姚清華, 顏孫安,葉建洪, 黃敏敏, 陳美珍, 林虬

噴施農(nóng)藥對(duì)銀耳生長(zhǎng)的影響及膳食暴露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

姚清華1*, 顏孫安1,葉建洪2, 黃敏敏1, 陳美珍1, 林虬1*

(1. 農(nóng)業(yè)農(nóng)村部農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估實(shí)驗(yàn)室(福州)，福建省農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全重點(diǎn)實(shí)驗(yàn)室，福建省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院農(nóng)業(yè)質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與檢測(cè)技術(shù)研究所，福州 350003；2. 古田建宏農(nóng)業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)有限公司，福建 寧德 352200)

為制訂銀耳()栽培中農(nóng)藥合理使用的建議，以我國(guó)銀耳主栽菌株Tr01為對(duì)象，研究8組常用農(nóng)藥對(duì)其生長(zhǎng)的影響，采用食品安全指數(shù)法評(píng)估長(zhǎng)期膳食銀耳導(dǎo)致的農(nóng)藥殘留慢性暴露健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。結(jié)果表明，除咪鮮胺乳油和噠螨靈、啶蟲(chóng)脒微乳劑的部分處理外，其余6組農(nóng)藥對(duì)銀耳子實(shí)體生長(zhǎng)并無(wú)顯著影響。銀耳中的農(nóng)藥殘留水平與農(nóng)藥種類及噴施模式密切相關(guān)，當(dāng)農(nóng)藥殘留水平低于GB 2763-2019標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中蔬菜的農(nóng)藥最大殘留限量時(shí)，成人和兒童長(zhǎng)期膳食銀耳的慢性健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商(cHQ)分別為0.001~0.174和0.002~0.191，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平可接受。結(jié)合我國(guó)農(nóng)藥使用現(xiàn)狀，建議銀耳栽培中應(yīng)禁用乙酰甲胺磷、毒死蜱、克百威，減少阿維菌素、咪鮮胺、異丙威的使用頻率，在合適的安全間隔期下可以使用聯(lián)苯菊酯、啶蟲(chóng)脒、吡蟲(chóng)啉、噠螨靈。

銀耳；農(nóng)藥；殘留；風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

銀耳()是著名傳統(tǒng)食藥兼用真菌。野生銀耳絕大多數(shù)在亞熱帶針葉樹(shù)或闊葉樹(shù)的原木上腐生[1]，人工代料栽培常見(jiàn)于中國(guó)及部分亞洲國(guó)家[2]。與多數(shù)食用菌類似，銀耳富含多糖、膳食纖維、礦物質(zhì)和維生素，具抗氧化、抗腫瘤、提高人體免疫力的功效[3–5]。銀耳的產(chǎn)量和質(zhì)量易受栽培過(guò)程中青霉、螨蟲(chóng)、菇蚊等病蟲(chóng)害影響[6],但與其他小宗農(nóng)作物類似，銀耳栽培暫無(wú)確切可供使用的登記農(nóng)藥和農(nóng)藥殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，非常不利于栽培中的病蟲(chóng)害防控[7–8]。目前，農(nóng)藥殘留是影響銀耳質(zhì)量安全的主要因素，直接威脅消費(fèi)者的身體健康和產(chǎn)業(yè)形象[9]。已有部分學(xué)者報(bào)道了關(guān)于銀耳栽培中農(nóng)藥使用的相關(guān)研究[6,10–12]，重點(diǎn)集中于農(nóng)殘檢測(cè)分析和消解規(guī)律。溫志強(qiáng)等[6]研究了敵敵畏等8種農(nóng)藥在拌料和噴霧方式下對(duì)銀耳生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響；姚清華等[10]對(duì)阿維菌素等11種農(nóng)藥在拌料方式下對(duì)銀耳產(chǎn)量影響及農(nóng)藥殘留規(guī)律進(jìn)行了膳食健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估。另有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道乙酰甲胺磷、滅蠅胺等農(nóng)藥及代謝物在銀耳子實(shí)體生長(zhǎng)過(guò)程的消解規(guī)律[11–12]。但部分研究的農(nóng)藥種類，如甲基托布津、敵敵畏等，與近年銀耳栽培中農(nóng)藥的實(shí)際使用情況有所不符，且均未提供明確的農(nóng)藥使用建議。本研究以我國(guó)銀耳主栽菌株Tr01為試驗(yàn)對(duì)象，選擇8組銀耳栽培中常用的農(nóng)藥，探討在原基形成不同階段噴霧施用對(duì)銀耳生長(zhǎng)的影響，并采用食品安全指數(shù)法評(píng)估不同人群長(zhǎng)期攝食銀耳導(dǎo)致的慢性暴露健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，提出農(nóng)藥合理使用建議, 旨在為銀耳栽培良好農(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)范(GAP)制定和農(nóng)藥登記提供有益借鑒并消除銀耳消費(fèi)者的膳食健康疑慮。

