金華白沙堤三十六堰灌區(qū)在2020年成功入選世界灌溉工程遺產(chǎn)名錄，是浙江省現(xiàn)存最古老的堰壩引水灌溉工程，始建于27年。灌溉農(nóng)田達(dá)1.86萬(wàn)hm2，從最上游沙販堰到最下游中濟(jì)堰，橫跨45 km，水位落差168 m。三十六堰的建設(shè)依循“階梯–深潭”山區(qū)河流自然發(fā)育的地貌特征，在每個(gè)深潭的下游修筑堰壩，利用深潭對(duì)水流的消能作用以減小對(duì)堰壩的沖擊，穩(wěn)定了白沙溪的河床，并在干旱月份增加堰壩蓄水量。同時(shí)，“以潭筑堰”的方式有利于生物多樣性保護(hù)，有極高的區(qū)域生態(tài)重塑價(jià)值。不同于建設(shè)剛性大壩的方式，三十六堰更加因地制宜，以低影響介入、剛?cè)岵?jì)的方式多級(jí)修筑堰壩，構(gòu)建了持久的區(qū)域韌性系統(tǒng)，彰顯了傳統(tǒng)智慧。

在前工業(yè)時(shí)代，以農(nóng)業(yè)、水利為基礎(chǔ)，構(gòu)建了很多輻射區(qū)域的灌區(qū)，形成了與自然相適應(yīng)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施體系，支撐區(qū)域內(nèi)城市和鄉(xiāng)村的發(fā)展。隨著工業(yè)化轉(zhuǎn)變，城市人口高度聚集和城市蔓延，快捷方便的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)迅速與區(qū)域的工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)交織，促進(jìn)城市化發(fā)展并顯著地改變著景觀風(fēng)貌。

工業(yè)革命產(chǎn)生總是與城市的發(fā)展息息相關(guān)，英國(guó)如此，法國(guó)亦如是，在擁有更多土地的美國(guó)，這一特征更加明顯。產(chǎn)業(yè)革命使勞動(dòng)力聚集，推動(dòng)了美國(guó)城市體系的形成。作為美國(guó)工業(yè)化程度最高地區(qū)之一的波士頓查爾斯河口，河口沿岸在1820年前還是潮汐鹽生沼澤濕地，每天要經(jīng)歷2次漲潮期。為利用潮汐水能，在沿河的波士頓公地（Boston Common）和后灣（Back Bay）建立了呈“T”形的長(zhǎng)、短兩座攔水壩，并和礫石角（Gravelly Point）相連，這里設(shè)有用于工業(yè)及紡織業(yè)生產(chǎn)的軋機(jī)滾輪，兩座壩將潮汐沼澤地帶分為水位不同的2個(gè)盆地。在漲潮時(shí)通過(guò)長(zhǎng)攔水壩（Mill Dam）閘口進(jìn)入高位盆地，當(dāng)蓄水達(dá)至設(shè)定水位時(shí)，通過(guò)短壩（Cross Dam）上的閘口泄入低位盆地，再排入查爾斯河，水流在此過(guò)程中帶動(dòng)軋機(jī)滾輪進(jìn)行24 h持續(xù)轉(zhuǎn)動(dòng)，有效利用這一自然力量，提高了生產(chǎn)效率。這項(xiàng)建壩工程促使波士頓成為工業(yè)中心，但同時(shí)也改變了查爾斯河口的潮汐沼澤生態(tài)環(huán)境，攔水壩阻擋了潮水對(duì)沼澤地帶的清潔作用，長(zhǎng)期積聚的工業(yè)廢棄垃圾使此地變成泥濘地帶，降低了水在盆地的流動(dòng)速度，導(dǎo)致軋機(jī)滾輪無(wú)法運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)。至1850年，城市轉(zhuǎn)型已經(jīng)成為城市化過(guò)程中亟待解決的問(wèn)題。后灣填地項(xiàng)目在諸多因素的助推下應(yīng)運(yùn)而生，使污染的河口地區(qū)環(huán)境得到治理，波士頓半島的面積得到擴(kuò)張，原有潮汐沼澤濕地區(qū)建設(shè)了后灣商住城市片區(qū)以及波士頓公共花園，修建聯(lián)邦林蔭大道，進(jìn)一步提升了后灣土地價(jià)值，聯(lián)邦林蔭大道也成為未來(lái)波士頓“翡翠項(xiàng)鏈”連接波士頓公共花園和波士頓公地的重要綠道。

