1,683-2,065]Empagliflozinlinagliptin 114 158[103-213]Insulin glarginelixisenatide 59 26[11-42]Glucose and ketone blood testing reagents 6 6[-56-67]Insulin human 10 13[-7-33]602 Thyroid and antithyroid drugs 2,718,267 2,978,615[2,786,710-3,170 Levothyroxine sodium 2,662,426 2,919,314[2,731,097-3,1 Carbimazole 47,545 51,526[48,217-54,835]Liothyronine sodium 4,766 4,292[3,652-4,932]Propylthiouracil 3,228 3,392[3,066-3,717]Levothyroxine sodium and liothyronine 302 224[148-300]Iodine 1 -1[-8-7]603 Corticosteroids(endocrine) 558,839 694,073[624,757-763,389]Prednisolone 485,855 614,566[543,975-685,15 Dexamethasone 132,489 169,013[143,089-194,93 Fludrocortisone acetate 44,209 48,078[44,791-51,366]Betamethasone sodium phosphate 17,509 22,210[15,887-28,532]Hydrocortisone sodium phosphate 883 737[-419-1,893]Hydrocortisone sodium succinate 621 920[336-1,504]Dexamethasone phosphate 1,079 1,010[605-1,415]Deflazacort 387 451[385-518]Methylprednisolone 402 428[324-532]Dexamethasone sodium phosphate 64 50[-119-218]Prednisone 4 -58[-160-43]Methylprednisolone sodium succinate 5 4[-10-17]Cortisone acetate 6 5[-3-14]604 Sex hormones 671,719 799,547[746,714-852,380]Finasteride 307,618 340,628[318,376-362,88

Estradiol 198,797 238,998[219,402-258,59 Estradiol with progestogen 83,504 126,334[106,453-146,21 Progesterone 28,333 32,914[28,444-37,384]Norethisterone 29,785 55,106[45,582-64,629]Dutasteride 23,264 25,053[20,922-29,184]Testosterone 22,040 22,730[20,050-25,411]Tibolone 14,797 16,930[15,283-18,577]Oestrogens conjugated 13,170 15,430[12,939-17,921]Estradiol valerate 11,402 7,186[-4,356-18,727]Testosterone undecanoate 10,233 12,039[10,522-13,556]Testosterone esters 3,819 4,730[4,230-5,229]Raloxifene hydrochloride 3,711 3,912[3,311-4,512]Oestrogens conjugated with progestogen 2,324 721[-5,820-7,262]Estradiol and estriol with progestogen 718 745[415-1,074]Testosterone enantate 637 665[431-900]Prasterone 120 54[18-89]Oestrogens conjugated with bazedoxifene 21 39[10-68]Ethinylestradiol 27 -66[-242-110]Nandrolone decanoate 4 7[-9-23]Oxandrolone 4 2[-5-8]Dydrogesterone 2 1[-4-7]Testosterone propionate 1 3[-1-7]Mesterolone 1 -12[-122-97]605 Hypothalamic and pituitary hormones and antioestrogen 27,281 32,346[29,804-34,887]Desmopressin acetate 22,710 27,285[25,251-29,320]Somatropin 4,355 4,434[3,865-5,003]Clomifene citrate 172 208[99-318]Choriogonadotropin alfa 12 15[0-30]

Tolvaptan 12 10[-20-40]Menotrophin 6 5[-8-19]Tetracosactide 11 17[-1-36]Chorionic gonadotrophin 2 0[-65-65]606 Drugs affecting bone metabolism 533,361 564,637[514,101-615,172]Alendronic acid 463,729 505,252[461,520-548,98 Risedronate sodium 49,259 52,901[48,590-57,212]Ibandronic acid 13,442 14,279[12,717-15,841]Denosumab 5,511 6,440[5,818-7,062]Sodium clodronate 844 751[484-1,018]Alendronic acidcolecalciferol 334 373[160-585]Strontium ranelate 130 -352[-3,694-2,990]Teriparatide 70 70[40-99]Other bisphosphonate and other preparations 26 18[-2-37]Zoledronic acid 9 3[-7-13]Calcitonin(Salmon) 6 4[-12-20]Pamidronate disodium 1 0[-3-3]607 Other endocrine drugs 7,585 8,067[7,505-8,630]Cabergoline 6,322 6,487[6,035-6,938]Bromocriptine 835 1,001[844-1,158]Quinagolide hydrochloride 366 369[295-443]Danazol 339 412[335-489]Metyrapone 111 99[53-145]Nafarelin acetate 77 69[42-96]Buserelin 10 7[-2-16]Cetrorelix 1 0[-5-5]701 Drugs used in obstetrics 0 0[-3-2]702 Treatment of vaginal and vulval conditions 192,991 228,554[209,366-247,742]

