高海河，劉宏金，高維常，劉 勤，錢(qián)春榮，靳 拓，嚴(yán)昌榮

作物地膜覆蓋技術(shù)適宜性及其在東北春玉米上的應(yīng)用

高海河1,2，劉宏金3，高維常4，劉 勤1,2，錢(qián)春榮5，靳 拓6，嚴(yán)昌榮1,2※

（1. 中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)環(huán)境與可持續(xù)發(fā)展研究所，北京 100081；2. 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)膜污染防控重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，北京 100081；3. 內(nèi)蒙古自治區(qū)農(nóng)牧業(yè)生態(tài)與資源保護(hù)中心，呼和浩特 010010；4. 貴州省煙草科學(xué)研究院，貴州 550081；5. 黑龍江省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院耕作栽培研究所，哈爾濱 150086；6. 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)業(yè)生態(tài)與農(nóng)業(yè)資源保護(hù)總站，北京 100125）

為從源頭解決地膜覆蓋技術(shù)泛用、濫用問(wèn)題，提高作物地膜覆蓋技術(shù)的合理利用性。研究提出作物地膜覆蓋適宜性的概念，將其定義為“地膜覆蓋技術(shù)對(duì)作物自身環(huán)境要素需求與所在地提供環(huán)境要素差異的補(bǔ)償程度”。該研究以東北春玉米為例，構(gòu)建春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜性的評(píng)價(jià)體系，通過(guò)數(shù)據(jù)檢索的方式收集東北地區(qū)田間試驗(yàn)中春玉米地膜覆蓋功能數(shù)據(jù)，明確作物地膜覆蓋與不覆蓋農(nóng)田土壤溫度和水分、經(jīng)濟(jì)產(chǎn)量相關(guān)關(guān)系，量化作物地膜覆蓋的增溫保墑、增產(chǎn)功效，篩選春玉米地膜覆蓋技術(shù)適宜性評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)，并計(jì)算地膜覆蓋技術(shù)適宜指數(shù)，參照作物需求閾值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，明確東北不同熟期春玉米地膜覆蓋種植范圍，形成春玉米地膜覆蓋綜合適宜性區(qū)劃。東北地區(qū)春玉米不同生育階段地膜覆蓋耕作層土壤溫度（土壤含水率）與裸地土壤溫度（土壤含水率）及產(chǎn)量與≥10 ℃積溫存在良好的線(xiàn)性關(guān)系（< 0.01）?；诖河衩椎啬じ采w適宜性的評(píng)價(jià)體系，計(jì)算了地膜覆蓋適宜指數(shù)，并將東北地區(qū)不同熟期春玉米地膜覆蓋綜合適宜性分為高適宜區(qū)、中適宜區(qū)、不適宜區(qū)。作物地膜覆蓋適宜性相關(guān)研究可為中國(guó)地膜投入量零增長(zhǎng)和地膜污染綜合防控提供可靠技術(shù)支撐。

作物；土壤；溫度；地膜覆蓋；適宜性概念；評(píng)價(jià)方法

0 引 言

全球約41%的旱地面積貢獻(xiàn)了44%的糧食產(chǎn)量[1-2]。中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)安全正面臨著城市化擴(kuò)張、農(nóng)業(yè)用地減少、氣溫升高和水資源日益短缺的威脅，因此，農(nóng)藝技術(shù)的發(fā)展面臨重大挑戰(zhàn)[3]。例如，在中國(guó)的東北地區(qū)，其季風(fēng)氣候顯著，春季低溫且少雨、夏季降水集中，易發(fā)生冷害、旱害、澇害等氣象災(zāi)害，限制了作物產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)的提高[4]。地膜覆蓋技術(shù)由于具有提高土壤溫度，減少土壤氮揮發(fā)和水蒸發(fā)[5]，改善土壤的水熱條件[6]，抑制雜草生長(zhǎng)的功能正好彌補(bǔ)了作物不適宜的生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境。

地膜覆蓋是提高作物產(chǎn)量[7]、改變?nèi)彼貐^(qū)生產(chǎn)方式的一項(xiàng)重要的農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)技術(shù)[8-9]。地膜的制造成本低并具有增溫保墑的功能[10]，迅速在中國(guó)范圍內(nèi)推廣及應(yīng)用[11]。地膜使用量從1993年的37.5×107kg增長(zhǎng)到2018年的14.0×108kg，地膜覆蓋面積由5.9×106hm2擴(kuò)大到17.8×106hm2。地膜覆蓋的應(yīng)用從干旱區(qū)擴(kuò)展到高寒區(qū)，覆蓋作物也從蔬菜、經(jīng)濟(jì)作物擴(kuò)展到大宗糧食作物[12]，其中西北棉區(qū)和玉米區(qū)、東北玉米區(qū)和花生區(qū)、西南煙草區(qū)地膜使用強(qiáng)度較大[13]。地膜覆蓋技術(shù)的應(yīng)用顯著地提高了作物產(chǎn)量20%～50%[14]，保障了中國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)安全[15]。