然而，后灣填地工程降低了匯入后灣的泥河（Muddy River）的行洪能力，為城市西南地區(qū)帶來(lái)潛在洪水風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，奧姆斯特德將泥河的彈性防洪功能與外圍泛洪區(qū)相結(jié)合進(jìn)行公園設(shè)計(jì)，并整合下水道、水閘等工程措施共同解決洪澇風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。至此，一個(gè)原本土地局促的河口半島得到充分拓展，原始景觀發(fā)生了極大的改變。持續(xù)的工程建設(shè)促進(jìn)了城市應(yīng)對(duì)不同時(shí)期風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的適應(yīng)性轉(zhuǎn)型發(fā)展，形成了公園與防洪工程相融合的韌性基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施體系。

當(dāng)代城市形態(tài)是基于工業(yè)化社會(huì)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)需求形成的：發(fā)達(dá)的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)、生產(chǎn)廠房、辦公區(qū)、住宅以及相應(yīng)的休憩綠地?，F(xiàn)代基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于強(qiáng)調(diào)效率和經(jīng)濟(jì)的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化建設(shè)，但同時(shí)也暴露出在應(yīng)對(duì)災(zāi)害和意外事故風(fēng)險(xiǎn)方面的脆弱性，缺乏彈性和適應(yīng)能力。

在后工業(yè)時(shí)代，支撐工業(yè)化生產(chǎn)運(yùn)轉(zhuǎn)的城市形態(tài)必然會(huì)有新的演進(jìn)，我們有必要重新思考基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施應(yīng)對(duì)災(zāi)害風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和重塑公共空間的新路徑。區(qū)域的發(fā)展與人們的生活總是需要應(yīng)對(duì)災(zāi)難，并適應(yīng)不斷變化的外在環(huán)境，然而實(shí)際上漲潮、洪水、颶風(fēng)都只是自然現(xiàn)象，本身并不是災(zāi)難，如何通過(guò)設(shè)計(jì)手段提升應(yīng)對(duì)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)能力才是我們的課題。在全球氣候變化、碳中和、數(shù)字經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展背景下，將韌性作為設(shè)計(jì)的驅(qū)動(dòng)力，重新認(rèn)知自然，認(rèn)知傳統(tǒng)，通過(guò)將剛性的抵御與彈性的應(yīng)對(duì)相結(jié)合，修復(fù)受損的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，重塑公共空間，共同構(gòu)建更安全、更有趣和更具活力的城市。

With Resilience as the Driving Force of Design

Weir 36 Irrigation Area of Baisha Dike, Jinhua, was successfully included in the World Irrigation Engineering Heritage List in 2020. As the existing oldest weir diverting water for irrigation in Zhejiang Province, it was established in AD 27.The weir may irrigate 18,600 hm2of farmland across 45 km from the most upstream Shafan Weir to the most downstream Zhongji Weir, with height of water 168 m. The construction of the Weir 36 follows the geomorphic characteristics of naturally developed mountain rivers of “terraces-deep pools”. A weir was built downstream of each deep pool to reduce the impact of the weir using the energy dissipation effect of the deep pool on the water flow, thus stabilizing the bed of the Baisha Creek, and increasing the water retention capacity of the weir during the dry months.At the same time, “building a weir by deep pool” is conducive to biodiversity conservation with a high value for regional ecological restoration. Different from a rigid dam, Weir 36 is more suitable to local conditions in construction mode. A durable regional resilience system is constructed using a multi-stage construction of weir by low impact intervention of both resilience and rigidity,reflecting a traditional wisdom.