Oxybutynin 114,246 125,981[114,924-137,03 Tolterodine 97,882 113,929[104,424-123,43 Tadalafil 62,562 71,104[64,784-77,424]Alfuzosin hydrochloride 38,674 40,868[37,307-44,429]Trospium chloride 24,236 27,402[24,457-30,347]Fesoterodine fumarate 18,443 20,124[18,457-21,792]Tamsulosin and dutasteride hydrochloride 12,424 12,806[9,377-16,234]Darifenacin hydrobromide 10,905 12,989[10,586-15,392]Alprostadil 9,232 7,886[5,933-9,839]Vardenafil 5,950 6,463[4,744-8,182]Solifenacintamsulosin 3,995 4,518[3,365-5,670]Indoramin 3,129 3,265[2,639-3,891]Propiverine hydrochloride 2,427 2,602[2,291-2,913]Potassium citrate 1,943 1,920[1,644-2,197]Flavoxate hydrochloride 1,201 1,269[1,012-1,527]Avanafil 741 897[547-1,248]Phentolamineaviptadil 412 574[455-693]Dapoxetine hydrochloride 393 560[414-705]Sodium citrate 112 120[57-183]Chlorhexidine acetate 94 69[-105-243]Bethanechol chloride 58 63[35-92]Other urological pain preparations 16 17[2-33]Distigmine bromide 3 8[-7-23]Lidocaineprilocaine(Premature Ejaculation) 4 1[-1-2]Yohimbine hydrochloride 1 6[-4-15]801 Cytotoxic drugs(malignancy and immunosuppression) 15,459 16,535[15,372-17,698]Hydroxycarbamide 7,581 8,027[7,416-8,637]Mercaptopurine 5,280 5,652[5,073-6,230]

Calcium folinate 232 264[218-310]Cyclophosphamide 13 5[-55-66]Tioguanine 4 3[-4-10]Imatinib mesilate 2 4[-10-19]Everolimus 2 1[-2-3]Mitotane 2 1[-4-5]Capecitabine 1 2[-1-4]Ibrutinib 1 1[-2-3]Chlorambucil 1 5[-11-22]Procarbazine hydrochloride 2 1[-3-5]802 Drugs affecting the immune response(malignancy and immunosuppression) 98,505 101,160[93,511-108,808]Azathioprine 67,115 69,050[64,049-74,051]Tacrolimus 23,738 24,983[22,643-27,323]Mycophenolate mofetil 16,139 16,849[15,593-18,105]Ciclosporin 4,723 4,831[3,475-6,187]Mycophenolic sodium 659 723[530-916]Sirolimus 491 570[427-713]Dimethyl fumar 11 5[-12-23]Peginterferon alpha 2 2[-19-24]Fingolimod 1 4[-2-9]Lenalidomide 1 1[-5-6]Interferon beta 2 -1[-5-3]Glatiramer acetate 3 1[-2-5]803 Sex hormones and antagonists in malignancy 260,712 279,465[263,035-295,895]Letrozole 79,251 83,926[79,107-88,745]Tamoxifen citrate 52,548 57,891[53,162-62,620]Anastrozole 46,858 49,558[46,274-52,842]Bicalutamide 19,316 19,830[18,435-21,225]

Goserelin acetate 18,722 20,548[17,778-23,319]Leuprorelin acetate 17,110 18,746[16,625-20,868]Exemestane 11,520 12,744[11,881-13,608]Triptorelin acetate 6,765 3,683[229-7,138]Cyproterone acetate 2,491 2,588[2,236-2,940]Degarelix 1,721 1,879[1,685-2,073]Triptorelin embonate 1,078 991[784-1,197]Octreotide acetate 648 551[403-698]Megestrol acetate 548 365[-144-873]Diethylstilbestrol 429 351[-7-709]Lanreotide 368 349[269-430]Flutamide 62 -4[-277-268]Fulvestrant 43 44[16-73]Toremifene citrate 12 15[-2-33]Buserelin 10 7[-2-16]Enzalutamide 2 7[-4-18]901 Anaemias and other blood disorders 1,507,127 1,712,338[1,591,836-1,832 Folic acid 633,293 718,978[653,344-784,61 Ferrous fumarate 348,769 412,835[329,902-495,76 Ferrous sulfate 220,181 233,516[159,024-308,00 Hydroxocobalamin 140,213 237,202[214,954-259,44 Cyanocobalamin 125,570 89,909[83,305-96,514]Ferrous gluconate 22,742 25,615[22,367-28,863]Sodium feredetate 11,837 17,587[15,074-20,101]Iron and folic acid 2,056 3,096[2,576-3,615]Other oral iron preparations 1,286 1,224[756-1,691]Ferric maltol 453 554[459-650]Darbepoetin alfa 320 230[-12-471]

