袁仕君，馬 青，陳科力，劉義梅，李赫宇，李 娟

湖北中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)，湖北 武漢 430065

礦物類中藥是可供藥用的原礦物、礦物原料的加工品、動(dòng)物或動(dòng)物骨骼的化石[1]，其應(yīng)用歷史悠久。目前，一些礦物藥大多加工成粉末用于制劑和臨床，甚至有些原藥材也加工成粉末狀態(tài)，很多礦物類中藥粉末的性狀和顏色相似，極易混淆，其直觀鑒別具有一定的難度，目前對礦物類中藥粉末的鑒別研究較少。故建立一種礦物類中藥粉末的直觀鑒別方法具有重要意義。

中藥微性狀法，又稱微形態(tài)法是一種介于性狀鑒別和顯微鑒別之間的鑒別方法[2]，是在儀器輔助下對中藥材表面或斷面的細(xì)微性狀特征進(jìn)行觀察的鑒別方法。該方法具有簡單、快速、廉價(jià)、直觀等特點(diǎn)，是傳統(tǒng)性狀鑒別法的延伸[3]。近年，鄭東等[4]、夏蕾芳等[5]結(jié)合微性狀鑒定法對易混中藥飲片進(jìn)行了鑒別；劉屹等[6]和李莉等[7]采用微性狀鑒定法，快速鑒別中藥材中摻雜、霉變的藥材，都取得了較好的效果。

隨著顯微技術(shù)的發(fā)展，偏光顯微鏡、電子顯微鏡和掃描電子顯微鏡等多種光學(xué)儀器逐步應(yīng)用到礦物藥鑒定中[8]。而在微觀領(lǐng)域應(yīng)運(yùn)而生的體視顯微鏡，與傳統(tǒng)單目電子顯微鏡相比，可獲得直觀立體景象，并可以恢復(fù)微觀物體的三維信息[9]，具有一定優(yōu)勢。因此，本研究通過體視顯微鏡的立體成像技術(shù)，運(yùn)用中藥微性狀法，對4類不同顏色的常見礦物藥粉末進(jìn)行了微性狀鑒別研究，以探索礦物類中藥粉末直觀鑒別的可行性。

1 材料與儀器

1.1 材料

36 種礦物類中藥樣品收集于安徽亳州、河北安國、江西樟樹、河南禹州藥材市場。根據(jù)樣品粉末的顏色和透明度等性狀特征，分別分為白色、黃色、灰褐色或黑褐色、紅色或紫色等4 種不同類型觀察，所有礦物藥樣品的基原均經(jīng)湖北中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)陳科力教授鑒定，并用X 粉末衍射法進(jìn)行復(fù)核驗(yàn)證，鑒定結(jié)果見表1。

表1 礦物類中藥樣品分類Table 1 Classification information of mineral Chinese medicine samples

1.2 儀器

MZ101 型體視顯微鏡（廣州市明美光電技術(shù)有限公司），拍照軟件MShot Image，圖像處理Adobe Photoshop CS6。

2 方法

將礦物藥樣品混有的泥土、沙粒、絲絮等清理干凈。粉碎后過一號(hào)篩備用。將礦物藥及其粉末按白色、黃色、灰褐色或黑褐色、紅色或紫色分成4類（表1），分類進(jìn)行觀察。將礦物藥粉末置于玻片上，據(jù)樣品礦物藥的色澤選擇不同顏色的背景，本實(shí)驗(yàn)白色礦物藥選用藍(lán)色背景，其余顏色礦物藥選用白色背景。制片時(shí)將樣品按不同角度放置，便于觀察樣品不同方面微性狀特征。將載有樣品的玻片置于體視顯微鏡下，打開拍照軟件 MShot Image，調(diào)節(jié)好光源，物鏡連續(xù)變倍（變倍范圍0.7～6.3）以獲得清晰的圖像。每個(gè)樣品的每個(gè)角度拍攝 8～10 張圖像。將拍攝的同一組圖像導(dǎo)入Photoshop 合成軟件中，進(jìn)行“自動(dòng)混合圖層”及“合并圖層”的操作，最終獲得清晰的圖片。

3 結(jié)果與分析

3.1 白色礦物藥粉末微性狀特征

由微性狀特征可見白色的礦物藥粉末一般可分為透明或半透明、微透明或不透明2 類，大多數(shù)具有玻璃樣的光澤。

3.1.1 透明或半透明白色礦物藥粉末微性狀特征透明或半透明的白色礦物粉末有大青鹽及南寒水石等14 種，其來源及微性狀特征見表2，微性狀圖見圖1。

通過考察以上樣品的特征發(fā)現(xiàn)，有些礦物藥具有相似的微性狀特征，如玄明粉、芒硝、白硇砂、白礬及月石、硼砂等表面均附著有細(xì)粉狀或粒狀結(jié)晶；大青鹽、南寒水石、秋石、白石英、云母石和玄精石等，斷面均呈層狀分布；石膏和陽起石縱斷面均為纖維狀紋理。但它們可通過其他微性狀特征進(jìn)行鑒別，見表3。