聚乙烯材料的分子由于具有較大的相對(duì)分子質(zhì)量、分子間作用力等，導(dǎo)致其難以降解，嚴(yán)重破壞農(nóng)田土壤結(jié)構(gòu)，降低土壤微生物種類(lèi)和活性，影響播種質(zhì)量等[16-17]。與此同時(shí)，中國(guó)長(zhǎng)時(shí)間、大規(guī)模應(yīng)用地膜，不合格聚乙烯地膜產(chǎn)品長(zhǎng)期存在（標(biāo)準(zhǔn)低于GB13735—2017要求），加上前期對(duì)地膜回收重視程度低，缺乏有效的回收措施，在局部地區(qū)農(nóng)田地膜殘留已成為一個(gè)重要的環(huán)境問(wèn)題，尤其在西北內(nèi)陸、黃土高原和東北風(fēng)沙地區(qū)的土壤中地膜殘留已達(dá)到71.9～259.1 kg/hm2[18]。由于對(duì)地膜覆蓋技術(shù)功能、作用和存在問(wèn)題認(rèn)識(shí)的不全面，地膜覆蓋的濫用、泛用現(xiàn)象也十分普遍，在農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)上常出現(xiàn)“一覆了之”的作法，不分作物、區(qū)域、氣候條件等，誤認(rèn)為覆膜，即增收，進(jìn)一步加劇了殘留污染的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[19]。雖然地膜覆蓋技術(shù)的應(yīng)用帶來(lái)了不同程度的污染問(wèn)題，但由于其成效巨大，未來(lái)地膜覆蓋面積和使用量將繼續(xù)增加，預(yù)計(jì)2025年中國(guó)年地膜使用量達(dá)到22.8×108kg，覆蓋面積擴(kuò)大到23.4×106hm2[20]。因此，在接下來(lái)相對(duì)長(zhǎng)的時(shí)間范圍內(nèi)，地膜覆蓋技術(shù)在中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中地位仍將不斷提高，且不可替代[21-23]。盡可能地減少地膜投入量的同時(shí)高效地應(yīng)用地膜覆蓋技術(shù)是一個(gè)重要的途徑。因此，為從源頭解決地膜覆蓋技術(shù)泛用、濫用問(wèn)題，提高作物地膜覆蓋技術(shù)的合理利用性，本文提出研究作物地膜覆蓋適宜性的評(píng)價(jià)技術(shù)和方法。

1 作物地膜覆蓋適宜性概念及評(píng)價(jià)方法的提出

基于地膜覆蓋技術(shù)的應(yīng)用雖然保障了中國(guó)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)安全。但是，農(nóng)田地膜殘留嚴(yán)重、地膜覆蓋技術(shù)濫用泛用問(wèn)題亟待解決。因此，本文提出了作物地膜覆蓋適宜性的概念。作物地膜覆蓋適宜性定義為“地膜覆蓋技術(shù)對(duì)作物自身環(huán)境要素需求與所在地提供環(huán)境要素差異的補(bǔ)償程度”，環(huán)境要素通常是土壤水分、溫度、以及光照條件等，除上述環(huán)境要素外，還應(yīng)考慮技術(shù)應(yīng)用的產(chǎn)投比、環(huán)境代價(jià)等問(wèn)題。它是進(jìn)行地膜覆蓋技術(shù)應(yīng)用的宏觀(guān)決策，從源頭解決地膜覆蓋技術(shù)泛用、濫用的問(wèn)題以及地膜殘留污染的綜合防控，在適宜區(qū)域內(nèi)，采用地膜覆蓋技術(shù)滿(mǎn)足作物生長(zhǎng)所需的環(huán)境條件包括溫度、水分、光照，以及農(nóng)戶(hù)種植的經(jīng)濟(jì)效益，除此之外，地膜覆蓋技術(shù)帶來(lái)的增溫保水和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益基本消失。地處中國(guó)北端的大興安嶺寒地農(nóng)業(yè)區(qū)，春季氣溫度低，霜凍時(shí)間晚，冷害頻發(fā)，即使采用地膜覆蓋技術(shù)也不能滿(mǎn)足晚熟春玉米生長(zhǎng)所需的適宜環(huán)境，造成作物發(fā)育不良，農(nóng)民經(jīng)濟(jì)效益降低。因此，該地區(qū)成為晚熟春玉米地膜覆蓋不適宜區(qū)?，F(xiàn)有研究表明[24-26]，不同作物種類(lèi)、同一作物的不同熟期或同一作物同一熟期在不同生態(tài)環(huán)境對(duì)地膜覆蓋的要求存在差異，明確作物地膜覆蓋適宜性有利于地膜覆蓋技術(shù)的合理利用，避免了地膜覆蓋技術(shù)的濫用、泛用現(xiàn)象發(fā)生，同時(shí)也實(shí)現(xiàn)作物跨區(qū)域、熟期種植。