In the pre-industrial times, many radiating irrigation areas were constructed based on agriculture and water conservancy,thus forming an infrastructure system adaptable to the nature,which supported local urban and rural development. With the urban population highly concentrated and urban sprawl following industrialization, infrastructure networks have intersected with local industrial production quickly and conveniently for promoting urbanization, which is changing the landscapes dramatically.

As with Britain and France, industrial revolution has always been closely related to the development of cities. In the United States with more land, this is more evident: the industrial revolution has concentrated the labor force and promoted the formation of the American urban system. The Charles River estuary in Boston, as one of the most industrialized regions in the United States, was a tidal salt marsh with two high tides a day until 1820. In order to utilize the tidal power, T-shaped long and short dams (Mill Dam and Cross Dam) were established at the Boston Common and Back Bay along the river, connecting the Gravelly Point, where there were rolling mills for industrial and textile production, and two dams dividing the tidal swamp into two basins with different water levels. At high tide, water access to the high basin may be realized through the gate of long dam (Mill Dam), and when the set water level was reached,the water was discharged to the low basin through the gate of short dam (Cross Dam), and then into the Charles River. In the process, the water flow drove the rolling mill roller to rotate continuously for 24 h. This natural force was utilized effectively,and thus, the production efficiency was improved. This dam project made Boston become an industrial center, but at the same time, it changed the tidal marsh ecology at the Charles River estuary. Specifically, the dam for water retaining prevented the tide from cleaning the swamp, and the accumulated industrial waste turned it into a muddy zone, slowing the flow of water through the basin, and thus, the roller of rolling mill became unable to operate. By 1850, urban transformation had become an urgent problem to be solved in the process of urbanization.Back Bay reclamation project was initiated under the boost of many factors. Subsequently, the polluted environment at the estuary was brought under control, the area of the Boston Peninsula was expanded, and in the original tidal marsh, the Back Bay Commercial and Residential Urban Area and the Boston Public Garden, together with Commonwealth Avenue, were built. The land value of Back Bay was further enhanced, and the Commonwealth Avenue became an important green way for“Emerald Necklace” of future Boston connecting Boston Public Garden and Boston Common.

However, the Back Bay reclamation project has reduced the flood carrying capacity of the Muddy River, which flows into the Back Bay, thus posing a potential flood risk to the southwest of the city. Olmsted combined the flexible flood control function of the Muddy River with peripheral flood zones as designing the park, and integrated sewers and sluices for addressing the flood risk. Thus, an estuarine peninsula with limited land was fully expanded, and the original landscape was changed greatly. The continuous construction has promoted an adaptive transformation of the city to cope with risks in different periods,and formed a resilient infrastructure system integrating parks and flood control works.

Contemporary urban is formed based on the demand of an industrialized society for functioning: developed infrastructure network, production workshop, office area, residence, and corresponding open green space. For modern infrastructure,there are advantages lying in an emphasis on efficiency and standardized economic construction, but there is vulnerability in responding to disaster and accident risks, and lack of resilience and adaptability as well.

In a post-industrial era, there will inevitably be new evolutions for an urban form supporting the operation of industrial production,and so, it is necessary for us to rethink a new path for the infrastructure to cope with disaster risk and reshape public space.For regional development and people’s life, there is always the need to cope with disasters and adapt to changing external circumstances.However, as a matter of fact, high tides, floods, and hurricanes are just natural phenomena, not disasters in themselves. What we need to do is promoting our ability to deal with relevant risks.Under global development background of climate change, carbon neutral, and digital economy, with resilience as the driving force of design we can repair damaged ecosystems, reshape public spaces, and make our cities safer, more interesting, and more vibrant jointly through combining rigid resistance with resilient response.

Editor-in-Chief: Professor ZHENG Xi

June 25, 2021