韓 晨,謝 言,高山行
多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向與企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效:一個(gè)被調(diào)節(jié)的中介效應(yīng)模型
韓 晨1,謝 言2*,高山行1
(1.西安交通大學(xué) 管理學(xué)院,陜西 西安 710049;2.西北工業(yè)大學(xué) 管理學(xué)院,陜西 西安 710072)
本研究基于戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向和企業(yè)績(jī)效之間關(guān)系的研究,結(jié)合戰(zhàn)略與環(huán)境匹配理論和信息處理理論,討論了多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向,即創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向,對(duì)探索性創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的影響機(jī)制,以及環(huán)境掃描的調(diào)節(jié)效應(yīng)。采用303套我國(guó)企業(yè)的雙份調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù)對(duì)文中構(gòu)建的被調(diào)節(jié)的中介效應(yīng)模型進(jìn)行實(shí)證檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果顯示:創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向之間的交互通過促進(jìn)探索性創(chuàng)新而顯著提升企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效,即探索性創(chuàng)新中介了創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向的交互與企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效之間的正向關(guān)系;環(huán)境掃描通過增強(qiáng)創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向的交互與探索性創(chuàng)新之間的關(guān)系,進(jìn)而正向調(diào)節(jié)了探索性創(chuàng)新的中介效應(yīng)。
創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向;員工導(dǎo)向;探索性創(chuàng)新;創(chuàng)新績(jī)效;環(huán)境掃描
自1989年Venkatraman[1]首次定義戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向?yàn)橐唤M企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略的實(shí)施行為,并將其作為組織成敗的決定因素以來,與戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向相關(guān)的研究進(jìn)入蓬勃發(fā)展階段,戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向?qū)ζ髽I(yè)績(jī)效的影響成為戰(zhàn)略管理領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn),越來越多的研究認(rèn)可戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向在提升企業(yè)創(chuàng)新能力和績(jī)效方面的積極作用。但是,相關(guān)研究仍然存在以下幾方面有待完善之處:
第一,受限于戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向發(fā)展與演化的歷史軌跡,學(xué)者對(duì)于不同類型的戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的研究熱忱和關(guān)注并不均衡,絕大部分戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向與企業(yè)績(jī)效之間關(guān)系的研究集中于某種特定類型的戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向?qū)τ谄髽I(yè)績(jī)效的影響[2,3]。但是,企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略與行為往往受多種戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的協(xié)同驅(qū)動(dòng),故而在探討戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向與企業(yè)績(jī)效之間的關(guān)系時(shí),迫切需要考慮多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的共同作用。現(xiàn)有多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向與企業(yè)績(jī)效之間關(guān)系的研究呈現(xiàn)碎片化,極少數(shù)學(xué)者關(guān)注到了市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向和學(xué)習(xí)導(dǎo)向[4]、創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和學(xué)習(xí)導(dǎo)向[5]以及創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向[6]對(duì)于企業(yè)績(jī)效的協(xié)同作用,但鮮有分析創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向如何共同作用于企業(yè)績(jī)效。員工導(dǎo)向是以激發(fā)員工創(chuàng)造性并有助于組織戰(zhàn)略實(shí)現(xiàn)為目的的提升員工滿意度和福利的人力資源政策與實(shí)踐。創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向則表現(xiàn)為有助于企業(yè)進(jìn)入新市場(chǎng)的傾向性和戰(zhàn)略姿態(tài)。作為戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的兩種重要形式,創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向均有助于創(chuàng)新性和新穎性的企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略活動(dòng),但是兩者之間是否存在交互效應(yīng),能否發(fā)揮協(xié)同作用,共同促進(jìn)企業(yè)績(jī)效,仍有待研究。