作物地膜覆蓋適宜性評(píng)價(jià)是在綜合考慮作物生長(zhǎng)周期特征和地膜覆蓋使用的現(xiàn)實(shí)條件，科學(xué)、準(zhǔn)確評(píng)定地膜覆蓋的綜合使用效果，依據(jù)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)選擇的六大原則（科學(xué)性、有效性、系統(tǒng)性、敏感性、可行性、有效性），在充分發(fā)揮地膜覆蓋增溫保墑功效的同時(shí)避免地膜殘留污染，針對(duì)不同地區(qū)進(jìn)行作物地膜覆蓋的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行篩選。作物地膜覆蓋適宜性是一個(gè)全新的概念，其評(píng)價(jià)體系也屬空白。由于全國(guó)各個(gè)地區(qū)農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)存在較大差異，地膜覆蓋的功能眾多且復(fù)雜，若考慮效果太過(guò)詳細(xì)可能無(wú)法量化作物地膜覆蓋功能，進(jìn)而無(wú)法實(shí)現(xiàn)作物地膜覆蓋適宜性評(píng)價(jià)模型的構(gòu)建。如中國(guó)寒旱地區(qū)，增溫保水是地膜覆蓋的主要功能，抑制雜草的功效相對(duì)較弱。然而，南方地區(qū)水熱資源相對(duì)豐富，抑制雜草則成為地膜覆蓋的主要功能。因此，地膜覆蓋適宜性評(píng)價(jià)體系需因地制宜地構(gòu)建。

2 東北地區(qū)地膜覆蓋適宜性評(píng)價(jià)體系構(gòu)建方法

2.1 評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的篩選與確定

針對(duì)東北地區(qū)春玉米綜合考慮地膜覆蓋的增溫、保水、增產(chǎn)效益為代表的核心功能[27]，結(jié)合層次分析法和專(zhuān)家咨詢(xún)法篩選出生態(tài)適宜性關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)為溫度虧缺指數(shù)、水分虧缺指數(shù)，經(jīng)濟(jì)適宜性關(guān)鍵指標(biāo)為經(jīng)濟(jì)效益增量和產(chǎn)投比。

TDIn=(1-AT/MATn)×100 （1）

式中TDIn代表不同熟期類(lèi)型春玉米生育期溫度虧缺指數(shù)；AT代表春玉米整個(gè)生育期≥10 ℃累計(jì)溫度，℃；MATn代表不同熟期類(lèi)型春玉米生育期所需≥10 ℃積溫的最大值，℃。東北地區(qū)不同熟期類(lèi)型春玉米生育期所需≥10 ℃積溫和生育期特征見(jiàn)表1和表2[28]。

WDI=(WDI1+WDI2+WDI3+WDI4+WDI5)/5 （2）

式中WDI、WDI1、WDI2、WDI3、WDI4、WDI5分別為春玉米整個(gè)生育期、出苗期、拔節(jié)期、抽穗期、灌漿期和成熟期的水分虧缺指數(shù)，%。

表1 東北地區(qū)不同熟期類(lèi)型春玉米所需≥10 ℃積溫

表2 東北地區(qū)不同熟期春玉米生育期

WDIn=1WDI+2WDI-1+3WDI-2+4WDI-3+5WDI-4（3）

式中WDIn為春玉米某生育階段（某生育期）前50 d的累積水分虧缺指數(shù)，%；WDI代表第個(gè)時(shí)間段（某生育階段前1～10 d），%；WDI-1代表第-1個(gè)時(shí)間段（某生育階段前11～20 d），%；WDI-2代表第-2個(gè)時(shí)間段（某生育階段前21～30 d），%；WDI-3代表第-3個(gè)時(shí)間段（某生育階段前31～40 d），%；WDI-4代表第-4個(gè)時(shí)間段（某生育階段前41～50 d），%；將春玉米該生育階段的最后一天作為評(píng)價(jià)的起始。1、2、3、4、5代表各個(gè)生育階段的權(quán)重系數(shù)WDI占整個(gè)生育時(shí)期WDI的權(quán)重，分別為0.30、0.25、0.20、0.15、0.10[29]。

WDIk=(1-P/ETck) ×100 ETcj≥P（4）

WDIk=0 ETcj<P（5）

式中P為10 d的累計(jì)降水量，mm，ETck為10 d內(nèi)累計(jì)需水量，mm。根據(jù)東北地區(qū)田間土壤屬性，當(dāng)每日降水量超過(guò)30 mm/d時(shí)，造成地表徑流；若降水超過(guò)30 mm/d，則按30 mm進(jìn)行計(jì)算[29]。

作物參考蒸散量（ET0）采用FAO推薦的Penman-Monteith公式[30]。計(jì)算過(guò)程如下：

ET0={0.408(R-)+[900/(+273)]2(e-e)}/ [+(1+0.342)] （6）

式中代表作物冠層表面凈輻射，MJ/m2/d；代表土壤熱通量，MJ/（m2·d）；代表平均氣溫，℃；2代表2 m高處的風(fēng)速，m/s；代表飽和水汽壓，kPa；代表實(shí)際水汽壓，kPa；代表飽和水汽壓-氣溫關(guān)系曲線(xiàn)在處的切線(xiàn)斜率，kPa/℃；代表濕度計(jì)常數(shù)，kPa/℃。

