徐繼宏

運河千古情，江南盛世緣。一條大運河，孕育和滋養(yǎng)了吳越文化、江南文化，也為浙江的發(fā)展提供了源源不竭的動力。

能通江達海 有吳風越韻

千年大運河，錦繡貫古今。京杭大運河厚重的歷史底蘊，決定了她獨特的文化基因和時代內(nèi)涵。

“魚鹽聚為市，煙火起成村”的杭州，“堤繞門津喧井市，路交村陌混樵漁”的揚州，“水門向晚茶商鬧，橋市通宵酒客行”的汴州（今開封），“沿溜入閶門，千燈夜市喧”的楚州（今淮安）……前人詩句中的古代大運河，商賈如云，繁華熱鬧。繁忙的運河還帶動了沿岸城市的興起和商業(yè)的繁榮，吸引了大批操著不同語言的各地客商，大運河成為各民族和諧交融的水上流動舞臺，在開展商貿(mào)流通的同時，也促進了各民族文化的交流。

杭州，是京杭大運河的南端，也是浙東運河的起點，她是祖先留給我們的寶貴遺產(chǎn)，是流動的文化。于是大運河有了新?lián)?。近年來，浙江以大運河國家文化公園建設為目標，以古鎮(zhèn)為明珠，以運河為軸，串珠成鏈，努力將大運河文化帶（浙江段）建成文化旅游示范帶。截至2019年底，大運河（浙江段）共擁有國家4A級以上景區(qū)58家，其中烏鎮(zhèn)、南潯古鎮(zhèn)被評為5A級景區(qū);省級全域旅游示范縣5個，省級以上旅游度假區(qū)16家，省級旅游風情小鎮(zhèn)8家，沿線寧波、紹興、杭州、嘉興、湖州5市，全年累計接待游客超2億人次。伴隨著文化旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)的快速發(fā)展，大運河浙江段正煥發(fā)出勃勃生機和活力。

（一）

流淌不息的大運河，是活著的歷史。她貫通五大水系，串聯(lián)七大古都，連接起陸上和海上絲綢之路，是中華文明的“母親河”。

大運河浙江段共有9段河道、13個遺產(chǎn)點，涉及杭州、寧波、嘉興、湖州、紹興等5個設區(qū)市和杭州市余杭區(qū)、拱墅區(qū)、下城區(qū)、上城區(qū)、江干區(qū)、濱江區(qū)、蕭山區(qū)，寧波市余姚市、海曙區(qū)、鄞州區(qū)、江北區(qū)，嘉興市南湖區(qū)、秀洲區(qū)、海寧市、桐鄉(xiāng)市，湖州市南潯區(qū)、德清縣，紹興市柯橋區(qū)、越城區(qū)、上虞區(qū)20個縣（市、區(qū)），遺產(chǎn)區(qū)面積2658公頃，緩沖區(qū)面積10359公頃，總面積為13017公頃。

大運河浙江段北接長江經(jīng)濟帶、南連海上絲綢之路，具有通江達海的地理特色和吳風越韻的人文特色，是中國大運河中全線通航、至今仍在活化利用的省段之一，是中華文明生命力、浙江文化活力的表現(xiàn)。

據(jù)史料記載，宋代浙東運河全線貫通后，作為連接“海上絲綢之路”的寧波三江口，成為古代中國和外國交往和貿(mào)易的重要海上通道出口。貿(mào)易船舶沿大運河南下到達三江口，再換乘抗風浪性能較好的海船經(jīng)甬江出海，去往世界各地，海外客商也多由此進入內(nèi)地。

“河為線，城為珠，線串珠，珠帶面?！绷魈实拇筮\河是經(jīng)濟交流的大動脈、文化融合的主紐帶，也是沿岸城市的母親河、對外交流的開放地。

從2012年《大運河遺產(chǎn)保護管理辦法》公布，到2014年中國大運河列入《世界遺產(chǎn)名錄》，2018年7月聯(lián)合國教科文組織世界遺產(chǎn)委員會第四十二屆大會贊揚我國政府的探索和實踐對世界其他國家世界文化遺產(chǎn)的保護管理具有積極參考價值，到2019年2月《大運河文化保護傳承利用規(guī)劃綱要》提出深入挖掘和豐富大運河文化內(nèi)涵，充分展現(xiàn)大運河遺存承載的文化、活化大運河流淌伴生的文化、弘揚大運河歷史凝練的文化，讓大運河沿線發(fā)展謀篇布局、大運河文化保護傳承利用迎來歷史最好時期。