Anagrelide hydrochloride 119 118[52-183]Iron dextran 35 40[-21-102]Epoetin alfa 64 71[35-107]Epoetin beta 60 33[-51-116]Deferasirox 21 10[-15-35]Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta 12 12[-6-30]Deferiprone 3 7[-19-33]Filgrastim 14 10[-2-22]Lenograstim 3 0[-11-11]Iron sucrose 3 5[-5-15]Eltrombopag 6 5[-7-18]Iron carboxymaltose 1 0[-7-7]Desferrioxamine mesilate 1 1[-5-7]902 Fluids and electrolytes 90,805 100,846[87,731-113,961]Sodium bicarbonate 39,114 43,465[40,579-46,352]Sodium chloride 26,659 26,757[24,192-29,322]Water for injection 20,375 16,037[13,901-18,173]Oral rehydration salts 12,306 22,838[11,934-33,742]Potassium chloride 8,190 8,541[5,869-11,214]Calcium polystyrene sulfonate 125 204[151-258]Patiromer calcium 25 40[30-51]Potassium bicarbonate 23 79[33-125]Sodium polystyrene sulfonate 16 18[4-32]Ringers 1 0[-1-1]904 Oral nutrition 413,189 403,971[328,849-479,093]Enteral nutrition 299,471 304,620[254,531-354,71 Other food for special diet preparations 65,944 70,932[57,891-83,972]Gluten free bread 22,840 23,088[12,867-33,309]

Gluten free mixes 10,289 9,126[5,911-12,340]Low protein mixes 1,534 1,551[1,099-2,002]Gluten freelow protein bread 1,183 974[725-1,224]Gluten freelow protein pasta 930 759[636-882]Low protein pasta 850 805[629-981]Low protein biscuits 883 868[692-1,043]Maltodextrin 541 569[295-842]Low protein bread 676 591[370-812]Gluten freelow protein biscuits 522 340[146-533]Low protein meals 434 277[170-383]Gluten freelow protein mixes 302 207[138-275]Low protein cakes 191 208[110-307]Low protein cereals 220 267[198-337]Gluten freelow protein grainsflours 261 186[141-231]Low protein desserts 242 158[88-228]Low protein grainsflours 164 157[107-207]Gluten freewheat free grainsflours 154 107[-187-400]Gluten freelow protein cereals 169 123[84-162]Low protein cooking aids 135 93[55-132]Low protein snacks 85 64[33-95]Low protein miscellaneous 66 49[27-70]Gluten freelow protein drink 20 0[0-0]Gluten free pasta 2 -207[-893-479]Low protein risotto 15 5[-1-12]Gluten freewheat free biscuits 1 -1,707[-4,165-751]Fructose 1 4[1-7]Glten free wheatfree lowprotein cooking aids 4 2[-3-7]Gluten freelow protein cooking aids 5 -4[-41-33]

Foods for special diets 2 -2[-13-8]905 Minerals 76,610 81,195[74,298-88,093]Calcium carbonate 33,140 34,813[31,962-37,664]Sodium fluoride 11,029 11,424[9,605-13,243]Sevelamer 6,289 6,767[5,946-7,588]Calcium acetate 5,704 6,181[5,468-6,893]Magnesium aspartate 4,075 4,111[3,629-4,593]Cinacalcet hydrochloride 4,466 4,436[4,016-4,856]Magnesium glycerophosphate 3,684 3,653[2,908-4,397]Zinc sulfate monohydrate 1,917 2,107[1,886-2,329]Other phosphate supplement preparations 1,286 1,374[1,215-1,533]Other calcium supplement preparations 802 1,673[941-2,406]Zinc sulfate 1,046 1,032[841-1,223]Lanthanum carbonate 1,080 1,181[981-1,380]Calcium acetatemagnesium carbonate 705 773[637-909]Other selenium preparations 708 712[537-887]Magnesium citrate 603 565[434-696]Calcium lactate 186 282[210-354]Calcium gluconate 142 125[65-186]Selenium 94 87[47-127]Sucroferric oxyhydroxide 76 104[65-144]Other zinc preparations 81 76[42-111]Other magnesium preparations 83 103[41-165]Magnesium lactate 65 45[25-66]Other mineral formulation preparations 16 7[0-14]Sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate 8 5[-12-21]Monobasic potassium phosphate 3 2[-8-13]906 Vitamins 2,508,357 2,744,881[2,525,626-2,964

