陳麗

The FIRST Winter Olympic gold medalist was Charles Jewtraw， from Lake Placid1 in the United States， when he won the 500 meters speed skating title in 1924.

The FIRST Winter Olympic female gold medalist was Herma Planck Szabo of Austria in the Figure Skating Event in 1924.

The FIRST Winter Games to be held in a different country from the Summer Olympics was at St. Moritz2， 1928.

The FIRST Winter Games hosted in a national capital city was Oslo3 in 1952.

The FIRST Winter Games to be televised were the 1956 Games in Cortina d’Ampezzo， Italy.

The FIRST Winter Games to have a dedicated4 athlete’s village was in 1960 Squaw Valley， USA.

The FIRST Winter Games to use a computer （courtesy of IBM） to tabulate5 results was in 1960 Squaw Valley， USA.

The FIRST Winter Games to be broadcast in color was in Grenoble， France in 1968.

The FIRST games （both winter and summer） for a mascot to appear was in 1968 in Grenoble—Schuss6—a man on skis.

The FIRST Olympic Games （both Summer and Winter） where gender testing7 was introduced was in Grenoble， France in 1968.

The FIRST Games to use artificial snow was the 1980 Games in Lake Placid8.

The FIRST person to win five individual gold medals in one Games （Summer and Winter） was Eric Heiden9， when he won all five men’s speed skating titles in 1980 （three of Mark Spitz10’s swimming gold medals at the 1972 Munich Olympics were in relays）.

The FIRST black African skier to compete in the Winter Olympics was Senegal’s Lamine Guèye， who made his debut11 at Sarajevo 1984.

The FIRST time the Winter Olympics speed skating events were held indoors was in Calgary 1988.

The FIRST black athlete to win a Winter Olympic medal was Debi Thomas12 of the United States， finishing third in figure skating at the 1988 Games in Calgary.

The FIRST Winter Olympic medalist from the southern hemisphere was New Zealand skier Annelise Coberger who won a silver medal in the women’s slalom at Albertville in France in 1992.

The FIRST black athlete to earn winter gold was USA’s Vonetta Flowers in the women’s bobsleigh， at Salt Lake City in 2002.

The FIRST black male gold medal winner was Canadian ice hockey13 player Jarome Iginia， at Salt Lake City in 2002.

The FIRST Winter Olympics host city to hold the opening and closing ceremonies indoors is Vancouver in 2010.

The FIRST athlete to participate in both short track （1500m） and long track （5000m） speed skating was Haralds Silovs in 2010. He also became the FIRST to compete in two different disciplines on the same day.

The FIRST Winter Olympics held by the sea was in Vancouver in 2010， and some venues， such as the Richmond Olympic Oval are at sea level.

The FIRST time any competitions of the Winter Olympics was held before the Opening ceremony was in 2014 when a team event was added to the figure skating program， requiring the competition to start earlier.

The FIRST Winter Olympic Torch relay leg in space was for the Sochi 2014 Games—one leg of the relay involved a spacewalk by Russian cosmonauts.

The FIRST gold medal tie ever for an Olympic alpine skiing event was in 2014 when two gold medals， one to Slovenia and one to Switzerland， were awarded for Women’s downhill skiing.

Unlike the Summer Olympics， the canceled 1940 and 1944 Winter Olympics are not included in the official Roman numeral counts for the Winter Games.14

No country in the Southern Hemisphere has ever hosted a Winter Games.

Gillis Grafstr?m became the first person to win a medal in the same event in Summer and Winter Olympics， winning figure skating golds at the 1920 Olympics and in the same event at the first Winter Olympics in 1924.

Athletes have ever won medals at both the Winter and Summer Olympic Games： Jacob Tullin Thams （Norway）， Christa Luding-Rothenburger （East Germany）， Clara Hughes （Canada）， and Lauryn Williams （USA）. Clara Hughes15 is the only person ever to have won multiple medals in both. Christa Luding16 is the only person to win medals at the Winter and Summer Games in the same year. （This feat is no longer possible as the Winter and Summer games are now 2 years apart）

At the 1960 games at Squaw Valley， California USA， in an effort to impress spectators， Walt Disney was head of the committee that organized the opening day ceremonies. The Opening Ceremony was filled with high school choirs and bands， releasing of thousands of balloons， fireworks， ice statues， releasing of 2，000 white doves， and national flags dropped by parachute.

At the 1988 Winter Olympics， four brothers made up both of Mexico’s teams in the 2-man bobsled event—Eduardo， Jorge， Adrian and Roberto Tames—the most siblings to compete in a single Winter Olympic Games event.

Liechtenstein is the only nation to win medals at the Winter Games but not at the Summer Games.