1 材料和方法

1.1 材料和試劑

供試銀耳()菌株Tr01來(lái)源于福建省古田縣建宏農(nóng)業(yè)開(kāi)發(fā)有限公司。供試的8組農(nóng)藥劑型等信息見(jiàn)表1。乙酸乙酯等農(nóng)藥提取用有機(jī)試劑為色譜純，購(gòu)自美國(guó)賽默飛世爾科技有限公司；氯化鈉等其他試劑為分析純，購(gòu)自國(guó)藥集團(tuán)化學(xué)試劑有限公司；PSA和GCB固相萃取填料，購(gòu)自美國(guó)Agilent公司；C18固相萃取填料，購(gòu)自美國(guó)Welch Material公司；農(nóng)藥標(biāo)準(zhǔn)品購(gòu)自農(nóng)業(yè)部環(huán)境保護(hù)科研監(jiān)測(cè)所；液相色譜柱：Phenomenex Luna C8 (150 mm× 2.0 mm×3.0m)，購(gòu)自美國(guó)菲羅門公司; 氣相色譜柱：SH-Rxi-5Sil MS毛細(xì)管柱(30.0 m×0.250 mm× 0.25m)，購(gòu)自日本島津公司。

表1 供試農(nóng)藥信息

1.2 儀器和設(shè)備

高效液相色譜儀(Agilent 1200，美國(guó)安捷倫科技有限公司)-三重四極桿質(zhì)譜(Agilent 6460，美國(guó)安捷倫科技有限公司)；氣相色譜儀(GC-2010 plus，日本島津公司)-三重四極桿質(zhì)譜(TSQ8040，日本島津公司)；渦旋混合器(德國(guó)IKA公司)；超聲儀(KD-500DE,昆山市超聲儀器有限公司)；離心機(jī)(Anke TDL-5-A,上海安亭科學(xué)儀器廠)；吹氮濃縮儀(Reati-Therm III HRATING/STIRRING MODMLE, PIERCE公司)。

1.3 農(nóng)藥噴施試驗(yàn)

銀耳代料栽培在溫度、濕度等環(huán)境參數(shù)均可控的工廠化條件下進(jìn)行。試驗(yàn)共涉及4種農(nóng)藥噴施模式(M1~M4)，M1為原基形成時(shí)噴施，20 d后采摘; M2為原基形成10 d時(shí)噴施，10 d后采摘；M3為原基形成時(shí)噴藥1次，5 d后第2次噴藥，15 d后采摘；M4為原基形成10 d時(shí)噴藥1次，5 d后第2次噴藥, 5 d后采摘。每種模式設(shè)3個(gè)農(nóng)藥噴施濃度：1 000、2 000和4 000mg/L; 每次噴施量均為1 800 mL,則用藥量分別為1.8、3.6和7.2 g。共計(jì)12個(gè)試驗(yàn)處理，每處理3個(gè)重復(fù)，每重復(fù)10個(gè)菌包，共360個(gè)菌包。每種模式均以噴施同樣體積的純凈水作為空白對(duì)照。

1.4 銀耳生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)測(cè)定

栽培試驗(yàn)結(jié)束后，隨機(jī)選取5個(gè)菌包，每個(gè)菌包隨機(jī)選取1朵銀耳，采用游標(biāo)卡尺測(cè)定子實(shí)體直徑(=5)。數(shù)據(jù)以“平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差”表示，采用SPSS 22.0軟件進(jìn)行獨(dú)立樣本檢驗(yàn)，比較試驗(yàn)組與對(duì)照組間的差異顯著性，以<0.05表示差異顯著。