ETc=K·ET0（7）

式中ETc代表作物日需水量，mm；代表作物系數(shù)。由于FAO推薦的與中國(guó)東北地區(qū)實(shí)際情況不同[31-32]，本文結(jié)合東北地區(qū)當(dāng)?shù)貧夂驐l件進(jìn)行修訂，使得春玉米不同生育階段的值更接近實(shí)際值。最終確定播種期、出苗期、拔節(jié)期、抽穗期、灌漿期、成熟期的作物系數(shù)分別為0.30、0.40、0.40、1.20、1.00、0.60。

EBI=--（8）

式中EBI為經(jīng)濟(jì)效益增量，元/hm2；為采用地膜覆蓋較不采用地膜覆蓋春玉米的增產(chǎn)量，kg/hm2；為春玉米收購(gòu)價(jià)格，元/kg；為采用地膜覆蓋較不采用地膜覆蓋春玉米種子的增加費(fèi)用，元/hm2；為地膜投入成本，元/hm2；為地膜殘留回收成本，元/hm2；為采用地膜覆蓋較不采用地膜覆蓋春玉米病蟲(chóng)害防治和除草劑的增加費(fèi)用，元/hm2；為采用地膜覆蓋較不采用地膜覆蓋春玉米作業(yè)成本的增加費(fèi)用，元/hm2；為采用地膜覆蓋較不采用地膜覆蓋春玉米肥料投入的增加費(fèi)用，元/hm2。該研究通過(guò)開(kāi)展東北地區(qū)5個(gè)熟期春玉米種植及收獲經(jīng)濟(jì)成本調(diào)研，共獲得50份有效調(diào)查問(wèn)卷。經(jīng)過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)、分析（剔除異常值，求取平均值），最終獲得東北地區(qū)不同熟期春玉米種植及收獲經(jīng)濟(jì)成本統(tǒng)計(jì)表，見(jiàn)表3。東北地區(qū)2019年實(shí)際收購(gòu)春玉米價(jià)格1.8 元/kg。

IOR=(0)/(1+++1+1+1) （9）

式中IOR為產(chǎn)投比；0為東北地區(qū)常規(guī)玉米平均產(chǎn)量，kg/hm2；為春玉米收購(gòu)價(jià)格，元/kg；1為采用地膜覆蓋春玉米的種子花費(fèi)，元/hm2；1為采用地膜覆蓋春玉米病蟲(chóng)害防治和除草劑的花費(fèi)，元/hm2；1為采用地膜覆蓋春玉米作業(yè)成本的花費(fèi)，元/hm2；1為采用地膜覆蓋春玉米肥料的花費(fèi)，元/hm2。

表3 東北地區(qū)春玉米經(jīng)濟(jì)成本

注：肥料費(fèi)用包括播種施肥、追肥等；東北地區(qū)大多數(shù)采用70%覆蓋地膜的方式，其中地膜采用新國(guó)標(biāo)（GB 13735—2017）地膜計(jì)算成本；作業(yè)成本包括秸稈還田、整地、起壟、覆膜、播種、追肥等步驟。

Note: Fertilizer costs include sowing, fertilizing and topdressing, etc. 70% mulching film is used in most famers of Northeast China, in which the new national standard (GB 13735 —2017) plastic mulching film is used to calculate the cost; The operation cost includes straw returning, soil preparation, ridging, film mulching, sowing, topdressing, etc.

根據(jù)東北地區(qū)不同熟期類(lèi)型春玉米所需≥10 ℃的積溫情況，東北地區(qū)春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜性評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的等級(jí)劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)確定如下：東北地區(qū)春玉米溫度虧缺指數(shù)適宜范圍的確定是依據(jù)不同熟期春玉米10 ℃積溫占所需≥10 ℃積溫最大值的比例，若包含在所需≥10 ℃積溫范圍內(nèi)則為適宜，否則為不適宜。通過(guò)查閱中國(guó)東北地區(qū)干旱災(zāi)害大典[33]，選取年降水量≤400 mm的干旱年份，與東北地區(qū)農(nóng)田土壤濕度資料對(duì)比34[34]，同時(shí)考慮到東北地區(qū)地膜覆蓋帶來(lái)的增溫保水效果主要發(fā)生在春玉米生育前中期，并綜合前人對(duì)水分虧缺指數(shù)的等級(jí)劃分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[35-36]，適宜區(qū)水分虧缺指數(shù)為0～0.68，不適宜區(qū)為0.68～1.00；綜合考慮東北地區(qū)春玉米生產(chǎn)水平和經(jīng)濟(jì)收入潛力，對(duì)經(jīng)濟(jì)效益增量和產(chǎn)投比在適宜、中適宜、不適宜方面進(jìn)行劃分，最后確定經(jīng)濟(jì)效益增量>2 000元/hm2，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益適宜。經(jīng)濟(jì)效益增量在1 500～2 000元/hm2，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益中適宜，在經(jīng)濟(jì)效益增量<1 500 元/hm2，經(jīng)濟(jì)效益不適宜。當(dāng)產(chǎn)投比≥1時(shí)，資金使用效率良好，應(yīng)采用地膜覆蓋技術(shù)。當(dāng)產(chǎn)投比<1時(shí)，資金使用效率較差，應(yīng)放棄使用地膜覆蓋技術(shù)。