Three nations have won more medals at the Winter Games than at the Summer Games： Norway， Austria and Liechtenstein.

At the 2010 Winter Olympics， Latvian athlete Haralds Silovs became the first athlete in Olympic history to participate in both short track （1500m） and long track （5000m） speed skating， and also became the first to compete in two different disciplines on the same day.

Winning gold can be lucrative： in 2014， any Kazakhstani athlete who claims gold will earn a cool17 US$250，000 for their efforts. Latvia is offering its athletes US$192，000 for a gold medal， with Ukranian gold medalists up for US$150，000.

★ 首位冬奧會(huì)金牌得主是查爾斯·朱特勞，他來(lái)自美國(guó)的普萊西德湖，在1924年冬奧會(huì)上獲得男子500米速滑冠軍。

★ 首位冬奧會(huì)女性金牌得主是奧地利的赫爾馬·普蘭克·紹博，她奪得1924年女子花樣滑冰項(xiàng)目冠軍。

★ 首屆與夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)不在同一國(guó)家主辦的冬奧會(huì)是1928年的圣莫里茨冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)。

★ 首屆在首都城市舉辦的冬奧會(huì)是1952年的奧斯陸冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)。

★ 首次實(shí)現(xiàn)電視轉(zhuǎn)播的冬奧會(huì)是1956年的意大利科爾蒂納丹佩佐冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)。

★ 首次修建專用奧運(yùn)村的冬奧會(huì)是1960年的美國(guó)斯闊谷冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)。

★ 首次使用電腦（由IBM公司贊助）來(lái)顯示比賽結(jié)果的冬奧會(huì)是1960年的美國(guó)斯闊谷冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)。

★ 首次實(shí)現(xiàn)彩色電視轉(zhuǎn)播的冬奧會(huì)是1968年的法國(guó)格勒諾布爾冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)。

★ 首次使用吉祥物的奧運(yùn)會(huì)（包括夏季和冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)）是1968年的法國(guó)格勒諾布爾冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)，吉祥物名為“舒斯”，是一個(gè)滑雪的卡通人物形象。

★ 首次引入性別測(cè)試的奧運(yùn)會(huì)（包括夏季和冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)）是1968年的法國(guó)格勒諾布爾冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)。

★ 首次使用人工造雪的冬奧會(huì)是1980年的美國(guó)普萊西德湖冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)。

★ 首位在同一屆奧運(yùn)會(huì)（包括夏季和冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)）上獲得五塊個(gè)人金牌的運(yùn)動(dòng)員是埃里克·海登，他在1980年冬奧會(huì)上獨(dú)攬了五項(xiàng)男子速滑冠軍。（之前1972年的慕尼黑夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，馬克·斯皮茨有三塊金牌是游泳接力賽的金牌。）

★ 首位參與冬奧會(huì)競(jìng)技的非洲黑人運(yùn)動(dòng)員是來(lái)自塞內(nèi)加爾的拉明·蓋伊，他首次亮相于1984年的薩拉熱窩冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)。

★ 首次在室內(nèi)舉行速滑比賽的冬奧會(huì)是1988年的卡爾加里冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)。

★ 首位獲得冬奧會(huì)獎(jiǎng)牌的黑人運(yùn)動(dòng)員是美國(guó)的德比·托馬斯，她在1988年的卡爾加里冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上獲得女子花樣滑冰的銅牌。

★ 首位來(lái)自南半球的冬奧會(huì)獲獎(jiǎng)選手是來(lái)自新西蘭的滑雪運(yùn)動(dòng)員安內(nèi)里斯·科伯格爾，她在1992年的法國(guó)阿爾貝維爾冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上獲得女子回轉(zhuǎn)項(xiàng)目銀牌。

★ 首位獲得冬奧會(huì)金牌的黑人運(yùn)動(dòng)員是美國(guó)的沃內(nèi)塔·弗勞爾斯，她于2002年在鹽湖城冬奧會(huì)上奪得女子雪車比賽的冠軍。

★ 首位黑人男性金牌獲得者是加拿大的冰球選手杰羅姆·伊吉尼亞，他在2002年的鹽湖城冬奧會(huì)上獲得這枚金牌。

★ 首次在室內(nèi)舉行冬奧會(huì)開(kāi)幕式和閉幕式的城市是2010年冬奧會(huì)的主辦城市溫哥華。

★ 首位同時(shí)參加短道速滑（1500米）和長(zhǎng)道速滑（5000米）的運(yùn)動(dòng)員是2010年冬奧會(huì)的哈拉茲·思洛夫斯。他也是頭一位在同一天參加兩種不同類別項(xiàng)目競(jìng)技的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。