Colecalciferol 1,936,682 2,127,359[1,949,680-2,3 Thiamine hydrochloride 243,793 264,616[246,987-282,24 Vitamin B compound 130,727 148,441[131,457-165,42 Other multivitamin preparations 73,349 79,455[68,256-90,654]Alfacalcidol 62,964 67,838[62,837-72,839]Vitamins caps 26,527 27,537[22,290-32,784]Pyridoxine hydrochloride 8,113 8,920[8,175-9,666]Ascorbic acid 6,641 6,648[4,671-8,625]Ergocalciferol 6,294 5,649[2,407-8,891]Calcitriol 4,627 5,347[4,666-6,028]Vitamin A 2,686 3,072[2,417-3,728]Vitamin E 2,483 2,312[1,689-2,935]Phytomenadione 1,012 1,050[760-1,340]Tocopheryl acetate 755 728[572-885]Riboflavin 880 833[719-947]Menadiol sodium phosphate 721 869[49-1,690]Cod liver oil 594 480[115-845]Nicotinamide 557 586[479-693]Other vitamin B preparations 185 162[108-215]Other vitamin A preparations 0906011 38 55[9-102]Paricalcitol 46 61[19-103]Vitamin B and C injection 40 69[-1-140]Other vitamin B compound preparations 14 142[-37-321]Betacarotene 10 6[-2-13]Tocofersolan 10 6[-15-26]Other vitamin C(Ascorbic acid)preparations 1 2[-4-9]Other pantothenic acid preparations 1 0[-4-5]908 Metabolic disorders 433 476[347-604]

Levocarnitine 263 286[201-371]Sodium benzoate 69 71[34-108]Zinc acetate 56 48[11-84]Mercaptamine 28 42[9-74]Betaine anhydrous 16 20[1-38]Sodium phenylbutyrate 8 5[-10-21]Trientine dihydrochloride 8 7[-34-47]Cholesterol 3 4[-1-9]Sacrosidase 1 -1[-6-4]909 Foods 18,508 20,928[18,699-23,156]18,508 20,928[18,699-23,156]910 Compound vitamin/mineral formulations 10,042 16,907[12,311-21,503]10,042 16,907[12,311-21,503]911 Health supplements 4,570 4,042[2,828-5,256]Other amino acidandnutritional agent preparations 1,711 1,899[1,682-2,116]Other enzyme preparations 0911020 1,652 1,562[673-2,451]Other digestive aid preparations 1,074 1,294[477-2,111]Taurine 133 122[65-180]912 Other health supplements 10,951 55,533[27,497-83,569]10,951 55,533[27,497-83,569]1001 Drugs used in rheumatic diseases and gout 1,638,888 1,896,044[1,715,114-2,076 Naproxen 520,828 611,423[522,019-700,82 Allopurinol 497,468 539,711[503,943-575,48 Ibuprofen 364,347 442,213[368,899-515,52 Methotrexate 169,719 179,514[166,020-193,00 Hydroxychloroquine sulfate 98,243 99,172[89,770-108,575]Diclofenac sodium 45,718 206,475[141,558-271,39 Colchicine 43,573 45,803[41,375-50,231]

Meloxicam 35,404 38,728[29,903-47,553]Etoricoxib 32,520 35,543[32,042-39,043]Piroxicam 30,244 32,358[20,085-44,630]Methylprednisolone acetate 10,698 52,573[45,991-59,156]Celecoxib 24,948 27,610[24,661-30,559]Mefenamic acid 17,057 16,277[7,760-24,795]Triamcinolone acetonide 10,829 27,620[24,143-31,097]Leflunomide 14,697 15,642[14,361-16,924]Febuxostat 13,729 16,101[14,597-17,604]Indometacin 9,069 9,548[7,794-11,303]Etodolac 7,401 8,063[6,535-9,592]Nabumetone 1,998 2,519[2,107-2,931]Diclofenac potassium 1,079 1,098[318-1,878]Penicillamine 621 665[533-797]Aceclofenac 453 453[263-642]Triamcinolone hexacetonide 48 473[336-610]Ibuprofen lysine 136 151[69-233]Flurbiprofen 150 118[-59-295]Sulindac 131 151[108-193]Dexketoprofen 75 86[50-122]Tiaprofenic acid 97 93[56-130]Probenecid 82 63[16-110]Tenoxicam 40 3[-67-74]Benzbromarone 23 17[-9-42]Glucosamine hydrochloride(Rheumatic) 23 -37[-301-226]Sodium aurothiomalate 4 117[19-214]Apremilast 15 14[4-25]Baricitinib 13 16[8-23]