1.5 農(nóng)藥殘留測(cè)定

隨機(jī)選取試驗(yàn)組的5朵銀耳，磨碎，供農(nóng)藥殘留測(cè)定。農(nóng)藥及主要代謝物測(cè)定參照國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)GB 23200.113–2018[13]和姚清華等的方法[14]。采用GC- MS/MS測(cè)定銀耳中聯(lián)苯菊酯、毒死蜱、乙酰甲胺磷、噠螨靈殘留水平；采用LC-MS/MS測(cè)定銀耳中啶蟲(chóng)脒、阿維菌素、甲胺磷、咪鮮胺、吡蟲(chóng)啉、異丙威和克百威的殘留水平。方法驗(yàn)證結(jié)果表明,該方法線性良好(2>0.995), 低、中、高3個(gè)添加水平回收率70%~110%、定量限為0.01 mg/kg，可以滿足本試驗(yàn)的要求。

1.6 長(zhǎng)期膳食暴露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

采用食品安全指數(shù)法，計(jì)算成人和兒童長(zhǎng)期攝食銀耳的農(nóng)藥慢性暴露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商(chronic hazard quotient, cHQ)，cHQ越小風(fēng)險(xiǎn)越小，當(dāng)cHQ<1時(shí),表示健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)可接受；當(dāng)cHQ≥1時(shí)，表示有不可接受的健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。cHQ=EDI/ADI, 式中EDI為每人1 kg體重農(nóng)藥殘留每日攝入量[edible daily intake,mg/(kg Bw·d)]，ADI為每日容許攝入量[acceptable daily intake, mg/(kg Bw·d)]。EDI=(×D)/Bw, 式中,為銀耳中農(nóng)藥殘留水平(mg/kg)，D為每日攝入量(成人30 g,兒童10 g)[15–16]，Bw為消費(fèi)者平均體重(成人53.23 kg,兒童16.14 kg)[17]。

2 結(jié)果和分析

2.1 施用農(nóng)藥對(duì)銀耳生長(zhǎng)的影響

從圖1可見(jiàn)，農(nóng)藥種類、施用方式、施用濃度對(duì)銀耳生長(zhǎng)都有一定影響。銀耳原基形成時(shí)噴施農(nóng)藥(M1)，用2 000 mg/L聯(lián)苯菊酯+啶蟲(chóng)脒微乳劑、乙酰甲胺磷乳油、異丙威乳油和噠螨靈+啶蟲(chóng)脒微乳劑噴施時(shí)，銀耳子實(shí)體直徑顯著高于對(duì)照(<0.05), 用1 000~4 000 mg/L阿維菌素乳油、咪鮮胺乳油和丁硫克百威+毒死蜱顆粒劑噴施時(shí)，銀耳子實(shí)體直徑顯著高于對(duì)照(<0.05)。銀耳原基形成10 d時(shí)噴施農(nóng)藥(M2)，用4 000 mg/L的聯(lián)苯菊酯+啶蟲(chóng)脒微乳劑或阿維菌素乳油可顯著提高銀耳子實(shí)體直徑(<0.05)，用1 000~4 000 mg/L乙酰甲胺磷乳油、吡蟲(chóng)啉粉劑、異丙威乳油、噠螨靈+啶蟲(chóng)脒微乳劑和丁硫克百威+毒死蜱顆粒劑噴施的銀耳子實(shí)體直徑顯著高于對(duì)照(<0.05)，但噴施4 000 mg/L的咪鮮胺乳油會(huì)導(dǎo)致銀耳子實(shí)體生長(zhǎng)停滯。當(dāng)銀耳原基形成時(shí)噴藥1次，5 d后第2次噴藥(M3)，噴施1 000~4 000 mg/L的咪鮮胺乳油和2 000~4 000 mg/L的噠螨靈+啶蟲(chóng)脒微乳劑會(huì)導(dǎo)致銀耳子實(shí)體生長(zhǎng)停滯，其余處理與對(duì)照無(wú)顯著差異(>0.05)。在原基形成后10 d噴藥1次，5 d后第2次噴藥(M4)，農(nóng)藥對(duì)銀耳子實(shí)體生長(zhǎng)的影響與M3模式相似，但噴施1 000 mg/L的10%吡蟲(chóng)啉粉劑可顯著提高銀耳子實(shí)體的直徑。

