國土上既有山水林田湖草等自然資源，又有人類活動建造的城鎮(zhèn)、村莊、工廠、礦山、道路等人工設(shè)施。不同的自然資源和人工建設(shè)構(gòu)成了國土上不同的景觀，這些景觀是既有的國土空間利用方式的表現(xiàn)，也是未來對國土空間進行規(guī)劃管理的前提。因此，在國土空間規(guī)劃管理的巨大變革時期，作為風(fēng)景園林的從業(yè)者，我們應(yīng)該更加深入地了解、認識和研究中國的國土景觀。

我曾于2002年在柏林購買了德國學(xué)者Johannes Mueller出版的《中國的文化景觀》（Kulturlandschaft China）一書。作者對當(dāng)時中國的國土景觀進行了初步的區(qū)域劃分，也對每個區(qū)域景觀的形成和現(xiàn)狀做了基本描述，書上的圖片和圖紙反映了20世紀(jì)80—90年代中國的景觀面貌，這本書激發(fā)起我隨后研究中國國土景觀的興趣。

一個國家領(lǐng)土范圍內(nèi)地表景觀的綜合構(gòu)成了這個國家的國土景觀。中國疆域遼闊，大陸東西橫跨62經(jīng)度，南北縱跨33緯度，擁有多樣的地形、地貌、氣候、溫濕、動植物等自然條件，不同狀況的自然條件疊加又形成了更多樣的地域自然環(huán)境。

中國國土整體地勢呈三級臺階狀分布，自西向東依次遞減，既擁有海拔8 844 m的地球上最高的珠穆朗瑪峰，亦有低于海平面154 m的吐魯番盆地中的艾丁湖。中國大陸具有寒帶、溫帶、亞熱帶、熱帶等不同的氣候帶。年均降雨量從華南一些區(qū)域的超過2 000 mm到吐魯番盆地的不足20 mm不等，有濕潤、半濕潤、半干旱、干旱等不同的地區(qū)。中國也是世界上擁有河流和湖泊最多的國家之一。隨著地形地貌、氣候類型、溫濕條件的不同，植被類型與分布也千差萬別，并形成不同的自然生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，包括森林、濕地、草原、荒原、沙漠等。多樣的自然地理環(huán)境是形成中國國土景觀獨特性和多樣性的自然基礎(chǔ)。

中國又是歷史悠久的文明古國，經(jīng)過幾千年來的勞作實踐，中國人在不斷摸索中掌握了適應(yīng)本土環(huán)境特點的生存發(fā)展方式，根據(jù)地方的自然條件和風(fēng)俗習(xí)慣，發(fā)展農(nóng)業(yè)，營建家園。為了適應(yīng)地域自然條件，人們采用不同的方式改造環(huán)境，種植作物，建設(shè)配套的水利設(shè)施，整理出多樣的農(nóng)業(yè)耕種類型。同時人們依據(jù)地理環(huán)境、自然資源、社會架構(gòu)和生產(chǎn)生活方式，就地取材，建造房屋，創(chuàng)造出不同的建筑類型，在此基礎(chǔ)上形成各具特色的村落和市鎮(zhèn)。每個地區(qū)的農(nóng)業(yè)與聚落相對穩(wěn)定，世代沿襲，經(jīng)過漫長的時間積累，形成了一個個在時間上延續(xù)、在空間上完整的景觀單元，這些千差萬別的景觀單元延綿覆蓋于地表，形成了多樣的景觀面貌。

復(fù)雜多變的自然條件與源遠流長的人文歷史共同塑造了中國獨特而豐富的國土景觀，使得國土空間不僅僅是物質(zhì)空間，也成為中國人的精神家園。歷史上，無數(shù)詩詞歌賦和山水畫作描繪了中國的山巒、河湖、原野、田園、村莊、城鎮(zhèn)、寺廟、園林，中國的國土景觀影響了中國人的哲學(xué)、思想、文化、藝術(shù)、行為和價值觀。

今天，國土空間規(guī)劃體系的建立能夠促使我們將國土上的自然和人文資源視作一個整體來保護和發(fā)展，但是成效如何卻取決于我們對于國土上這些資源的認識程度。吳良鏞先生在《中國人居史》一書中指出：“今日中國之土地是古人數(shù)千年辛苦勞作、悉心化育逐漸形成的，凝結(jié)了古人世代心血的經(jīng)營與辛勤汗水的澆灌，也凝結(jié)了探索具有中華特色可持續(xù)發(fā)展人居文明的艱辛歷程。作為一個中國人，自當(dāng)對前人艱辛創(chuàng)造人居環(huán)境的歷史有所體會，有所尊重；自當(dāng)對于中國之土地有一分崇敬，有一分深情”。我們需要對國土空間有整體和深入的研究，認識其演變、現(xiàn)狀和未來發(fā)展的趨勢，采取合適的對策，保證在社會和經(jīng)濟快速變革的過程中，經(jīng)由漫長歷史歲月沉積下來的國土上的自然和人文遺產(chǎn)仍然受到珍視，每一片土地的景觀獨特性能夠持續(xù)，景觀的多樣性能夠得到維護。