Phenylbutazone 12 15[2-28]Sulfinpyrazone 10 -60[-438-317]Adalimumab 13 6[-28-40]Ibuprofen sodium dihydrate 1 2[-14-17]Tiopronin 6 1[-9-11]Etanercept 10 9[-30-49]Golimumab 1 4[-15-24]1002 Drugs used in neuromuscular disorders 124,876 134,941[125,197-144,686]Baclofen 94,780 103,100[96,110-110,090 Methocarbamol 12,550 13,470[11,509-15,432]Tizanidine hydrochloride 8,649 9,514[8,738-10,290]Pyridostigmine bromide 5,593 6,043[5,596-6,491]Dantrolene sodium 3,131 3,430[3,077-3,782]Dronabinolcannabidiol 116 119[86-152]Neostigmine bromide 56 84[47-120]1003 Soft-tissue disorders and topical pain relief 513,360 603,549[538,295-668,802]Diclofenac diethyl 152,533 91,124[5,663-176,585]Benzydamine hydrochloride 28,089 45,466[29,984-60,949]Piroxicam 30,244 32,358[20,085-44,630]Heparinoid 24,135 27,749[21,167-34,332]Diethylamine salicylate 14,489 16,037[9,538-22,537]Capsaicin 15,889 -12,344[-32,854-8,166]Ketoprofen 13,014 13,796[11,279-16,314]Methyl salicylate 1,974 2,931[1,090-4,771]Felbinac 158 -1,478[-9,204-6,248]Nicotinates 143 -262[-6,990-6,466]Freeze sprays and gels 105 -181[-1,241-879]Arnica montana 23 35[-4-74]

Flurbiprofen sodium 15 17[4-29]1105 Mydriatics and cytoplegics 5,799 5,929[5,306-6,553]Atropine sulfate 4,196 4,581[3,993-5,168]Cyclopentolate hydrochloride 1,475 1,414[1,193-1,636]Tropicamide 136 99[48-149]Phenylephrine hydrochloride 9 17[-21-55]1106 Treatment of glaucoma 755,310 829,936[774,051-885,821]Latanoprost 222,642 242,873[227,218-258,52 Bimatoprost 89,284 98,137[88,890-107,384]Timolol and bimatoprost 78,872 88,259[80,997-95,521]Brinzolamide 78,039 86,635[78,462-94,807]Dorzolamide and timolol 59,255 64,140[59,135-69,145]Timolol 45,529 46,637[39,999-53,275]Travoprost 30,251 32,450[28,772-36,128]Dorzolamide 28,322 31,668[29,531-33,804]Latanoprost and timolol 25,908 26,979[24,750-29,209]Brimonidine tartrate 22,205 24,651[22,184-27,117]Timolol and travoprost 17,316 19,167[17,318-21,015]Brinzolamide and timolol 16,383 19,289[13,714-24,864]Brinzolamidebrimonidine 15,204 16,998[14,493-19,503]Acetazolamide 7,851 7,976[7,274-8,677]Tafluprost 6,273 6,868[5,941-7,795]Timolol and brimonidine 4,530 4,799[4,114-5,484]Pilocarpine hydrochloride 4,400 4,737[4,225-5,250]Tafluprost and timolol 2,273 2,844[2,414-3,275]Betaxolol 1,683 1,795[1,227-2,363]Levobunolol hydrochloride 1,097 1,503[711-2,295]Pilocarpine nitrate 546 517[313-722]

1107 Local anaesthetics(eye) 30 44[-38-125]Oxybuprocaine hydrochloride 7 14[-12-40]Tetracaine hydrochloride 7 4[-51-58]Proxymetacaine hydrochloride 15 8[-62-78]1108 Miscellaneous ophthalmic preparations 319,279 334,099[269,127-399,072]Hypromellose 144,709 158,568[139,362-177,77 Carbomer 940980 108,269 120,022[95,568-144,477 Carmellose sodium 41,162 45,273[29,477-61,069]Liquid paraffin 6,797 5,810[-49,486-61,106]Acetylcysteine 6,750 7,168[5,730-8,607]Ketorolac trometamol 2,762 4,152[3,265-5,038]Other eye tearlubricantastringent preparations 2,791 3,352[1,943-4,762]Apraclonidine 2,960 3,029[2,476-3,582]Paraffin soft yellow 2,548 1,315[-3,517-6,146]Carbomer 974P 2,456 2,667[1,810-3,524]Hyetellose 2,038 2,118[1,839-2,398]Nepafenac 1,067 1,696[1,404-1,988]Carbomer 1,106 1,221[914-1,528]Bromfenac 518 804[553-1,054]Moxifloxacin hydrochloride 239 275[209-340]Fluorescein sodium 31 82[15-148]Mercaptamine hydrochloride 11 6[-12-23]Povidone iodine 2 3[-3-10]Idebenone 3 3[-4-9]Polyvinyl alcohol 4 -1,725[-8,817-5,366]1201 Drugs acting on the ear 114,457 136,131[117,319-154,942]Docusate sodium 191,151 213,683[200,526-226,84 Hydrocortisone acetate 39,009 39,203[16,972-61,434]