2.2 評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的區(qū)域柵格化

針對(duì)研究地膜覆蓋適宜性的區(qū)域存在的面積廣闊，地形地貌復(fù)雜，氣候要素分布多樣的情況，只運(yùn)用氣象站點(diǎn)的觀(guān)測(cè)資料很難真實(shí)地反映某些地區(qū)氣候資源的空間多樣性特征，也滿(mǎn)足不了該地區(qū)某種作物是否采用地膜覆蓋技術(shù)的深化和細(xì)化的要求。因此，考慮到地理位置（經(jīng)緯度、海拔高度、地形要素）對(duì)溫度和水分的影響，該研究認(rèn)為建立作物地膜覆蓋適宜性指標(biāo)要素與地理因子的關(guān)系模型，來(lái)推算出區(qū)域的作物地膜覆蓋適宜性更為準(zhǔn)確。采用“多元回歸+殘差”插值方法對(duì)評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行空間插值計(jì)算。將氣象站點(diǎn)的溫度虧缺指數(shù)值和水分虧缺指數(shù)值作為因變量，經(jīng)度、緯度和DEM數(shù)據(jù)作為自變量，使用SPSS-22.0軟件中多元回歸方法建立模型。借助地理信息系統(tǒng)，將研究區(qū)域的經(jīng)度、緯度和DEM（Digital Elevation Model）高程數(shù)據(jù)繪制成柵格面，代入關(guān)系模型得到評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)的基礎(chǔ)柵格面，并進(jìn)行殘差修正，得到作物地膜覆蓋適宜性溫度和水分柵格面。同時(shí)，作物地膜覆蓋適宜性經(jīng)濟(jì)效益指標(biāo)可以通過(guò)實(shí)地調(diào)研的方式開(kāi)展，包括農(nóng)資投入費(fèi)用和作業(yè)成本費(fèi)用，經(jīng)過(guò)統(tǒng)計(jì)、分析，明確區(qū)域作物地膜覆蓋種植及收獲效益，結(jié)合地理信息系統(tǒng)，得到作物地膜覆蓋適宜性經(jīng)濟(jì)效益柵格面。

2.3 作物地膜覆蓋綜合適宜性評(píng)價(jià)模型

東北地區(qū)春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜性指在綜合地膜覆蓋技術(shù)推廣應(yīng)用與地區(qū)生態(tài)、經(jīng)濟(jì)等方面的匹配程度。本文采用權(quán)重法構(gòu)建東北地區(qū)春玉米地膜覆蓋綜合適宜性模型[37]。

評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)值的數(shù)量級(jí)不同，無(wú)法進(jìn)行比較、計(jì)算。因此需消除每個(gè)指標(biāo)值的量綱，使得每個(gè)指標(biāo)值的相應(yīng)范圍一致，計(jì)算公式如下:

X=(X-Xmin)/(Xmax-Xmin)×100 （11）

X=(Xmax-X)/(Xmax-Xmin)×100 （12）

式中X指無(wú)量綱化值；Xmax代表第個(gè)指標(biāo)的最大值；Xmin代表第個(gè)指標(biāo)的最小值。

2.4 數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)源

地膜覆蓋與地膜不覆蓋條件下的土壤溫度數(shù)據(jù)、土壤水分?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)、作物產(chǎn)量數(shù)據(jù)均來(lái)源于文獻(xiàn)檢索。檢索數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)包括Web of Science和中國(guó)知網(wǎng)（China National Knowledge Infrastructure）。檢索的關(guān)鍵詞包括“東北地區(qū)”“地膜覆蓋”“春玉米”，檢索時(shí)間周期為1995—2019年。該研究選擇普通PE地膜作為研究對(duì)象，剔除其他類(lèi)型地膜和重復(fù)報(bào)道的試驗(yàn)和數(shù)據(jù)，經(jīng)過(guò)仔細(xì)檢查、審核，最后共68項(xiàng)研究的524組數(shù)據(jù)符合檢索標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[41-108]。其中，東北地區(qū)春玉米不同生育階段地膜覆蓋與裸地耕作層0～30 cm土壤溫度的數(shù)據(jù)106組，地膜覆蓋與裸地農(nóng)田耕作層0～10 cm土壤含水率的數(shù)據(jù)230組，地膜覆蓋與不覆蓋條件下產(chǎn)量的數(shù)據(jù)188組，東北地區(qū)氣象站點(diǎn)及試驗(yàn)點(diǎn)見(jiàn)圖 1。

3 結(jié)果與分析

3.1 量化春玉米地膜覆蓋生態(tài)和經(jīng)濟(jì)功能

對(duì)東北地區(qū)春玉米不同生育階段地膜覆蓋耕作層土壤溫度（土壤含水率）與裸地土壤溫度（土壤含水率）及產(chǎn)量與≥10 ℃積溫進(jìn)行回歸分析，結(jié)果表明：春玉米不同生育階段地膜覆蓋與裸地條件下的農(nóng)田耕作層土壤溫度（0～30 cm）和土壤水分（0～10 cm）均存在著線(xiàn)性關(guān)系（< 0.01，R>0.73）（圖2和圖3）。地膜覆蓋下的春玉米產(chǎn)量與不覆蓋條件下的春玉米產(chǎn)量也達(dá)到極顯著的線(xiàn)性關(guān)系（< 0.01，2=0.22）