第二,現(xiàn)有研究者大多關(guān)注與其研究領(lǐng)域直接相關(guān)的某種特定類型的戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向?qū)τ谄髽I(yè)績(jī)效提升和競(jìng)爭(zhēng)優(yōu)勢(shì)保持的直接影響,而戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向(特別是多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向)作用于企業(yè)績(jī)效的內(nèi)在路徑機(jī)制仍顯空白[3]。營(yíng)銷領(lǐng)域關(guān)注市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向?qū)ζ髽I(yè)績(jī)效的作用[7,8],組織學(xué)習(xí)領(lǐng)域?qū)W者探討學(xué)習(xí)導(dǎo)向與企業(yè)績(jī)效的關(guān)系[9,10],創(chuàng)業(yè)研究者分析創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向?qū)ζ髽I(yè)創(chuàng)新和績(jī)效的影響[11,12],人力資源管理學(xué)者創(chuàng)造性地引入了員工導(dǎo)向的概念并構(gòu)建了它與企業(yè)績(jī)效的關(guān)系[13,14,15,16]。我們急需厘清戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向(特別是多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向)對(duì)于企業(yè)績(jī)效影響的內(nèi)在作用機(jī)制。在當(dāng)前激烈競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境下,能否突破現(xiàn)有技術(shù)路徑和軌道,開發(fā)出突破性和探索性的創(chuàng)新產(chǎn)品,是企業(yè)績(jī)效提升的關(guān)鍵所在,并受企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的約束。我們猜想,探索性創(chuàng)新可能是多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向與企業(yè)績(jī)效之間關(guān)系的重要鏈接路徑。因此,本研究力圖構(gòu)建兩種戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向(創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向)通過探索性創(chuàng)新提升企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的路徑機(jī)制。
第三,戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向和企業(yè)創(chuàng)新和績(jī)效之間關(guān)系的重要調(diào)節(jié)變量來自權(quán)變理論,即企業(yè)核心變量與其所處外部環(huán)境的情境匹配,有助于提升企業(yè)創(chuàng)新和績(jī)效[17]。企業(yè)在動(dòng)態(tài)環(huán)境中開展探索性創(chuàng)新,需要持續(xù)和頻繁地對(duì)外部環(huán)境進(jìn)行掃描,以識(shí)別和利用機(jī)會(huì),并避免競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者的威脅[18]。根據(jù)信息處理理論,環(huán)境掃描作為企業(yè)從環(huán)境中汲取有價(jià)值知識(shí)和信息的途徑,對(duì)企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略和創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的開展和實(shí)施,具有重要的調(diào)節(jié)影響。就此,我們將討論企業(yè)環(huán)境掃描強(qiáng)度對(duì)于多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向和企業(yè)績(jī)效之間關(guān)系的調(diào)節(jié)作用。
基于以上研究缺口,我們將著力探究多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向(即創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向),如何以探索性創(chuàng)新為中介機(jī)制作用于企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效,以及環(huán)境掃描的調(diào)節(jié)影響。
戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向是企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)長(zhǎng)期高效工作的方法[19],是管理者對(duì)于外部環(huán)境的認(rèn)知與反應(yīng),彌散于整個(gè)企業(yè)的戰(zhàn)略姿態(tài)之中[1],是企業(yè)未來經(jīng)營(yíng)狀況與發(fā)展的指針[20]。市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向是當(dāng)前發(fā)展最早和研究最為完善的一種戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向[21,22]。Roberts[21]最先提出市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向的概念,并被Narver、Slater、Kohli和Jaworski等學(xué)者進(jìn)一步拓展與完善[23,7]。隨著創(chuàng)新創(chuàng)業(yè)、組織學(xué)習(xí)和人力資源等領(lǐng)域?qū)W者的借鑒和引入,戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向從市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向拓展到創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向、創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向、學(xué)習(xí)導(dǎo)向、技術(shù)導(dǎo)向、員工導(dǎo)向、產(chǎn)品導(dǎo)向等更為豐富的表現(xiàn)形式與細(xì)分類型。