Acetic acid 4,621 5,749[3,575-7,923]Ciprofloxaindexameth 4,598 5,482[3,202-7,761]Dexamethasone sodium metasulphobenzoate 2,244 3,176[-26,202-32,554]Flumetasone pivalate 1,656 72[-9,885-10,029]Urea hydrogen peroxide 1,739 1,977[1,457-2,498]Oils for the ear 95 -1,090[-2,035--144]Ciprofloxacinfluocinolone 111 208[123-293]Other otitis external preparations 12 8[1-15]Aluminium acetate 3 -1[-12-10]1202 Drugs acting on the nose 656,390 747,583[670,454-824,712]Mometasone furoate 246,364 289,054[258,181-319,92 Fluticasone furoate 130,152 138,014[115,426-160,60 Fluticasone propionate(Nasal) 74,955 88,621[80,286-96,957]Neomycin sulfate 27,540 39,059[30,006-48,113]Fluticasone propionateazelastine hydrochloride(Nasal) 28,885 33,348[30,016-36,681]Sodium chloride 26,659 26,757[24,192-29,322]Triamcinolone acetonide 10,829 27,620[24,143-31,097]Mupirocin 9,454 11,807[7,439-16,176]Xylometazoline hydrochloride 1,933 2,381[736-4,025]Other topical nasal decongestant preparations 16 16[-6-38]Xylometazoline hydrochlorideipratropium bromide 1 0[0-0]Flunisolide 7 2[-6-9]1203 Drugs acting on the oropharynx 65,890 82,268[61,335-103,202]Benzydamine hydrochloride 28,089 45,466[29,984-60,949]Chlorhexidine gluconate 27,324 30,865[26,563-35,168]Miconazole 13,850 13,161[11,595-14,727]Pilocarpine hydrochloride 4,400 4,737[4,225-5,250]Hydrocortisone(Sodium succinate) 3,647 4,153[3,392-4,914]

Choline salicylate 1,361 1,214[775-1,653]Other treatment of dry mouth preparations 631 707[622-792]Artificial saliva 558 -520[-5,713-4,673]Benzocaine 313 555[248-861]Flubiprofen 68 264[-126-655]Dequalinium chloride 60 123[36-210]Sodium benzoate 69 71[34-108]Other mouth wash,gargle and dentifrice preparations 50 46[23-69]Hexetidine 108 271[-870-1,412]Amylmetacresol 21 16[-86-119]Cetylpyridinium chloride 39 31[0-62]Tetracaine hydrochloride 7 4[-51-58]Diclofenac sod 1 4[-28-36]Amphotericin 7 9[-2-20]Hexylresorcinol 5 3[-25-31]Other oral ulceration and inflammation preparations 1 2[-6-11]Dichlorobenzyl alcoholamylmetacresol 1 1[-12-14]Other lozenge and spray preparations 3 3[-2-8]1301 Management of skin conditions 4,832 5,509[4,141-6,877]Cetomacrogol 4,755 5,529[4,237-6,820]Wool fat 65 29[-103-161]Wool fat hydrous 7 10[-6-26]Paraffin hard 2 4[-3-12]Vehicles 1 -1[-16-15]Other vehicle and emulsifying agent preparations 2 0[-2-2]1302 Emollient and barrier preparations 579,120 650,004[526,520-773,488]Other emollient preparations 399,377 444,167[368,106-520,22 Emollient bath and shower preparations 55,570 62,790[43,098-82,482]

Light liquid paraffin 38,954 46,030[24,933-67,127]Urea 36,982 40,831[35,903-45,758]Dimeticone(Barrier) 12,627 21,087[14,943-27,231]Emulsifying wax 7,752 7,589[3,617-11,561]Benzalkonium chloride 6,057 5,882[4,480-7,285]Other barrier preparations 3,678 3,956[2,978-4,934]Wool alcohols 1,769 1,988[-652-4,627]Paraffin soft white 973 733[318-1,149]Dexpanthenol 831 851[627-1,076]Chlohexidine gluconate(Emollient) 101 0[-305-305]Other dusting powder preparations 1 -33[-146-81]Zinc paste 1 -55[-502-391]Lactic acid 1 0[-3-4]1303 Topical local anaesthetics and antipruritics 20,275 23,926[20,288-27,563]Menthol 9,456 10,477[9,554-11,400]Crotamiton 7,552 7,911[4,386-11,436]Calamine 1,878 3,838[1,452-6,223]Doxepin hydrochloride 204 -47[-260-166]Mepyramine maleate 72 27[-166-220]1304 Topical corticosteroids 828,717 975,531[870,495-1,080,567 Betamethasone valerate 236,410 268,859[238,828-298,89 Clobetasone butyrate 101,255 97,657[31,181-164,133]Clobetasol propionate 66,329 77,710[71,277-84,143]Betamethasone esters 27,628 32,924[28,588-37,259]Fluocinolone acetonide 6,947 10,660[3,085-18,236]Fludroxycortide 3,301 3,678[-301-7,658]Hydrocortisone butyrate 2,700 3,865[1,672-6,057]Fluocinonide 788 915[562-1,268]