★ 首次在海邊舉行的冬奧會(huì)是2010年的溫哥華冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)，有些比賽場(chǎng)館——例如里士滿奧林匹克館——與海平面齊平。

★ 首次在開(kāi)幕式舉行之前就開(kāi)始比賽的冬奧會(huì)是2014年的索契冬奧會(huì)。當(dāng)時(shí)，花樣滑冰比賽增加了一個(gè)團(tuán)體項(xiàng)目，從而需要比賽早些開(kāi)始。

★ 首次在太空實(shí)現(xiàn)火炬?zhèn)鬟f的冬奧會(huì)是2014年的索契冬奧會(huì)，火炬?zhèn)鬟f的一段旅程由蘇聯(lián)宇航員太空行走完成。? ? □

（譯者單位：北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)）

★ 首次冬奧會(huì)的高山滑雪并列金牌產(chǎn)生于2014年，該屆的女子高山滑雪項(xiàng)目金牌同時(shí)授予了斯洛文尼亞選手和瑞士選手。

★ 與夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)不同的是，冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)在計(jì)算屆數(shù)的時(shí)候并不把被取消的1940年和1944年冬奧會(huì)計(jì)算在內(nèi)。

★ 南半球迄今還沒(méi)有國(guó)家主辦過(guò)冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)。

★ 吉利斯·格拉夫斯特倫是首位在夏季和冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上均獲得同一項(xiàng)目獎(jiǎng)牌的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。他是1920年奧運(yùn)會(huì)花樣滑冰冠軍，在1924年的首屆冬奧會(huì)上又獲得同一項(xiàng)目的冠軍。

★ 曾在夏季和冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上均獲得過(guò)獎(jiǎng)牌的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，他們是雅各布·圖林·泰唔士（挪威）、克里斯塔·盧丁-羅滕布格爾（東德）、克拉拉·休斯（加拿大）和勞琳·威廉姆斯（美國(guó)）。克拉拉·休斯是唯一一位曾在夏季和冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上獲得多項(xiàng)獎(jiǎng)牌的運(yùn)動(dòng)員?？死锼顾けR丁是唯一在同一年份內(nèi)在夏季和冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上均獲得獎(jiǎng)牌的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。（這一戰(zhàn)績(jī)將再無(wú)來(lái)者，因?yàn)楝F(xiàn)在的冬季和夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)間隔2年舉行。）

★ 1960年的美國(guó)加州斯闊谷冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，為了吸引觀眾，迪斯尼公司擔(dān)當(dāng)了開(kāi)幕式慶典的組織委員會(huì)主席。開(kāi)幕式當(dāng)天，會(huì)場(chǎng)上滿是高中合唱團(tuán)和樂(lè)隊(duì)，放飛了數(shù)以千計(jì)的汽球，還有焰火、冰雕，2000只白鴿騰空而起，降落傘掛著各國(guó)國(guó)旗徐徐降落。

★ 1988年的冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，四位兄弟組成了墨西哥男子雙人雪車項(xiàng)目的2個(gè)團(tuán)隊(duì)，他們是愛(ài)德華多·塔姆斯、豪爾赫·塔姆斯、艾德里安·塔姆斯、羅伯托·塔姆斯，創(chuàng)造了兄弟姐妹參加同一個(gè)冬奧會(huì)單項(xiàng)運(yùn)動(dòng)的人數(shù)之最。

★ 列支敦士登是唯一一個(gè)在冬奧會(huì)上獲過(guò)獎(jiǎng)牌但沒(méi)有在夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上獲得過(guò)獎(jiǎng)牌的國(guó)家。

★ 共有三個(gè)國(guó)家獲得的冬奧會(huì)獎(jiǎng)牌多于其獲得的夏季奧運(yùn)會(huì)獎(jiǎng)牌：挪威、奧地利和列支敦士登。

★ 在2010年的冬季奧運(yùn)會(huì)上，拉脫維亞運(yùn)動(dòng)員哈拉茲·思洛夫斯成為奧運(yùn)會(huì)歷史上首位同時(shí)參加短道速滑（1500米）和長(zhǎng)道速滑（5000米）的運(yùn)動(dòng)員，而且他也是頭一位在同一天參加兩種不同類別項(xiàng)目競(jìng)技的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。

★ 獲得金牌可以帶來(lái)豐厚的回報(bào)：2014年，哈薩克斯坦運(yùn)動(dòng)員只要獲得金牌就可以得到整整25萬(wàn)美元的獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)。拉脫維亞目前給其運(yùn)動(dòng)員的開(kāi)價(jià)是一塊金牌19.2萬(wàn)美元，在烏克蘭一塊金牌則最多可達(dá)15萬(wàn)美元。

（譯者單位：北京外國(guó)語(yǔ)大學(xué)）