戰(zhàn)略管理領(lǐng)域?qū)W者發(fā)現(xiàn),企業(yè)不同戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向之間并不是孤立的,企業(yè)通常在產(chǎn)品開發(fā)和績(jī)效提升過程中,結(jié)合多種戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向[24,3]。Hakala[3]總結(jié)出三種理解多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向之間關(guān)系的視角:有序視角、替代視角與互補(bǔ)視角。有序視角認(rèn)為企業(yè)的多種戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向應(yīng)與企業(yè)所處的發(fā)展階段相符合,處于不同發(fā)展階段的企業(yè)有其各自的最優(yōu)戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向,且一種戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向會(huì)隨著企業(yè)的成長(zhǎng)而發(fā)展為另一種戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向。替代視角將企業(yè)多種戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向看作一系列備選項(xiàng),企業(yè)可以從中進(jìn)行選擇。在同一情境下,不同戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向可能產(chǎn)生不同績(jī)效結(jié)果,也可能引發(fā)績(jī)效提升的不同路徑機(jī)制。相比較有序視角和替代視角,互補(bǔ)視角的認(rèn)可度更高。不同戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向存在相關(guān)關(guān)系,彼此支持,發(fā)揮互補(bǔ)協(xié)同效應(yīng)。該研究視角普遍認(rèn)可“多多益善(more is better)”的思維邏輯,即認(rèn)為同時(shí)關(guān)注多種戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向,保持不同類型戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向處于較高水平會(huì)理所當(dāng)然地產(chǎn)生協(xié)同效應(yīng)。但是值得思考的是,這種互補(bǔ)協(xié)同效應(yīng)是否一成不變、始終適用(one size fits all)?針對(duì)存在較少被研究或存在研究空缺的戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向組合(創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向)來講,是否仍然滿足“多多益善”的基本邏輯?本研究將通過分析多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向(創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向)對(duì)探索性創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的影響,試圖回答這些有趣的問題。
Lumpkin和Dess[11]將創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向定義為一種能夠促進(jìn)企業(yè)進(jìn)入新市場(chǎng)的行為傾向和戰(zhàn)略態(tài)勢(shì)。創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向越強(qiáng),則企業(yè)越傾向于從事創(chuàng)新性更強(qiáng)、先動(dòng)性更高和蘊(yùn)含更多潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的戰(zhàn)略活動(dòng)。創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向?qū)τ谄髽I(yè)創(chuàng)新的驅(qū)動(dòng)作用得到了學(xué)者們的認(rèn)可。創(chuàng)新性強(qiáng)的企業(yè),能夠在產(chǎn)品研發(fā)和技術(shù)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中涌現(xiàn)出更多新穎產(chǎn)品和技術(shù)思路,也會(huì)給予創(chuàng)造性活動(dòng)更多的包容與支持[11]。先動(dòng)性高的企業(yè)能夠更早更快地識(shí)別市場(chǎng)機(jī)會(huì)并搶占市場(chǎng)份額,從而研發(fā)出創(chuàng)新性更高的探索性產(chǎn)品。此外,探索性創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)往往隱含著高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)和不確定性。能否主動(dòng)承擔(dān)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)并采取更具有冒險(xiǎn)性的戰(zhàn)略行為,直接決定了企業(yè)探索性創(chuàng)新的成敗[25]。因此,創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向有助于探索性創(chuàng)新。