2.2 施用模式對(duì)農(nóng)藥殘留的影響

從表2可見(jiàn)，4種噴施模式下，銀耳的乙酰甲胺磷及其代謝物甲胺磷的殘留水平均低于方法檢測(cè)限(0.01 mg/kg)。其他農(nóng)藥殘留水平基本呈現(xiàn)M4> M2>M3>M1的趨勢(shì)，與子實(shí)體采摘安全間隔期長(zhǎng)短一致：M1 (20 d)>M3 (15 d)>M2 (10 d)>M4 (5 d)。由于暫無(wú)銀耳農(nóng)藥殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[7], 根據(jù)食物歸類時(shí)常將食用菌劃歸蔬菜的現(xiàn)狀[18]，本研究參照蔬菜農(nóng)藥殘留限量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行判定[19]，聯(lián)苯菊酯+啶蟲(chóng)脒微乳劑、乙酰甲胺磷乳油噴施的農(nóng)藥殘留水平均低于相應(yīng)的農(nóng)藥殘留限量。阿維菌素乳油、咪鮮胺乳油、吡蟲(chóng)啉粉劑、噠螨靈+啶蟲(chóng)脒微乳劑和丁硫克百威+毒死蜱顆粒劑等5組農(nóng)藥僅在銀耳原基初形成時(shí)噴施，且噴施濃度低于4 000 mg/kg時(shí), 殘留水平才低于相應(yīng)的農(nóng)藥殘留限量。在M1和M3模式下, 噴施濃度低于4 000 mg/kg的異丙威, 銀耳子實(shí)體中的異丙威殘留均不會(huì)超標(biāo)。

圖1 不同噴施模式下農(nóng)藥對(duì)銀耳生長(zhǎng)的影響。CK: 對(duì)照; A~H見(jiàn)表1。

2.3 農(nóng)藥殘留膳食暴露評(píng)估

在未超過(guò)GB 2763-2019中蔬菜農(nóng)藥殘留最大限量值的水平，評(píng)估成人和兒童長(zhǎng)期攝食銀耳引起的農(nóng)藥(含代謝物)慢性暴露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。從表3可見(jiàn)，12種農(nóng)藥的慢性膳食暴露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)(cHQ)為0.001~0.174 (成人)和0.002~0.191 (兒童)，遠(yuǎn)低于1，健康風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平可接受。其中，阿維菌素、乙酰甲胺磷、甲胺磷、丁硫克百威、吡蟲(chóng)啉、毒死蜱、噠螨靈、克百威、啶蟲(chóng)脒的cHQ均小于0.01，甚至為0。聯(lián)苯菊酯、異丙威、咪鮮胺的cHQ分別為0.174、0.093、0.059 (成人)和0.191、0.102、0.065 (兒童)。

綜合考慮農(nóng)藥使用現(xiàn)狀、毒性和cHQ，8組農(nóng)藥在銀耳栽培中的使用建議見(jiàn)表4。因乙酰甲胺磷、毒死蜱、克百威在我國(guó)已禁用或已在蔬菜上撤銷登記，且其(或代謝物)具中高毒性，應(yīng)在銀耳栽培中禁用；咪鮮胺在M2、M3、M4噴施模式下使用會(huì)抑制銀耳子實(shí)體生長(zhǎng)，阿維菌素和異丙威為中高毒農(nóng)藥，在銀耳栽培中應(yīng)減少這3種農(nóng)藥的使用；聯(lián)苯菊酯、啶蟲(chóng)脒、吡蟲(chóng)啉、噠螨靈為中低毒農(nóng)藥,合理使用時(shí)對(duì)銀耳子實(shí)體生長(zhǎng)無(wú)顯著性影響，在銀耳栽培中可以合理使用但應(yīng)注意采摘安全間隔期,尤其是聯(lián)苯菊酯的cHQ高達(dá)0.174 (成人)和0.191 (兒童)，在使用中應(yīng)降低噴施濃度。

3 結(jié)論和討論

在良好農(nóng)業(yè)規(guī)范(GAP)下，合理使用農(nóng)藥既能提高農(nóng)作物的產(chǎn)量又可將農(nóng)藥殘留對(duì)人體健康的危害控制在可接受的水平[20–21]。但與其它食用菌不同，銀耳必須有香灰菌伴生才能完成整個(gè)生活史[22]。有文獻(xiàn)報(bào)道[6]，部分農(nóng)藥尤其是廣譜性殺真菌劑會(huì)對(duì)銀耳生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育造成損害，抑制子實(shí)體生長(zhǎng)或子實(shí)體畸形、腐爛。本研究中噴施咪鮮胺乳油，噠螨靈、啶蟲(chóng)脒微乳劑的部分試驗(yàn)組也有類似現(xiàn)象。因此,在銀耳栽培過(guò)程中施用農(nóng)藥，需同時(shí)考慮農(nóng)藥對(duì)銀耳菌絲和香灰菌的影響。