當古老的大運河與當下的時代產(chǎn)生際遇，推進大運河文化保護傳承利用更顯得意義重大。聚焦大運河世界文化遺產(chǎn)，適度兼顧大運河文化帶和大運河文化公園，在保護理念、保護機制、保護規(guī)劃、遺產(chǎn)監(jiān)測等方面，浙江走在了前列。比如，明確大運河沿線各級政府及其相關部門的職責，加快推進有關非物質(zhì)文化遺產(chǎn)和戲曲、節(jié)慶、民俗、典故、傳統(tǒng)技藝等資料和實物的普查、收集和整理;依托歷史街區(qū)、碼頭古渡等資源，開發(fā)具有浙江元素的詩畫江南游、古越風情游、絲綢文化游等特色旅游產(chǎn)品，傳承和弘揚茶葉、絲綢、書法、戲曲、湖筆、青瓷、黃酒等特色文化;倡導各地通過建設大運河世界文化遺產(chǎn)博物館、展示館，講好大運河故事，弘揚大運河文化等。

值得一說的是，浙江省已將大運河文化帶納入《詩路文化帶建設規(guī)劃》，專門制定了運河詩路黃金旅游帶三年行動計劃，領銜四條詩路黃金旅游帶建設。在建的45個大運河重點旅游項目，覆蓋了文化遺產(chǎn)保護、旅游風情小鎮(zhèn)和景區(qū)鎮(zhèn)創(chuàng)建、歷史文化街區(qū)保護建設、文化旅游休閑度假設施等。

此外，在京杭大運河博物院、紹興浙東運河博物館等龍頭項目的帶動下，大運河沿線古村古鎮(zhèn)、名人名居、會館商號、工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)等各類文化空間、文化資源，在開發(fā)保護中得以煥發(fā)青春和活力。

（二）

運河貫南北，文脈承古今。大運河孕育了水利文化、漕運文化、商事文化等多種文化形態(tài)。時光流轉(zhuǎn)，運河文化也從未離生活遠去。

杭州的拱宸橋是京杭大運河的地標性建筑。“船由滬來，先經(jīng)拱宸，過省城，乃江干，深入內(nèi)地?！庇纱耍彝姶藰?，便知道已抵杭州城。

2002年，運河（杭州段）綜合整治和保護開發(fā)，開啟“還河于民”的歷程。拱宸橋橋西原來是工廠集聚區(qū)，通益公紗廠、土特產(chǎn)倉庫、紅雷絲織廠等匯聚在這片不大的區(qū)域。1997年，拱宸橋地區(qū)舊城改造啟動，在城市有機更新中謀劃經(jīng)濟轉(zhuǎn)型，讓產(chǎn)業(yè)結構調(diào)整提升和運河整治保護互為促進。如今，這一舊廠房集中的片區(qū)已經(jīng)陸續(xù)改造為中國刀剪劍博物館、中國扇博物館、中國傘博物館等國家級博物館，實現(xiàn)了工業(yè)遺產(chǎn)的成功“轉(zhuǎn)身”。

運河兩岸散布的博物館、文創(chuàng)園、非遺保護點，加上連片保護、重現(xiàn)水鄉(xiāng)風情的歷史文化特色街區(qū)，以及沿岸居民家門口的“運河書房”、社區(qū)文化家園、“微博物館”等，讓文化與生活、產(chǎn)業(yè)交融，人文景致與美麗運河和諧共處。

隨著杭州運河文化藝術中心、杭州大城北規(guī)劃展示館、杭州手工藝活態(tài)館、二十四節(jié)氣主題公園等一批見證杭州歷史文脈的藝術館相繼開放，大運河文化更顯生機。

在杭州大運河畔的手工藝活態(tài)館，以西湖綢傘、油紙傘、刺繡、印染、木工、黃楊木雕、風箏、皮雕、竹編、張小泉剪刀、天竺筷、石雕等為主的傳統(tǒng)手工藝作坊，每年都會吸引眾多前來參觀體驗運河文化的學生、家長和八方游客。

杭州市依托老棉紡織廠、橋西土特產(chǎn)倉庫等老建筑、工業(yè)遺存，建成以非遺為特色的博物館群落，不僅保護傳承了工業(yè)文明，還探索了讓歷史建筑重煥生機的現(xiàn)實途徑。