3.1.2 微透明或不透明白色礦物藥粉末微性狀特征 微透明的白色類礦物藥樣品的來源及其微性狀特征見表4，微性狀圖見圖2。

3.2 黃色礦物粉末微性狀特征

黃色礦物藥粉末一般具金屬光澤。其來源和微性狀特征見表5，微性狀圖見圖3。由微性狀圖可見，密陀僧、金精石及金礞石均為金黃色的片狀或塊狀物，表面具網(wǎng)狀紋理，斷面呈層狀。微性狀特征異同點(diǎn)見表6。

3.3 灰褐色或黒褐色礦物粉末微性狀特征

灰褐色或黒褐色礦物粉末來源及粉末微性狀特征見表7，微性狀圖見圖4。

3.4 紅色或紫色類礦物粉末微性狀特征

紅色或紫色類礦物藥粉末一般為不規(guī)則塊狀或柱狀。來源及粉末微性狀特征見表8，微性狀圖見圖5。

3.5 礦物藥微性狀特征檢索表

依據(jù)上述觀察到的礦物藥粉末的微性狀特征，礦物藥粉末微性狀特征檢索表見表9。

表2 透明或半透明白色礦物藥粉末微性狀特征Table 2 Micro characteristics of transparent or translucent white mineral powder

圖1 透明或半透明白色礦物粉末微性狀Fig.1 Micrograph of transparent or translucent white mineral powder

表3 透明或半透明白色礦物藥粉末特征異同Table 3 Similarities and differences in characteristics of transparent or translucent white mineral powder

表4 微透明或不透明白色礦物粉末微性狀特征Table 4 Micro characteristics of micro transparent or opaque white mineral powder

圖2 微透明或不透明白色礦物粉末微性狀Fig.2 Micro characteristics of opaque or slightly transparent white mineral powder

表5 黃色礦物粉末微性狀Table 5 Micro properties of yellow mineral powder

圖3 黃色礦物粉末微性狀Fig.3 Micro properties of yellow mineral powder

表6 黃色礦物藥粉末特征異同點(diǎn)Table 6 Similarities and differences of yellow mineral powder characteristics

表7 灰褐色或黑褐色礦物粉末微性狀特征Table 7 Micro characteristics of mineral powder of grayish brown or blackish brown

圖4 灰褐色或黑褐色類礦物粉末微性狀Fig.4 Micro properties of mineral powders of grayish brown or blackish brown

表8 紅色或紫色色礦物粉末微性狀特征Table 8 Micro characteristics of mineral powder of red or purple