Diflucortolone valerate 571 1,400[685-2,115]Fluticasone propionate(Topical) 591 624[37-1,210]Other topical corticosteroid preparations 33 39[15-62]Alclometasone dipropionate 3 -255[-6,497-5,988]1305 Preparations fo reczema and psoriasis 121,001 140,244[129,551-150,936]Calcipotriol 87,966 101,436[94,053-108,819 Cocois 6,626 7,786[6,973-8,598]Tars 4,502 4,985[4,169-5,801]Pimecrolimus 3,454 4,551[3,557-5,546]Acitretin 762 881[736-1,026]Gamolenic acid 719 744[535-953]Tacalcitol 494 556[98-1,014]Dithranol 380 415[288-542]Other psoriasis preparations 334 350[271-429]Other eczema preparations 34 43[-30-115]Alitretinoin 16 17[1-33]Tazarotene 20 -6[-130-117]Ustekinumab(Psoriasis) 4 2[0-5]Ichthammol 5 1[-9-11]Coal tar bath preparations 1 -8[-64-48]1306 Acne and rosacea 117,118 148,297[130,622-165,971]Erythromycin 41,308 50,296[28,228-72,363]Benzoyl peroxide and clindamycin phosphate 38,592 46,145[32,199-60,090]Adapalene and benzoyl peroxide 14,716 19,118[16,498-21,739]Adapalene 12,200 15,163[13,073-17,253]Clindamycin phosphate 8,673 10,111[7,472-12,750]Benzoyl peroxide 8,397 11,461[9,534-13,388]Co-cyprindiol(Cyprote acetateethinylestradiol) 5,999 7,294[5,487-9,102]

Azelaic acid 5,968 8,540[7,328-9,753]Ivermectin 4,644 6,678[5,910-7,446]Isotretinoin 2,614 4,555[2,652-6,459]Clindamycintretinoin 2,315 2,479[1,575-3,383]Brimonidine tart(Rosacea) 538 1,003[687-1,319]Nicotinamide 557 586[479-693]Tretinoin 7 8[-7-24]Sulfur 6 8[-3-19]1307 Preparations for warts and calluses 8,288 12,462[7,873-17,051]Salicylic acid 5,316 8,988[4,736-13,241]Imiquimod 1,965 2,275[1,938-2,611]Silver nitrate 566 796[614-977]Podophyllotoxin 584 517[350-684]Glutaraldehyde 67 167[79-256]Formaldehyde 9 15[-17-47]Camellia sinensis extract 13 8[4-13]1308 Sunscreens and camouflagers 25,292 41,935[35,717-48,153]Fluorouracil(Sunscreen) 9,277 15,462[13,884-17,039]Other sunscreening preparations 6,348 8,642[4,436-12,848]Other camouflage preparations 2,544 3,475[2,936-4,014]Ingenol mebutate 36 2,370[1,464-3,276]Titanium dioxide 22 17[-39-73]1309 Shampoo and other preparations for scalp and hair conditions 95,591 111,416[98,273-124,559]Ketoconazole 48,479 61,182[54,572-67,793]Coal tar 42,165 47,633[42,553-52,714]Benzalkonium chloride 6,057 5,882[4,480-7,285]Selenium sulfide 2,497 2,045[-864-4,954]Eflornithine monohydrate chloride 1,862 2,041[1,293-2,788]

Alkyl sulfate 140 207[-112-526]Other shampoo and scalp preparations 8 6[-2-14]1310 Anti-infective skin preparations 216,572 283,168[248,975-317,360]Miconazole nitrate 28,205 37,201[31,546-42,857]Mupirocin 9,454 11,807[7,439-16,176]Amorolfine hydrochloride 10,661 13,033[9,966-16,100]Permethrin 7,837 10,545[6,963-14,127]Sodium fusidate 2,225 2,592[1,835-3,350]Silver sulfadiazine 2,581 1,679[611-2,748]Malathion 1,286 309[-1,834-2,452]Tioconazole 1,038 1,060[436-1,684]Hydrogen peroxide 722 807[624-991]Cetrimide 416 297[-376-969]Magnesium sulfate 430 487[329-645]Dimeticone(Parasiticidal) 372 -523[-1,410-364]Undecenoates 154 188[94-281]Penciclovir 74 90[25-155]Dibrompropamidine isetionate 25 17[-16-49]Bifonazole 9 15[-1-30]Tolnaftate 7 14[-16-44]Other antiviral preparations 5 16[0-31]Polymyxins 7 -126[-1,014-763]Chlorhex hydrochloride 5 7[-3-16]Benzyl benzoate 1 2[-7-12]Other minor cut and abrasion preparations 1 14[-7-35]Benzoic acid 1 1[-13-14]1311 Skin cleansers,antiseptics,and desloughing 15,104 18,848[16,675-21,022]Chlorhexidine gluconate 27,324 30,865[26,563-35,168]