杭州運河沿岸一大批清末民初風格的里弄街巷和歷史建筑得以保留;小橋流水、粉墻黛瓦、飛檐雕花，巧妙地與這座歷史文化名城融為一體;以“大運河”命名的公交車站、地鐵站，以“大運河”冠名的文體設施逐一涌現(xiàn)……一座城市的美，沿著波瀾壯闊的大運河而聲名遠揚。

建設“全域沒有圍墻的博物館”，打造全國領先的運河文化傳承特色產(chǎn)業(yè)集聚區(qū)……作為浙江省大運河遺產(chǎn)地綜合保護試點市，杭州段大運河保護、傳承、利用實踐正在成為大運河浙江段沿岸地市的行動自覺。

（三）

運河千古情，江南盛世緣。一條大運河，孕育和滋養(yǎng)了浙江的吳越文化、江南文化，也為浙江的發(fā)展提供了源源不竭的動力。

南宋遷都臨安后，明州港（寧波港）的海外貿(mào)易和文化交流作用一躍超過揚州等北方被遼、金政權控制的運河城市。位于浙東運河和京杭大運河連接點的杭州，其通江達海的地位更為顯著，并影響到元、明、清等朝代。馬可·波羅、鄂多立克、利瑪竇、崔溥、成尋等歷史上的國際友人，沿著大運河南下北上，都在杭州中轉(zhuǎn)，并不惜筆墨，將大量的贊美之詞留給了杭州?，F(xiàn)珍藏于國家博物館的《乾隆南巡圖》，詳細記錄了當時沿大運河從北京到杭州及過錢塘江到紹興的人物、場景。

大運河是一個文化符號，更是一種生活方式。如今，運河杭州段的游船數(shù)量越來越多，線路也越來越長。2004年，運河水上巴士在信義坊碼頭首航，標志著杭州成為全國首個在市區(qū)運河干道開通水上交通的城市;2008年，三條水上黃金旅游線開通，為杭州旅游又添了一筆。目前，在運河主航道，余杭塘河、上塘河、東河等支流線航道以及錢塘江等，均有休閑旅游線路在運營，客流接待量從最初的每年5.4萬人次增至130余萬人次。

城因運河而生，業(yè)因運河而興。2020年4月，《浙江省大運河文化保護傳承利用實施規(guī)劃》發(fā)布，嘉興市、杭州市、湖州市等有關單位共同簽訂合作協(xié)議，推動大運河唐詩之路建設，以京杭大運河和古鎮(zhèn)集群為紐帶，串聯(lián)水上古鎮(zhèn)節(jié)點旅游線，培育大運河“走運之旅”，共同打響杭嘉湖一體化大運河文旅品牌。

繁華不只為追憶。千年運河流動在老百姓的生活中，流淌出波濤滾滾的文化記憶，流向我們無限向往的遠方。杭州京杭運河水上游線、寧波三江水上夜游、嘉興古運河旅游、紹興柯橋運河游、湖州南潯水上游線正在串珠成鏈;與運河伴生的古鎮(zhèn)文化、蠶桑文化、絲綢文化、曲藝文化的歷史價值、文化價值和旅游價值得以深入挖掘;運河古鎮(zhèn)之路、運河絲綢之路、運河詩畫之路、運河曲藝之路、考古研學之路，這些綜合展示運河風貌、傳統(tǒng)民居、生活美學、生產(chǎn)場景等的精品旅游線路呼之欲出，給了游客更多“非來不可”“再住一晚”的理由。讓千年運河文脈生生不息，續(xù)寫千年運河的精彩故事，運河沿岸的浙江兒女正在書寫新時代大運河的壯美篇章。

（）

Grand Canal： Past Glory of Zhejiang Section

By Xu Jihong

A big part of the history of Hangzhou City and Zhejiang Province has something to do with the Grand Canal. What is now known as Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal was actually the Capital-Hangzhou Grand Canal for more than 1，000 years. Hangzhou at the southern end of the great manmade watercourse connected with present-day Beijing in the Yuan （1279-1368）， the Ming （1368-1644） and the Qing （1644-1911） dynasties. Before these dynasties， Hangzhou connected with Luoyang， the capital of the Sui （581-618） and the Tang （618-907）， a dynasty with Changan and Luoyang as dual capitals. In the Northern Song （960-1127）， Hangzhou was the countrys economic center. Such strong ties with the capitals of the dynasties in history are testified today by numerous Grand-Canal sites in Zhejiang.