通過(guò)東北地區(qū)春玉米地膜覆蓋條件下土壤溫度和水分的調(diào)查研究，明確作物不同生育階段地膜覆蓋與不覆蓋條件下農(nóng)田土壤溫度、水分的變化規(guī)律，利用模型模擬其相關(guān)關(guān)系，量化作物生育期地膜覆蓋的增溫保墑功效。由于，土壤溫度與大氣溫度、土壤含水率與降水量之間存在良好的模擬關(guān)系[80,109-110]，可將地膜覆蓋功能數(shù)據(jù)與區(qū)域氣象數(shù)據(jù)建立相關(guān)聯(lián)系（圖4），為區(qū)域作物地膜覆蓋適宜性的開(kāi)展奠定基礎(chǔ)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)東北地區(qū)不同生育階段春玉米地膜覆蓋與裸地均溫（< 0.01）和降水量（< 0.05）都存在線(xiàn)性關(guān)系，且擬合程度較高如表4。

3.2 東北地區(qū)不同熟期春玉米地膜覆蓋綜合適宜區(qū)劃

東北地區(qū)玉米地膜覆蓋適宜區(qū)適宜性指數(shù)的范圍不同，如圖5所示。高適宜區(qū)：早熟品種在>50～<65之間，中早熟品種在>40～<60之間，中熟品種在>40～<55之間，中晚熟品種在>30～<40之間。中適宜區(qū)：早熟品種45～50，中早熟品種35～40，中熟品種25～40，中晚熟品種20～30，晚熟品種25～30。不適宜區(qū)：早熟品種0～<45、65～100，中早熟品種0～<35、60～100，中熟品種0～<25、55～100，中晚熟品種0～<20、40～100，晚熟品種0～<25、30～100。

春玉米地膜覆蓋高適宜區(qū)主要分布在東四盟北部的呼倫貝爾市大部，興安盟部分、赤峰市有零星分布，黑龍江省大興安嶺地區(qū)大部，吉林省的延邊朝鮮自治州和白山市小部（早熟春玉米）；東四盟的呼倫貝爾市和興安盟的部分、赤峰市小部，黑龍江的大興安嶺大部、黑河市部分、伊春市零星分布（中早熟春玉米）；東四盟的呼倫貝爾市西部和東部、興安盟和赤峰市北部，黑龍江省的西北地區(qū)，主要在黑河市、伊春市、牡丹江市大部，大興安嶺地區(qū)部分，吉林省的延邊朝鮮自治州和白山市大部（中熟春玉米）；東四盟的呼倫貝爾市、興安盟和赤峰市部分，黑龍江省的大部分地區(qū)（除大慶市、綏化市、哈爾濱市、鶴崗市部分），吉林省的吉林市、延邊朝鮮自治州、白山市和通化市大部，遼寧省部分地區(qū)存在零星分布（中晚熟春玉米）。東北地區(qū)晚熟春玉米地膜覆蓋沒(méi)有高適宜區(qū)。

表4 不同生育階段玉米地膜覆蓋與裸地降水量的關(guān)系

注：2為裸地降水量（mm·d-1）；2為地膜覆蓋后等效降水量（mm·d-1）。

Note:2is precipitation of bare soil（mm·d-1）;2is precipitation after plastic mulching（mm·d-1）. *,0.05; **,< 0.01.

春玉米地膜覆蓋不適宜區(qū)主要分布在東四盟的通遼市全部、赤峰市和興安盟大部、呼倫貝爾市部分，黑龍江大部（除大興安嶺和黑河市部分），吉林省大部（除白山市和延邊朝鮮自治州小部），遼寧省全部（早熟春玉米）；東四盟的通遼市、呼倫貝爾市、興安盟和赤峰市部分，黑龍江省中部和南部（除大興安嶺、黑河市、伊春市大部，伊春市、牡丹江市小部），吉林省大部（除延邊朝鮮自治州和白山市部分、通化市小部），遼寧省全部（中早熟春玉米）；東四盟的呼倫貝爾市大部、通遼市部分、興安盟小部，吉林省松原市、四平市部分、延邊朝鮮自治州和白山市小部，遼寧省大部（除朝陽(yáng)市、撫順市、本溪市、鞍山市部分）（中熟春玉米）；東四盟的北部地區(qū)的呼倫貝爾市大部、興安盟和赤峰市部分，黑龍江省大興安嶺、黑河市大部、牡丹江市部分，吉林省的延邊朝鮮自治州和白山市部分，遼寧省鐵嶺市、沈陽(yáng)市、遼陽(yáng)市、錦州市、盤(pán)錦市、營(yíng)口市、鞍山市、大連市、丹東市、葫蘆島市大部，朝陽(yáng)市小部（中晚熟春玉米）；東北地區(qū)大部分（除東四盟的興安盟、赤峰市、通遼市部分，黑龍江省的大慶市、齊齊哈爾市、綏化市、哈爾濱市大部，吉林省的吉林市、遼源市大部，長(zhǎng)春市部分，遼寧省的撫順市、本溪市大部，丹東市部分）（晚熟春玉米）。

