吳昊 馮佩明 張可新 吳文瑛
摘要:目的:探索乳腺浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌超聲內(nèi)部微鈣化征象的出現(xiàn)與雌激素受體ER,孕激素受體PR,人類表皮生長因子2HER-2,p53,DNA拓?fù)洚悩?gòu)酶IIaTOPIIa,細(xì)胞角蛋白ck5/6,細(xì)胞核抗體KI67等免疫組化因子表達(dá)的相關(guān)性。方法:收集承德醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬醫(yī)院2020年1月至2021年7月手術(shù)治療的乳腺浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌患者350例,術(shù)前進(jìn)行超聲檢查并留存有標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的超聲聲像圖,并運(yùn)用χ2、Spearman與二元logistic回歸依次分析超聲微鈣化征象與各個免疫組化因子表達(dá)的相關(guān)性。結(jié)果:浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌微鈣化征象的出現(xiàn)與HER-2、P53、KI67、TOPIIa、CK5/6的表達(dá)具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05),與ER、PR的表達(dá)無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。結(jié)論:乳腺浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌超聲微鈣化征象的出現(xiàn)與HER-2、P53、KI67、topIIa、CK5/6的表達(dá)有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,超聲微鈣化征象的出現(xiàn)對判斷乳腺癌的預(yù)后有預(yù)測價值。
關(guān)鍵詞:超聲;乳腺癌;微鈣化;免疫組化
【中圖分類號】R737 【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】A 【文章編號】1673-9026(2021)15--03
Abstract:Objective: To explore the correlation between the appearance of ultrasonic microcalcification signs and the expression of estrogen receptor ER, progesterone receptor PR, human epidermal growth factor 2HER-2, p53,DNA topoisomerase IIaTOPIIa, cytokeratin CK5/6, nuclear antibody KI67 and other immunohistochemical factors in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast.Methods: 350 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma of breast who received surgical treatment from The Affiliated Hospital of Chengde Medical College from January 2020 to July 2021 were collected. Preoperative ultrasound examination was performed and standard ultrasound images were retained. χ2 Spearman and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the correlation between ultrasonic microcalcification signs and the expression of various immunohistochemical factors.Results: The microcalcification signs of invasive ductal carcinoma were statistically significant with the expression of HER-2, P53, KI67, TOPIIa and CK5/6 (P<0.05), and had no statistical significance with the expression of ER and PR (P<0.05).Conclusion: The appearance of ultrasonic microcalcification signs in invasive ductal carcinoma of breast has statistical significance with the expression of HER-2, P53, KI67, topIIa and CK5/6, and the appearance of ultrasonic microcalcification signs has predictive value for the prognosis of breast cancer.