圖5 紅色或紫色礦物粉末微性狀Fig.5 Micro properties of red or purple mineral powder

表9 礦物藥粉末微性狀特征檢索表Table 9 Micro characteristics of mineral powder of other colors

9.集合體四角圓鈍··············································································································白硇砂8.集合體邊緣無色透明、中間或?yàn)榘咨慕菆A鈍·······································································硼砂粉3.表面無微細(xì)粉或粒狀結(jié)晶。10.斷面呈層狀分布或?qū)蛹y片塊狀。面層紋塊狀具層紋。11.斷面12.斷，網(wǎng)狀紋理，有的具脂肪樣光澤·········································································白石英12.斷面層紋薄片狀。13.團(tuán)塊透明，網(wǎng)狀紋理，帶有黃色斑塊··················································································云母石13.團(tuán)塊透明、半透明，具斜向紋理，部分呈脂肪樣光澤·····························································玄精石11.斷面層紋纖維狀。14.白色，斷面層紋纖維柱狀，顯絹絲樣光澤··················································································石膏14.白色或青灰色，斷面層紋纖維狀，顯玻璃樣光澤······································································陽起石10.斷面不呈層狀或不具層紋。15.團(tuán)塊為立方狀晶體、表面可見漏斗狀生長遺跡············································································大青鹽15.表面呈不規(guī)則溝壑狀···············································································································秋石2.微透明或不透明。16.表面具粒狀結(jié)晶或呈顆粒狀。17.斷面具斜向紋理，表面附有細(xì)小的晶體顆?！ぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁせ?7.淺紅色或淺黃色的斑紋或條紋，表面略顯顆粒，偶見小凹窩·····························································白石脂16.表面無粒狀結(jié)晶或不呈顆粒狀。18.斷面呈放射狀或具放射狀紋理。19.斷面具同心環(huán)狀魚鱗形紋理及放射狀縱棱線··············································································魚腦石19.縱斷面有縱直棱線，橫斷面有多數(shù)中隔，自中心呈放射狀排列························································鵝管石18.斷面不呈放射狀或不具放射狀紋理。20.斷面具縱向纖維狀紋理，表面夾有點(diǎn)狀或條狀斑紋······································································花蕊石20.蜂窩狀或海綿狀塊狀，表面具大小不一的孔洞、凹窩或圓形突起·······················································枯礬礦物粉末非白色。21.礦物粉末黃色或褐色。22.礦物粉末黃色。23.表面附有微細(xì)粉或粒狀結(jié)晶。24.表面附有一層黃色粉末，縱斷面具纖維狀紋理················································································雌黃24.蜂巢狀的不規(guī)則團(tuán)塊或柱狀結(jié)晶體，表面附有細(xì)小顆?！ぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぁぴ淼\23.表面無微細(xì)粉或粒狀結(jié)晶。25.表面常有多數(shù)小孔，呈脂肪樣光澤，斷面可見針狀結(jié)晶···································································硫黃25.呈層狀分布或具層紋。26.表面具網(wǎng)狀紋理，斷面呈層片狀，易剝離成薄片·······································································金精石26.斷面或表面偶見凹窩。27.表面具菱形網(wǎng)狀紋理，斷面見橢圓形凹窩，具金屬光澤··························································密陀僧27.表面具網(wǎng)狀長菱形突起紋理，偶見小凹窩，斷面呈層狀··························································金礞石22.礦物粉末灰褐色或黑褐色。28.表面具細(xì)小顆?；蚪Y(jié)晶。29.銀灰色而微綠，表面附有細(xì)小針狀結(jié)晶，斷面纖維狀····································································陰起石29.淡黃褐色至棕黑色，表面附有細(xì)小顆粒，斷面有孔洞····································································禹余糧28.表面無細(xì)小顆粒或結(jié)晶。30.表面可見縱向平行的凹溝，斷面棕褐色，有白色斑塊·······································································石燕30.表面黑褐色帶黃色斑塊，斷面呈明顯層片狀················································································青礞石21.礦物粉末紅色或紫色。31.透明或半透明。32.表面見深紅色線狀紋理的紫紅色長方體或不規(guī)則塊狀結(jié)晶·······························································紫硇砂32.紫色半透明至透明，具網(wǎng)狀紋理，斷面呈層狀················································································紫石英31.不透明。33.表面或斷面具紋理。34.表面具不規(guī)則溝紋或突起，帶黃色斑塊，斷面具樹脂樣光澤·····························································雄黃34.表面附大小不等顆粒，具粉白或黃白相間的花紋··········································································赤石脂33.表面或斷面不具紋理。35.一面分布較密的釘頭，另一面具對應(yīng)的凹窩，斷面層疊狀或顆粒狀·····················································赭石35.具金屬光澤的不規(guī)則塊狀集合體，斷面呈層狀··········································································人工朱砂

4 討論

現(xiàn)今藥材市場和臨床上使用的礦物藥多為粉末狀，使得顏色相似的礦物藥粉末極易混淆，傳統(tǒng)的性狀鑒別法難以準(zhǔn)確鑒別。本實(shí)驗(yàn)從微性狀角度對礦物藥粉末進(jìn)行觀察鑒別，發(fā)現(xiàn)絕大多數(shù)礦物藥粉末都具有較明顯的微性狀鑒別特征，可通過中藥微性狀法對常見的、易混淆的礦物藥粉末進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確鑒別，并依據(jù)微性狀特征制訂了礦物粉末的檢索表。

中藥微性狀法可彌補(bǔ)傳統(tǒng)性狀鑒定法的不足，本實(shí)驗(yàn)采用的體視顯微鏡，雖不能穿透物體，但可直接觀察原藥材的原形原色，能更明顯的觀察到藥材表面的顏色、紋理和起伏結(jié)構(gòu)等細(xì)微性狀特征[10]，提高了藥材鑒定的準(zhǔn)確性。同時(shí)，較容易評價(jià)礦物藥粉末的均勻度和純度，以達(dá)到控制礦物藥材粉末質(zhì)量的目的。此鑒別方法簡單快速、易于操作、實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果直觀，為礦物藥粉末的鑒定研究提供了新的依據(jù)。例如觀察發(fā)現(xiàn)紫石英的粉末有紫色透明、紫色不透明，以及有白色附著物等微性狀特征。這些紫色不透明、有白色附著物等特征的粉末，即為帶有不同結(jié)構(gòu)和成分的雜質(zhì)粉末。但這些非紫色粉末分別來自何種結(jié)構(gòu)的礦物，還需要進(jìn)一步深入分析。

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