基于東北春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜性評(píng)價(jià)體系，本研究組研制了作物地膜覆蓋技術(shù)適宜性評(píng)價(jià)軟件APP工具，通過(guò)東北地區(qū)共50戶(hù)參評(píng)結(jié)果顯示，該APP評(píng)價(jià)報(bào)告結(jié)果與實(shí)際較為相符。

4 討 論

在東北春玉米不同生育階段，土壤溫度、土壤含水率、玉米產(chǎn)量在地膜覆蓋和裸地條件下都存在良好的線(xiàn)性關(guān)系（< 0.01），擬合度較好。受到氣候特征的影響，隨著春玉米生育期耕作層土壤溫度和土壤含水量的增加，地膜覆蓋的增溫保水效應(yīng)降低。但是，春玉米地膜覆蓋的生態(tài)效益（土壤溫度和土壤含水率）受到許多因素的影響。研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，當(dāng)春玉米生育期降水較多時(shí)，會(huì)導(dǎo)致地膜覆蓋保水效果不顯著[111]；同時(shí)，地膜覆蓋在嫩江試驗(yàn)區(qū)和在大慶試驗(yàn)區(qū)增溫保水效果存在顯著性差異，不同地理位置、土壤環(huán)境、不同耕作方式等也影響地膜覆蓋的性能[112]。由于該文研究整個(gè)東北地區(qū)，因此忽略了地膜覆蓋在不同耕作方式和地理位置上對(duì)農(nóng)田耕作層土壤溫度和土壤含水率的影響。東北面積遼闊，部分地區(qū)關(guān)于地膜覆蓋技術(shù)的田間試驗(yàn)仍屬空白。同時(shí)，在實(shí)際生產(chǎn)中，春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜區(qū)劃的確定不僅受到以溫度和水分條件為主的生態(tài)因素和以經(jīng)濟(jì)效益增量和產(chǎn)投比為主的經(jīng)濟(jì)因素的影響，還與玉米市場(chǎng)環(huán)境、種植方式、土壤類(lèi)型等因素密不可分。因此，在本研究基礎(chǔ)上，仍需廣大研究人員進(jìn)一步開(kāi)展地膜覆蓋技術(shù)方面的科學(xué)研究，填補(bǔ)試驗(yàn)空白的同時(shí)，探究針小區(qū)域的春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜區(qū)劃。

近30年來(lái)地膜覆蓋技術(shù)被廣泛應(yīng)用于農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)，保障了中國(guó)農(nóng)產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)安全。但由于使用者對(duì)地膜覆蓋技術(shù)功能、作用和存在問(wèn)題認(rèn)識(shí)的不全面，地膜覆蓋技術(shù)濫用、泛用現(xiàn)象在一定程度上加劇了農(nóng)田地膜殘留污染?；诖耍撐氖状翁岢鲎魑锏啬じ采w技術(shù)適宜性的概念，構(gòu)建了基于作物地膜覆蓋功能和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的評(píng)價(jià)方法，雖然該課題組應(yīng)用此方法在東北地區(qū)玉米、內(nèi)蒙古地區(qū)馬鈴薯、西南地區(qū)煙草等作物應(yīng)用中取得了一定效果，但目前作物地膜覆蓋適宜性研究處于起步階段，仍需廣大研究人員更加深入地探究和完善。但無(wú)論如何，這一概念的提出形成了作物地膜覆蓋適宜性體系，明確了中國(guó)作物地膜覆蓋適宜性區(qū)劃，指導(dǎo)了農(nóng)技推廣人員和農(nóng)民根據(jù)作物種類(lèi)、熟期、種植區(qū)域選擇是否采用地膜覆蓋技術(shù)，能夠?yàn)榈啬ね度肓苛阍鲩L(zhǎng)和地膜污染綜合防控提供可靠技術(shù)支撐。

5 結(jié) 論

該文提出作物地膜覆蓋技術(shù)適宜性的概念，并以東北地區(qū)春玉米為例，從生態(tài)和經(jīng)濟(jì)角度，明確了春玉米地膜覆蓋適宜性評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)，將數(shù)學(xué)模型、多元逐步回歸分析和空間分析等方法相結(jié)合，建立了東北地區(qū)春玉米不同生育階段地膜覆蓋耕作層土壤溫度（土壤含水率）與裸地土壤溫度（土壤含水率）及產(chǎn)量與≥10 ℃積溫的數(shù)學(xué)模型，且都達(dá)到了極顯著水平（< 0.01）。因此，在量化地膜覆蓋的生態(tài)和經(jīng)濟(jì)效益的基礎(chǔ)上，基于權(quán)重法構(gòu)建地膜覆蓋適宜性綜合評(píng)價(jià)模型，計(jì)算了地膜覆蓋適宜指數(shù)，繪制東北地區(qū)春玉米地膜覆蓋綜合適宜分區(qū)，明確了東北不同熟期春玉米地膜覆蓋種植范圍，避免地膜覆蓋技術(shù)濫用、泛用地現(xiàn)象，地膜覆蓋技術(shù)的應(yīng)用使作物種植適宜區(qū)發(fā)生顯著變化。在高適宜區(qū)可增加地膜使用量，中適宜區(qū)根據(jù)當(dāng)?shù)貙?shí)際需求科學(xué)合理地使用地膜覆蓋技術(shù)，不適宜區(qū)應(yīng)減少地膜使用，實(shí)現(xiàn)了作物地膜覆蓋適宜性評(píng)價(jià)。