Key words:ultrasound; Breast cancer; Microcalcification; immunohistochemical
乳腺癌是全世界女性中發(fā)病率最高的癌癥【1】。早期診斷乳腺癌目前主要依靠彩色多普勒超聲,鉬靶,核磁等,而超聲由于其無電離輻射,可顯示血流信號等優(yōu)勢被廣泛應(yīng)用于乳腺疾病的早期篩查。隨著分子生物學(xué)的發(fā)展,人們認(rèn)識到乳腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展與其基因表達(dá)等因素關(guān)系密切。乳腺癌中浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌占80%以上,本研究主要探究超聲微鈣化征象與PR、ER、HER-2、P53、ck5/6、KI67和TOPIIa表達(dá)的相關(guān)性。
一、資料與研究方法
1.1資料
選擇2020年1月至2021年7月在我院手術(shù)病理證實的乳腺浸潤性導(dǎo)管癌患者350例,年齡32-84歲,所有患者均為女性,超聲檢查、病理及免疫組化結(jié)果完整,術(shù)前未經(jīng)任何治療。
1.2研究方法
采用多普勒EPIQ7G、EPIQ5多普勒彩色超聲診斷儀高頻線陣探頭,探頭頻率5-12MHZ。被檢查者平臥位,暴露雙側(cè)乳房及腋窩,初步了解病灶的整體情況,而后觀察腫塊內(nèi)部微鈣化情況。為提高圖像識別的準(zhǔn)確性,每個病例的微鈣化征象的識別均由兩個高年資醫(yī)師共同討論完成,并去除圖像差異較大的病例,得出結(jié)果后根據(jù)患者所作免疫組化表達(dá)的分子類別進(jìn)行分組,暨分為ER組、PR組、HER-2組、ki67組、TOPIIa組、P53組、ck5/6組7組,并在組內(nèi)區(qū)分出微鈣化征象。
1.3病理及免疫組化檢測方法
ER、PR、KI67、HER-2、TOPIIa、CK5/6、P53表達(dá)的免疫組織化學(xué)檢測和判定:均采用手術(shù)切除標(biāo)本,腫塊標(biāo)本檢測采用邁新公司全自動免疫組化儀。PR與ER細(xì)胞核染色數(shù)目>1%者視為陽性,350例患者中,PR陽性者231例,陰性119例,ER陽性258例,陰性92例。KI67陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)<14%為(-),15%-25%為弱陽性(+),25%-50%為中陽性(++),>50%為強(qiáng)陽性(+++),后三者均為陽性,350例患者中陽性308例,陰性42例。HER-2表達(dá)3+記為陽性,2+者需要經(jīng)過FISH技術(shù)雙探針檢測,F(xiàn)ISH(+)者HER-2表達(dá)2+者記為陽性,F(xiàn)ISH(-)者HER-2表達(dá)2+者記為陰性,HER-2表達(dá)1+及0者記為陰性,陰性者224例,陽性者124例。TOPIIa、P53均以在細(xì)胞核內(nèi)出現(xiàn)棕黃色顆粒為陽性染色,在高倍鏡下計數(shù)陽性細(xì)胞數(shù),并計算其占腫瘤細(xì)胞的百分比,以陽性細(xì)胞數(shù)>10%為陽性,P53陽性者137例,陰性者213例,TOPIIa陽性者260例,陰性者90例。CK5/6的陽性表達(dá)于細(xì)胞質(zhì),抗體染色標(biāo)注評定標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用半定量方法,陽性細(xì)胞≥5%為陽性,<5%為陰性,CK5/6陽性者104例,陰性者246例。如表1-1。
1.4統(tǒng)計學(xué)處理
將得到的病理結(jié)果,免疫組化結(jié)果以及高回聲暈超聲特征進(jìn)行總結(jié)和對比分析。實用統(tǒng)計學(xué)軟件IBM spss22.0,用χ2進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析,并用Spearman和二元Logistic回歸進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析,得出其相關(guān)系數(shù)與回歸系數(shù)后根據(jù)回歸系數(shù)正負(fù)確定其正負(fù)相關(guān)性,P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
二、結(jié)果
2.1.超聲微鈣化征象與免疫組化分子表達(dá)的相關(guān)性見表2-1,顯示乳腺癌超聲內(nèi)部微鈣化征象的出現(xiàn)與HER-2、ki67、P53、CK5/6、TOPIIa的表達(dá)均具有相關(guān)性(P<0.05),與ER、PR的表達(dá)無相關(guān)性(P>0.05),如表2-1。
2.2分別對差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的組別進(jìn)行Spearman相關(guān)分析,從結(jié)果可知,微鈣化征象的表達(dá)與HER-2、KI67、TOPIIa、P53、CK5/6的陽性表達(dá)呈正相關(guān),結(jié)果如表2-2。