表2 不同噴施模式下銀耳農(nóng)藥及其代謝產(chǎn)物殘留水平(mg/kg)

ND: 農(nóng)藥未檢出; NDa: 農(nóng)藥及其主要代謝物均未檢出;b: 檢出值為克百威; /: 子實(shí)體生長(zhǎng)停滯或腐爛; *: 超過(guò)農(nóng)藥殘留限量。1: 聯(lián)苯菊酯、啶蟲(chóng)脒，噠螨靈、啶蟲(chóng)脒; 2: 丁硫克百威及降解物(克百威)、毒死蜱; A~H見(jiàn)表1。

ND: Pesticide undetected; NDa: Pesticide and its metabolites undetected;b: Detected concentration of carbofuran; /: Snow fungus fruit growth were inhibited; *: Exceeding pesticide residue limit; 1: Determination value of bifenthrin, acetamiprid, pyridaben, and acetamiprid; 2: Determination value of carbosulfan and its metabolite, chlorpyrifos. A-H see Table 1.

表3 長(zhǎng)期膳食銀耳慢性暴露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

ND: 農(nóng)藥未檢出; MRLs: 最大殘留限量; cHQ: 慢性暴露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商; EDI: 日攝入量; ADI: 日容許攝入量。

ND: Pesticide undetected; MRLs: Maximum residues limits; cHQ: Chronic hazard quotient; EDI: Edible daily intake; ADI: Acceptable daily intake.

表4 銀耳栽培過(guò)程農(nóng)藥使用建議

B: 禁用; D: 減少使用; U: 可使用但要注意采摘安全間隔期。

B: Banned use in China; D: Diminish use; U: Use with consideration of the appropriate pre-harvest interval.

不同農(nóng)藥在農(nóng)作物上的消解規(guī)律和殘留水平也有明顯差異。本研究中，除聯(lián)苯菊酯、啶蟲(chóng)脒微乳劑外，多數(shù)試驗(yàn)組農(nóng)藥殘留高于GB 2763-2019中部分蔬菜相應(yīng)的農(nóng)藥殘留限量。這與前人的研究結(jié)果相似，劉瑜等[23]對(duì)聯(lián)苯菊酯在茶葉上的使用安全性研究顯示，聯(lián)苯菊酯具有殘留期短且殺蟲(chóng)譜廣的特點(diǎn)。聯(lián)苯菊酯在桃()上的半衰期也僅為1.6~6.7 d, 屬易消解農(nóng)藥[24]。王世英等[25]的研究表明，施用聯(lián)苯菊酯7 d后，其在甘藍(lán)(var.)中的殘留水平低于0.01 mg/kg,在土壤中的半衰期為6.77~13.51 d。這可能與聯(lián)苯菊酯分子結(jié)構(gòu)、配制用的試劑及噴施對(duì)象代謝、生長(zhǎng)稀釋等因素密切相關(guān)。

在膳食暴露評(píng)估方面，部分不確定性因素會(huì)影響評(píng)估結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性，如銀耳在食用前常經(jīng)過(guò)清洗和烹飪兩道工序，會(huì)顯著降低銀耳中農(nóng)藥殘留的攝入量。根據(jù)Cengiz等[26]的研究表明，在自來(lái)水下搓洗15 s可以去除西紅柿()中68%的腐霉利殘留。Abou-Arab等[27]也認(rèn)為清洗可以有效去除西紅柿表面的多種農(nóng)藥殘留。Boon等[28]在評(píng)估膳食中有機(jī)磷農(nóng)藥暴露評(píng)估時(shí)，將清洗的農(nóng)藥去除系數(shù)設(shè)為0.76。相比清洗，烹飪可更有效降低農(nóng)藥殘留量。Huan等[29]的研究表明，烹飪能顯著降低豇豆()中的噠螨靈、聯(lián)苯菊酯等8種農(nóng)藥殘留，降低幅度遠(yuǎn)大于清洗。而烹飪處理的蔬菜中三唑磷殘留量要比生食低72%[30]。本研究中，銀耳清洗、烹飪對(duì)農(nóng)藥殘留去除系數(shù)的缺失會(huì)導(dǎo)致膳食暴露風(fēng)險(xiǎn)高估，但不會(huì)降低對(duì)消費(fèi)者膳食風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的保護(hù)水平，且有利于制定更嚴(yán)格的銀耳栽培農(nóng)藥使用建議。