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The suitability of crop plastic film mulching technology and its application on spring maize in northeast China

Gao Haihe1,2, Liu Hongjin3, Gao Weichang4, Liu Qin1,2, Qian Chunrong5, Jin Tuo6, Yan Changrong1,2※

(1.,,100081,;2.,,100081,; 3.,010010,;4.,550081,;5.,,150086,;6.,,100125,)

Plastic ?lm mulching is widely accepted to be an important technology for agricultural production that improves crop yield and changes production methods in low water input regions in China. However, the abuse and widespread use of plastic film mulch technology have aggravated a series of residual plastic pollution in farmland. Therefore, it is of great significance to conduct the suitability of plastic film mulch technology for the comprehensive prevention and control of the residual pollution of mulching. In this paper, we proposed a concept of suitability of plastic film mulch for crops and its estimation method. The suitability of plastic film mulch for crops means plastic film mulch technology compensates the difference between the crop environmental elements and the local location, and it is the basic basis for the macro-decision of the application of plastic film covering technology and the comprehensive prevention and control of plastic film residual pollution. Based on the function of plastic film mulching, and concept of suitability of plastic film mulch for crops, a method for evaluating the suitability of plastic mulching for crops was constructed. We can collect the plastic film mulching function data by the means of retrieval field experiment, to clarify the relationship between crop mulching and soil temperature, water and economic yield, and to quantify the function of increasing soil temperature and crops yield, reducing soil water evaporation of plastic mulching. The mathematical models of soil temperature (soil moisture content), bare soil temperature (soil moisture content), yield and accumulated temperature ≥10 ℃ at different growth stages of spring maize in Northeast China reached extremely significant levels (< 0.01). Quantifying the influence of plastic film mulching on increasing temperature, retaining water and increasing yield laid a foundation for the establishment of a suitable evaluation system for plastic film mulching. According to the technology of plastic film mulching on the spot investigation, the key indexes of ecological suitability and economic suitability were screened out based on the expert consultation, which were Crop Temperature Deficit Index (CTDI), Crop Water Deficit Index (CWDI), Economic Benefits Increment (EBI) and Input-Output Ratio (IOR), respectively. An evaluation model for the suitability of mulching technology was constructed. Meanwhile, we calculated the suitability index, to clarify the planting scope of spring maize with different mature types under plastic film mulching in Northeast China, and to form the appropriate regionalization of plastic mulching of crops according to the standard of crops demand and economic benefit. The suitability area of plastic film mulching was divided into highly suitable area, moderately suitable area and unsuitable area. The use of plastic film should be increased in highly suitable area, the plastic film mulching should be adopted scientifically in the moderately suitable area according to the local ecological environment, economic benefit and actual demand, and decreased or avoided completely in the unsuitable area. The research on the suitability of plastic mulching for crops can provide reliable technical support for the rational utilization of crop plastic mulch technology, the zero increase of plastic film input and the comprehensive prevention and control of plastic film pollution in China.

crops; soils; temperature; plastic film mulching; the concept of suitability; evaluation method

高海河，劉宏金，高維常，等. 作物地膜覆蓋技術(shù)適宜性及其在東北春玉米上的應(yīng)用[J]. 農(nóng)業(yè)工程學(xué)報(bào)，2021，37(22)：95-107.doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.22.011 http://www.tcsae.org

Gao Haihe, Liu Hongjin, Gao Weichang, et al. The suitability of crop plastic film mulching technology and its application on spring maize in northeast China[J]. Transactions of the Chinese Society of Agricultural Engineering (Transactions of the CSAE), 2021, 37(22): 95-107. (in Chinese with English abstract) doi：10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.22.011 http://www.tcsae.org

2021-03-12

2021-06-10

國(guó)家重點(diǎn)研發(fā)計(jì)劃“政府間國(guó)際科技創(chuàng)新合作”重點(diǎn)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)（2017YFE0121900）；中國(guó)煙草總公司貴州省公司科技項(xiàng)目“煙用全生物降解地膜開(kāi)發(fā)（合同號(hào)：201933）；中央級(jí)科研院所基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)專(zhuān)項(xiàng)（Y2019LM02-02）。

高海河，博士生，研究方向?yàn)楹档剞r(nóng)業(yè)。Email：gaohaihe@caas.cn

嚴(yán)昌榮，研究員，博士生導(dǎo)師，研究方向?yàn)榈啬じ采w及殘留污染防控。Email：yanchangrong@caas.cn

10.11975/j.issn.1002-6819.2021.22.011

S152

A

1002-6819(2021)-22-0095-13