主編：王向榮教授

2020年1月3日

PREFACE

The Territorial Landscape of China

On our vast territory, there are natural resources such as mountains, rivers, forests, farmlands, lakes and grasslands, and artificial facilities such as towns, villages, factories, mines and roads built by human activities. Different natural resources and artificial constructions constitute different landscapes on the land, which can be seen as the performance of how people utilize the existing land and space, and also the premise for the planning and management of the land and space in the future. Therefore, in the period of great transformation of land space planning and management in China, we, as practitioners of landscape architecture, should deeply understand and study the territory landscapes of China.

I bought the book -Kulturlandschaft Chinapublished by Johannes Mueller, a German scholar, in Berlin in 2002. The author made a preliminary region division of the landscapes in China at that time, and also gave a basic description of the formation and current situation of the regional landscape. Pictures and drawings in the book reflected the landscape of China from the 1980s to the 1990s. This book arouses my interest in studying the landscape of China.

A combination of surface landscapes within a country’s territory constitutes the country’s territory landscape. China has a vast territory spanning 62 longitudes from east to west and 33 latitudes from south to north. There is a variety of topography,geomorphology, climate, temperature and humidity, plant and animal species. Different natural conditions are superimposed to form a diverse regional natural environment.

The overall land topography of China is three-step-like,decreasing from west to east, with the highest Mount Everest on the earth at 8 844 m above sea level and Aydingkol Lake in Turpan Basin at 154 m below sea level. There are different climatic zones such as cold zone, temperate zone, subtropical zone and tropical zone on mainland China. The average annual rainfall ranges from more than 2 000 mm in some regions of South China to less than 20 mm in the Turpan Basin. There are humid, semi-humid, semiarid, and drought areas. China is also one of the countries with the most rivers and lakes in the world. With various topography, climate type, temperature and humidity conditions, vegetation types and distribution are also very different, and different natural ecosystems are formed, including forests, wetlands, grasslands, wasteland,deserts, etc. The diverse natural geographical environment is the natural basis for the formation of the uniqueness and diversity of the territory landscapes of China.

China enjoys a long history of ancient civilization. After thousands of years of practice, the Chinese have mastered the survival and development mode adapted to the local environment,and can develop agriculture and build their homeland according to local natural conditions, customs and habits. In order to adapt to the natural conditions of the specific regions, people have been transformed the environment, planted crops, built supporting water conservancy facilities in different ways and sorted out various ways of agricultural cultivation. At the same time, people use local materials to build houses and create different types of buildings according to the geographical environment, natural resources, social structure, production mode and life style. The villages and towns of different characteristics are formed on this basis. The agriculture and settlement of each region are relatively stable and inherited for generations. After a long time of accumulation, the landscape units that are continuous in time and integrated in space are formed.These diverse landscape units spread over the land surface, forming a variety of landscape features.

The complex and changeable natural conditions and the longstanding human history have shaped unique and rich landscapes in China, it is not only the material space but also the spiritual home of the Chinese people. Historically, countless poems and landscape paintings have depicted the mountains, rivers, lakes, farmlands,grasslands, villages, towns, temples, gardens, the landscapes of China have influenced the philosophy, ideology, culture, art,behavior and values of the Chinese people.

Today, the establishment of the territorial spatial planning system can encourage us to protect and develop the natural and human resources of the land as a whole, but the effectiveness depends on our understanding of these resources on the land.Mr. WU Liangyong pointed out that in his bookThe History of Chinese Human Settlements: “The land of China was gradually formed by the ancients after thousands of years of hard work and careful management, which condensed the ancient people’s painstaking efforts and hard sweat, and also the winding road of exploring the sustainable development of human settlement civilization with Chinese characteristics. As a Chinese, we should experience and respect the history of human settlement and the land of China.” We need to have an overall and in-depth study of the land, to understand its evolution, the current situation and the trend of future development, and to take appropriate countermeasures to ensure that the natural and human heritage that has been deposited over the course of the rapid social and economic change is still valued, the landscape uniqueness of each piece of land can still be sustained and the diversity of the landscape can be preserved.

Chief Editor: Prof. Dr.-Ing. WANG Xiangrong

January 3rd, 2020