Alkyl sulphate 1,738 2,175[1,823-2,526]Potassium permanganate 749 847[657-1,038]Iodine compounds 404 55[-506-615]Alcohol 158 105[48-161]Chlorhexidine acetate 94 69[-105-243]Sodium hypochlorite 33 46[24-68]Ster larvae 78 58[18-99]Chloroxylenol 31 36[-1-74]Halogenated phenols with phenol 14 7[-17-31]Isopropyl alcohol 7 4[-12-19]Triclosan 8 -39[-133-55]Other alcohol and saline preparations 4 5[-1-10]1312 Antiperspirants 2,995 4,333[2,980-5,686]Aluminium chloride 2,967 4,327[2,991-5,663]Other antiperspirant preparations 2 2[-13-17]1313 Wound management products 1,355 1,425[1,080-1,771]1,355 1,426[1,080-1,772]1314 Topical circulatory preparations 6,269 7,944[6,974-8,913]1315 Miscellaneous topical preparations 144 128[37-219]Other miscellaneous topical preparations 78 94[26-162]Depigmenting agents 66 69[35-103]1404 Vaccines and antisera 114,107 178,442[-610,846-967,730]Influenza 62,984 6,480[-762,891-775,852 Pneumococcal 28,805 35,269[-97-70,635]Typhoid 4,818 41,840[22,002-61,677]Diphtheria 7,629 37,638[28,984-46,292]Hepatitis A 3,953 33,406[8,158-58,654]Hepatitis Atyphoid vaccine 1,323 19,320[-1,848-40,488]

Hepatitis B 3,086 7,062[864-13,260]Hepatitis Ahepatitis B 794 7,459[-513-15,431]Meningococcal A+C+W135+Y vaccine 221 -819[-11,565-9,926]Measles,mumps and rubella vaccine 33 621[470-772]Shingles(HZ) 223 384[-665-1,434]Cholera 25 732[435-1,030]Meningococcal B vaccine 93 630[-6,749-8,009]Haemophilus influenzae Bmeningococcal C 38 72[3-140]Varicella vaccine live 31 138[43-232]Human papillomavirus(Type 6,11,16,18) 35 61[21-101]Rabies 9 25[-73-123]Humpapvirus(Type 6,11,16,18,31,33,45,52,58) 4 22[14-29]Rotavirus 2 -1[-33-32]Human papillomavirus(Type 16,18) 1 4[-7-14]1501 General anaesthesia 38,382 28,413[23,819-33,007]Midazolam hydrochloride 31,731 25,974[21,646-30,302]Hyoscine hydrobromide 9,388 9,006[4,481-13,532]Alfentanil hydrochloride 376 418[311-525]Fentanyl citrate 52 34[-11-78]Ketamine 30 47[23-70]Parecoxib sodium 13 8[-1-16]Nitrous oxide 3 3[-76-83]1502 Local anaesthesia 48,024 118,650[105,694-131,605]Lidocaine hydrochloride 44,710 112,569[100,157-124,98 Lidocaine 4,798 5,040[4,300-5,781]Tetracaine 644 1,316[274-2,358]Bupivacaine hydrochloride 271 2,192[1,763-2,620]Mepivacaine hydrochloride 26 278[101-454]

Prilocaine hydrochloride 13 22[-10-55]Cocaine 4 3[-4-11]Levobupivacaine hydrochloride 4 6[-27-40]1901 Alcohol,wines,and spirits 0 0[-2-3]1902 Selective preparations 40,906 35,467[13,669-57,265]Other toiletry preparations 24,939 28,137[19,069-37,204]Other individually formulated bought in preparations 15,688 4,649[-17,900-27,199]Charcoal 133 153[98-207]Naloxone hydrochloride 41 20[-97-137]Other homeopathic preparations 69 97[-66-260]Other household and over the counter preparations 5 6[1-11]1904 Single substances 160 171[45-298]160 171[45-298]1905 Other preparations 919 1,220[747-1,693]919 1,220[747-1,693]1906 Acids 467 458[127-789]Other oil preparations 316 300[26-574]Other concentrated water preparations 149 177[25-329]Other tincture preparations 1 4[-6-14]Other acid preparations 1 1[-1-4]1907 Base/Dil/Susp agents/Stabilisers 44,562 48,187[43,599-52,775]44,562 48,187[43,599-52,775]1909 Disinfectants,preservatives,and stabilising agents 1 0[-5-6]1 0[-5-6]1913 Cordials/soft drinks 128 249[120-379]128 249[120-379]1914 Waters 896 912[775-1,049]Other purified water preparations 825 809[702-915]

Sterile water 71 117[43-191]