在銀耳栽培過(guò)程中，除連續(xù)噴施咪鮮胺和中高濃度噠螨靈、啶蟲(chóng)脒外，其余6組農(nóng)藥對(duì)銀耳子實(shí)體的生長(zhǎng)并無(wú)明顯的抑制。銀耳中的農(nóng)藥殘留水平與農(nóng)藥種類、噴施濃度和采摘安全間隔期密切相關(guān)，聯(lián)苯菊酯、啶蟲(chóng)脒微乳劑組和乙酰甲胺磷乳油組所有處理的農(nóng)藥殘留量均低于GB 2763-2019中部分蔬菜的農(nóng)藥殘留限量。在農(nóng)藥殘留水平低于限量時(shí)，長(zhǎng)期膳食銀耳導(dǎo)致的慢性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商遠(yuǎn)小于1，風(fēng)險(xiǎn)水平可接受。綜合考慮8組農(nóng)藥使用現(xiàn)狀、毒性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)商，建議在銀耳栽培中禁用乙酰甲胺磷、毒死蜱、克百威，減少阿維菌素、咪鮮胺、異丙威的使用頻率，合理使用聯(lián)苯菊酯、啶蟲(chóng)脒、吡蟲(chóng)啉、噠螨靈，但應(yīng)注意使用濃度和安全間隔期。

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Effects of Pesticide onBerk Growth and Risk Assessment of Dietary Exposure

YAO Qing-hua1*, YAN Sun-an1, YE Jian-hong2, HUANG Min-min1,CHEN Mei-zhen1, LIN Qiu1*

(1. Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs Laboratory of Quality & Safety Risk Assessment for Agro-products (Fuzhou), Fujian Key Laboratory of Quality and Safety for Agro-products, Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology for Agro-products, Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences,Fuzhou 350003, China; 2. Gutian Jianhong Agricultural Development Co., Ltd., Ningde 352200, Fujian, China)

To provide the suggestion for pesticide application in snow fungus () cultivation, eight pesticides were used under spraying mode in different periods. The effects of pesticides on snow fungus strain Tr01 growth and health risk assessment of dietary exposure were studied. The results showed that all pesticides except prochloraz cream and pyridaben/acetamiprid microemulsion had not significant effects on growth of snow fungus. The level of pesticides residue was closely related to the type of pesticide and spraying mode. While the pesticide residue were below the corresponding MRL adopted from GB 2763-2019, the cHQ (chronic hazard quotient) of long-term dietary exposure for general population and young child ranged from 0.001 to 0.174 and 0.002 to 0.191, respectively. It indicated that the risk was acceptable. Based on the risk assessment, it was recommended for snow fungus cultivation that acephate, chlorpyrifos, and carbofuran should be banned, the use frequency of abamectin, prochloraz, and isoprocarb should be gradually reduced, and bifenthrin, acetamiprid, imidacloprid, and pyridaben could be used with the appropriate pre-harvest interval. These might be useful for designing good agricultural practices (GAP) and registering pesticide for snow fungus cultivation.

; Pesticide; Residue; Risk assessment

10.11926/jtsb.4251

2020–05–19

2020–06–15

國(guó)家農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估項(xiàng)目(GJFP2019014)；福建省屬公益類科研院所基本科研專項(xiàng)(2018R1018-7)；福建省農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院創(chuàng)新團(tuán)隊(duì)項(xiàng)目(STIT2017-1-12)資助

This work was supported by the National Project for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Agro-products (Grant No. GJFP2019014); the Program for Public Welfare Scientific Research Institute in Fujian Province (Grant No.2018R1018-7); and the Project for Innovation Team of Fujian Academy of Agricultural Sciences (STIT2017-1-12).

姚清華(1985~ )，男，副研究員，主要從事農(nóng)產(chǎn)品質(zhì)量安全與風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估研究。

E-mail: yaoyaoshuimu@163.com; linqiu3163@163.com