2.3再次分別對差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的組別進(jìn)行二元Logistic回歸分析見表2-3,根據(jù)回歸系數(shù)正負(fù)顯示內(nèi)部微鈣化征象的出現(xiàn)與HER-2、KI67、P53、TOPIIa、CK5/6的表達(dá)呈正相關(guān)(OR=4.072,,2305,1.786,1.803,2.213),結(jié)果見表2-4。
三、討論
腫瘤不同的病理學(xué)基礎(chǔ)決定其不同的生物學(xué)行為及形態(tài)學(xué)變化,而各個免疫組化因子的表達(dá)與乳腺癌的生物學(xué)行為存在密切關(guān)系已成為現(xiàn)如今人們的共識。其表達(dá)也影響著臨床上對于乳腺癌的治療。
根據(jù)現(xiàn)有研究表明,乳腺癌超聲檢查下的微鈣化征象(圖1-4)其在病理學(xué)層面是由于乳腺癌癌灶快速生長導(dǎo)致局部局部營養(yǎng)不良,進(jìn)而細(xì)胞缺血壞死,釋放出硝酸根與鈣離子結(jié)合成磷酸鈣沉積并在超聲影像學(xué)中表現(xiàn)為微鈣化征象【2-3】。其化學(xué)成分主要為磷酸鹽、碳酸鈣、磷酸鎂、水及蛋白質(zhì)【4】。乳腺癌微鈣化在聲像圖上表現(xiàn)為多樣化,除數(shù)量,直徑,分布,回聲強(qiáng)弱等有一定區(qū)別外,形態(tài)表現(xiàn)方面多為點(diǎn)狀。超聲掃查下乳腺癌的微鈣化征象由于其直徑較小故通常不伴聲影。因為超聲對鈣化的敏感性較鉬靶差,所以超聲顯示鈣化陽性的診斷價值要高于陰性的診斷價值【5】。
ER、PR的表達(dá)可反映不同的生物學(xué)行為,其在乳腺癌的發(fā)生發(fā)展中均可對細(xì)胞的生長發(fā)育,內(nèi)分泌細(xì)胞等進(jìn)行調(diào)節(jié),陽性表達(dá)表達(dá)提示著較好的預(yù)后【6】,其結(jié)果也被廣泛的指導(dǎo)用于臨床的內(nèi)分泌治療和評價乳腺癌的預(yù)后【7-9】。在本項研究中,ER、PR的表達(dá)與微鈣化征象并無相關(guān)性。
HER-2,即人類表皮生長因子2,是細(xì)胞增殖、分化和存活的重要調(diào)節(jié)因子,根據(jù)現(xiàn)有研究,HER-2直接影響著乳腺癌的預(yù)后及治療,針對HER-2的曲妥珠單克隆抗體目前在新輔助性、輔助性和轉(zhuǎn)移性浸潤性癌患者中與化療藥物一起使用。HER-2高表達(dá)預(yù)示著腫瘤對周圍組織侵襲能力強(qiáng),容易遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移【10,12,13】。在本項研究中,HER-2的陽性表達(dá)與微鈣化征象的出現(xiàn)呈正相關(guān)性,與之前研究結(jié)果相符【11】。
P53基因是人類研究最為廣泛的抑癌基因,而腫瘤中大部分可有P53基因的突變。當(dāng)其突變后,即失去對細(xì)胞生長的控制作用,進(jìn)而促進(jìn)腫瘤的形成。其陽性表達(dá)可反映腫瘤的惡性轉(zhuǎn)化和增殖,也可以反映乳腺癌較差的預(yù)后,暨KI67越表達(dá),腫瘤越惡性【14】。在本項研究中,P53的陽性表達(dá)與超聲微鈣化征象的出現(xiàn)呈正相關(guān)性。
KI67在臨床上可根據(jù)其表達(dá)與其他免疫組化分子的表達(dá)對乳腺癌進(jìn)行分子分型并可以獨(dú)立預(yù)測乳腺癌的預(yù)后,在臨床上可根據(jù)其表達(dá)高達(dá)預(yù)測腫瘤轉(zhuǎn)移,腫瘤的增殖活性及分化高低,KI67指數(shù)越高乳腺癌預(yù)后越差【15-19】。在本項研究中,KI67的陽性表達(dá)與超聲微鈣化征象的出現(xiàn)呈正相關(guān)性。
TOPIIa是近來才開始被研究的一種免疫組化分子,其表達(dá)與腫瘤的分化與預(yù)后相關(guān)【20-21】,表達(dá)越高,預(yù)后越差【22-24】。在臨床上多作為一種藥物治療的靶點(diǎn)而被廣泛研究【25-26】。在本項研究中,TOPIIa陽性表達(dá)與超聲微鈣化征象的出現(xiàn)呈正相關(guān)性。
CK5/6是乳腺基底細(xì)胞所特異性表達(dá)的細(xì)胞角蛋白,其表達(dá)與ER、PR的表達(dá)呈負(fù)相關(guān),且其陽性表達(dá)與腫瘤的遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移及預(yù)后較差具有正相關(guān)性【27】。在本項研究中,CK5/6的陽性表達(dá)與超聲微鈣化征象的出現(xiàn)具有正相關(guān)性。
綜上所述,乳腺微鈣化征象的表達(dá)與HER-2、CK5/6、P53、TOPIIa、KI67的表達(dá)均呈正相關(guān)性。乳腺癌癌灶快速生長導(dǎo)致局部局部營養(yǎng)不良,進(jìn)而細(xì)胞缺血壞死形成鈣化,而在本項研究中,免疫組化表達(dá)反映預(yù)后較差的分子類型其與乳腺癌微鈣化均具有相關(guān)性,暨可從分子的角度證明乳腺癌超聲下微鈣化征象預(yù)示著較差的預(yù)后,是否可以作為預(yù)測乳腺癌預(yù)后的一項獨(dú)立預(yù)測因素尚待進(jìn)一步研究。
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作者簡介:吳昊,碩士研究生在讀。
通訊作者:吳文瑛,副主任醫(yī)師,碩士,研究方向:超聲診斷。