王振祥
基本概念:
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的附加說(shuō)明,主要起到補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用,將非限制性定語(yǔ)從句放在句子中間,從句與主句之間往往有逗號(hào)隔開(kāi),獨(dú)立存在,不會(huì)影響整個(gè)句子的意思。
一、非限制性定語(yǔ)從句使用的常見(jiàn)情形
非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,主要用于:
1. 先行詞本就鎖定無(wú)需再使用定語(yǔ)從句鎖定的情況
這些情況主要有:先行詞為專有名詞、世界上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物、人稱代詞、被物主代詞或指示代詞修飾等。例如:
Change 4 probe, which landed on the moon on Jan 3, 2019, has survived 766 Earth days there. 嫦娥4號(hào)探測(cè)器于2019年1月3日著陸月球,在那里存活了766個(gè)地球日。
Bungee jumping, which is a new extreme sport, has become popular with young people in the past decades. 蹦極是一項(xiàng)新的極限運(yùn)動(dòng),在過(guò)去的幾十年里已經(jīng)受到年輕人的歡迎。
Those miners, who have been trapped in the mine for 5 days, became the concern for the whole nation. 這些礦工,被困在礦井里5天,成為全國(guó)人民的關(guān)注點(diǎn)。
2. 先行詞表示泛指或類指無(wú)需鎖定的情況。例如:
Alice sent me a birthday present, which arrived yesterday. 艾麗絲給我送了生日禮物,昨天到了。
Basketball, which is an interesting sport, has a history of over 100 years. 籃球是一項(xiàng)有趣的運(yùn)動(dòng)項(xiàng)目,有著一百多年的歷史。
3. 先行詞為句子或某一句子成分。例如:
As is known to the world, China has a good performance in the prevention of Covid-19. 眾所周知,中國(guó)在防治Covid-19方面表現(xiàn)良好。
Tom fell asleep in English class yesterday, which is the usual case. 湯姆昨天在英語(yǔ)課上打瞌睡,這已是慣例了。
二、兩類定語(yǔ)從句七不同
定語(yǔ)從句可分為限制性和非限制性兩種,它們?cè)谟梅ㄉ嫌腥缦聟^(qū)別:
1. 能否刪除不同
限制性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞不可缺少的修飾成分,若刪除,主句的意思則不完整或不明確;非限定性定語(yǔ)從句是先行詞的補(bǔ)充或附加說(shuō)明,即使刪除,主句的意思依然清楚完整。例如:
Those who want to go please hand in their money tonight.想去的人請(qǐng)今晚把錢交上來(lái)。(限制性,刪除后意思不明確)
A library is a place where books are kept.圖書館是藏書的地方。(限制性,刪除后句子意思不完整)
Is this the book (that) you want to borrow? 這就是你要借的那本書嗎?(限制性,刪除后意思不明確)
They are talking about the film, which they saw yesterday. 他們正在談?wù)撃遣侩娪埃亲蛱炜吹哪遣科?。(非限制性,可刪除,刪除后,句子仍完整)
This is a Chinese-English dictionary, which I borrowed from Li Ping.? 這是一本漢英詞典,我是從李平那里借的。(非限制性,可刪除)
2. 是否用逗號(hào)隔開(kāi)不同
限制性定語(yǔ)從句與主句之間不能用逗號(hào)分開(kāi),而非限定性定語(yǔ)從句常用逗號(hào)與主句分開(kāi)。例如:
He is the man who often helps me with my study. 他就是那個(gè)經(jīng)常幫助我學(xué)習(xí)的人。
He lives in the city of Wuhu, which is less than 150 kilometers from Nanjing.他住在蕪湖市,離南京不到150公里。
I know the driver, whom you were talking with just now. 我認(rèn)識(shí)那位司機(jī),就是剛才同你說(shuō)話的那位。
3. 對(duì)先行詞的要求不同
限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞總是一個(gè)名詞或代詞,而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞可以是一個(gè)詞,也可以是整個(gè)主句。例如:
He is one of the students who (that) have been invited.他是被邀請(qǐng)的學(xué)生之一。(the students)
He doesnt know English, which you already know. 他不懂英語(yǔ),這一點(diǎn)你已知道。(先行詞為整個(gè)主句)
As we expected, she didnt pass the exam.正如我們所料,她未能通過(guò)考試。(先行詞為整個(gè)主句)
4. 關(guān)系代詞能否省略不同
限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞通常可省略,例如:
Are you interested in the girl (whom / who / that) you spoke to just now?
I lost the magazine (which / that) I borrowed from my English teacher.
而非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,即使是充當(dāng)賓語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也不能省略。例如:
Lucy, with whom I went to the cinema last night, is one of my best friends.
There was a terrible noise in midnight, which I heard and felt much frightened.
5. 能否使用關(guān)系代詞that不同
限制性定語(yǔ)從句可以用that引導(dǎo),非限制性從句無(wú)論指人還是指物均不能用that,指人用who,指物用which。例如:
I dont like the book which (that) she sent me.
Do you know the girl who (that) is standing by the door?
This is Comrade Li Fen, who comes from Beijing University.
She lost the English book, which was given by Alice.
6. 能否使用關(guān)系副詞why不同
引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞有where和when。why只能用于限制性定語(yǔ)從句。例如:
He lives a faraway village, where he can enjoy fresh air and silence.他住在一個(gè)偏遠(yuǎn)的村莊,在那他可以享受新鮮空氣和寧?kù)o。
In the old days, when I was a child, there was no cinema in the town. 過(guò)去,當(dāng)我還是個(gè)孩子時(shí),鎮(zhèn)上沒(méi)有電影院。
when在引導(dǎo)一個(gè)有逗號(hào)和前面句子隔開(kāi)的句子時(shí),常被看作并列連詞,其意義相當(dāng)于and then, just then, at the time等。例如:
The meeting will be put off till the day after tomorrow, when all the comrades will be back from the farm. 會(huì)議被推遲到后天,這時(shí)所有的同志將從農(nóng)場(chǎng)返回。
作為關(guān)系副詞,why可引導(dǎo)限制性定語(yǔ)從句,但不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句。若引導(dǎo)非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,則要用for which代替why。例如:
That is the reason why (for which) she refused your invitation. 那就是她拒絕你邀請(qǐng)的原因。
I had told them the reason, for which I didnt attend the meeting.我把理由告訴了他們,為此我沒(méi)去開(kāi)會(huì)。
7. 譯法不同
限制性定語(yǔ)從句譯成中文時(shí),通常和先行詞一起譯出,作其定語(yǔ);非限制性定語(yǔ)從句往往被譯成單句,起補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明的作用。例如:
She sent me a book which is called China in the 21st Century. 她寄給了我一本名為《21世紀(jì)中國(guó)》的書。
She sent me a book, which is about the Chinese history. 她給了我一本書,一本關(guān)于中國(guó)歷史的書。