The Grand Canal was inscribed as the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage in 2014. Included in the heritage， the Zhejiang section of the Grand Canal presents nine sections and thirteen sites located in five cities in the north of the province. Another way to describe the cultural prosperity of the Zhejiang section of the Grand Canal is to list the tourist attractions in the area： fifty-eight 4A and 5A scenic zones， including Wuzhen and Nanxun， ancient canal towns. These tourist attractions allure 200 million visitors a year.

The canal system in Zhejiang played a big role in the economic and social and cultural prosperity in the region. In the Song Dynasty， what is known as Eastern Zhejiang Canal was constructed. This is a manmade river connected with Hangzhou via the Qiantang River at the west side and Ningbo at the eastern tip. Ningbo became a key port where ships to and from the outside world docked. Cargo ships from inland reached Ningbo where goods were transferred onto sea-going ships for overseas destinations. In particular， Ningbo became the very destination of many international visitors from overseas. They traveled on the canal from Ningbo to Hangzhou and then went northward to other parts of the country via the Capital-Hangzhou canal. The Eastern Zhejiang Canal and Ningbo made Hangzhou more important and more prosperous as the hub of the two canals. Hangzhou embraced many historical international names such as Marco Polo， Odoric of Pordenone， Matteo Ricci， Choe Bu， and Jojin who are in the history of cultural exchanges and conversations between China and the rest of the world.

Long before the Grand Canal became UNESCO world heritage site in 2014， Hangzhou made efforts to preserve the past glory of the worlds longest manmade river. In 2002， the Hangzhou section of the canal saw the first large-scale refurbishment project. At the west side of the Gongchen Bridge， the symbol of Hangzhou section of the canal， there used to be a lot of factories which went dysfunctional in the 1990s. Now the district is home to a series of national museums featuring local products which were famed all over the country： household scissors and knives， umbrellas， and paper fans. The district now is also home to a special handicraft center where artists and craftspeople work at their studios demonstrating ancient handicrafts. The museums and the center， all housed at the repurposed factory buildings， attract a large number of students and their parents and tourists every year.

Along the Hangzhou section of the Grand Canal which zigzags through the very heart of the city are a lot of historical residential houses and industrial buildings in the architectural styles of the late Qing Dynasty （1644-1911） and the Republic of China （1911-1949）. Also well preserved are time-old lanes and backstreets.

Along the canal are many facilities named after the Grand Canal， giving people of today a chance to peep into the past glory of the city. The first canal boat bus for tourists began to operate in Hangzhou in 2004. In 2008， three sightseeing boat tour routes on the canal started to serve tourists. Nowadays， these routes have branched into other canals in and around downtown Hangzhou and some sightseeing boat tours are on the Qiantang River. In the first year， 54，000 tourists took the boat tours. Nowadays， over 1.3 million take the boat tours on the canals and the Qiantang River per year. In other canal areas across Zhejiang， there are also many boat tours. Tours are usually organized around ancient towns and cities.

The provincial government has done a lot to make sure the Grand Canal in Zhejiang is well preserved and utilized to further promote the social， economic and cultural development of the canal zones. In 2012， two years before the Grand Canal was inscribed as a UNESCO world heritage site， the province issued a regulation on the preservation of the legacy of the canal sections. In February 2019， an outline for further preservation， development， utilization of the culture of the Grand Canal was formulated and issued. The plan has a focus on the world heritage sites， which amount to 13，017 hectares in total， including the 10，359-hectare buffer zones. In April 2020， the province issued a detailed plan to translate the 2019 outline into reality. Jiaxing， Hangzhou and Huzhou have signed an agreement to join forces in promoting sightseeing tours based on the Grand Canal and ancient canal towns.

Under government protection are more than physical structures in the UNESCO World Heritage Site. Also preserved and promoted are intangible cultural heritage items and traditional arts and crafts that once originated and thrived in Hangzhou in the era of the Grand Canal. These tours highlight silkworm farming and silk production， regional operas， folk entertainment performances， ancient architecture， ancient poetry and art. These cultural treasures of the past give tourists a window on the colorful dimensions of the ancient life cultured by the Grand Canal.