員工導(dǎo)向是指企業(yè)從注重員工關(guān)系出發(fā),將員工視為組織不可或缺的重要資源,力圖尋求企業(yè)利益和員工利益的平衡[26]。員工導(dǎo)向強(qiáng)的企業(yè),傾向于開發(fā)和實(shí)施出一系列善待其組織內(nèi)部員工并提升員工對(duì)組織的滿意度、認(rèn)可度和承諾感的人力資源舉措和行為[27],進(jìn)而促進(jìn)企業(yè)探索性創(chuàng)新行為,顯著提升組織績(jī)效和目標(biāo)。例如,細(xì)致的員工甄選程序、廣泛的員工培訓(xùn)體系以及豐富的輪崗制度,在幫助企業(yè)招募優(yōu)秀的開拓性人才的同時(shí),給予其更多學(xué)習(xí)和拓寬業(yè)務(wù)領(lǐng)域的機(jī)會(huì),從而有助于培養(yǎng)員工創(chuàng)造力,促進(jìn)企業(yè)探索性創(chuàng)新??茖W(xué)合理的員工激勵(lì)模式,結(jié)合物質(zhì)激勵(lì)、精神激勵(lì)和員工心理安全感,促進(jìn)員工自我提升和突破,增強(qiáng)其勇于冒險(xiǎn)和開拓的意識(shí)。團(tuán)隊(duì)績(jī)效導(dǎo)向和員工行為導(dǎo)向的評(píng)價(jià)體系,以及公平、開放和共享的組織文化,能夠促進(jìn)員工之間的知識(shí)共享與交換,防止惡性競(jìng)爭(zhēng)和利己主義行為的產(chǎn)生。這種融洽的組織氛圍能激發(fā)員工和團(tuán)隊(duì)的探索精神,促使其持續(xù)反思和改進(jìn)現(xiàn)有技術(shù)能力和產(chǎn)品市場(chǎng),尋找新技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品的突破點(diǎn),從而提升探索性創(chuàng)新水平。
創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向不僅能夠單獨(dú)促進(jìn)企業(yè)探索性創(chuàng)新,兩者還可以共同作用,發(fā)揮協(xié)同效應(yīng),激發(fā)高水平的探索性創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)。第一,員工導(dǎo)向有助于實(shí)現(xiàn)創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向到創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的轉(zhuǎn)化。員工導(dǎo)向程度強(qiáng)的企業(yè),其創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向?qū)ζ髽I(yè)創(chuàng)新和績(jī)效提升的正向作用越大。創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向代表企業(yè)進(jìn)行探索性活動(dòng)的傾向性,是一種重要的無形資源,而員工是企業(yè)實(shí)施戰(zhàn)略和創(chuàng)新活動(dòng)的重要有形資源之一。探索性創(chuàng)新必須依賴企業(yè)內(nèi)部各種資源與能力的配合和組合,即企業(yè)需要將員工知識(shí)和技能與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)性的戰(zhàn)略姿態(tài)相結(jié)合。通過實(shí)施員工導(dǎo)向的人力資源管理系統(tǒng),企業(yè)成功實(shí)現(xiàn)了人力資本與創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)的匹配[28],從而促進(jìn)了探索性創(chuàng)新。第二,同時(shí)具有高水平的創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向的企業(yè),將會(huì)開發(fā)和執(zhí)行能夠促進(jìn)創(chuàng)新性、先動(dòng)性、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)進(jìn)取性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)性的人力資源管理實(shí)踐[29],增強(qiáng)員工提出創(chuàng)造性提案的信心,推動(dòng)組織內(nèi)部的知識(shí)共享、知識(shí)轉(zhuǎn)移和知識(shí)創(chuàng)造活動(dòng)[30],進(jìn)而促進(jìn)企業(yè)開發(fā)和探索新技術(shù)和新產(chǎn)品。由此可以說明,創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向的交互作用,能夠顯著促進(jìn)企業(yè)探索性創(chuàng)新。
探索性創(chuàng)新能夠?yàn)槠髽I(yè)帶來高度新穎的技術(shù)和產(chǎn)品,抓住市場(chǎng)機(jī)會(huì),開辟顧客新市場(chǎng),提高對(duì)市場(chǎng)的適應(yīng)性、反應(yīng)性與靈活性,從而相比競(jìng)爭(zhēng)者,能夠開發(fā)出更多的新產(chǎn)品和新專利[31]。綜合來看,創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向的交互,通過提升探索性創(chuàng)新水平,顯著增強(qiáng)了創(chuàng)新績(jī)效。由此,我們提出:
H1:創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向的交互對(duì)企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的正向影響以探索性創(chuàng)新為中介變量。
環(huán)境掃描是企業(yè)通過持續(xù)系統(tǒng)地掃描其外部環(huán)境以獲取有價(jià)值信息的行為,它有利于企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略制定與執(zhí)行并提升企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略與外部環(huán)境的匹配關(guān)系[32]。組織信息處理理論認(rèn)為企業(yè)是一個(gè)開放式的信息處理系統(tǒng)[33]。開放式創(chuàng)新背景下,企業(yè)創(chuàng)新特別是探索性創(chuàng)新的重要來源是流入組織的外部信息,而信息流動(dòng)則受信息處理能力的影響。企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略制定與執(zhí)行所需的信息和支持性信息處理系統(tǒng)之間的適配性,能夠顯著改善組織運(yùn)作與績(jī)效[33,34]。我們認(rèn)為,在探討創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向、員工導(dǎo)向、環(huán)境掃描與探索性創(chuàng)新之間的關(guān)系時(shí),創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向衡量企業(yè)進(jìn)行探索性創(chuàng)新的戰(zhàn)略態(tài)勢(shì)與行為傾向,高度新穎性和突破性的探索性技術(shù)與產(chǎn)品對(duì)新知識(shí)與新信息的需求更大,更需要具有創(chuàng)新性、先動(dòng)性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)性的企業(yè)行為傾向和戰(zhàn)略態(tài)勢(shì)。員工導(dǎo)向起到企業(yè)支持性信息處理系統(tǒng)的作用,為企業(yè)創(chuàng)新提供具有開拓精神和創(chuàng)造力的人力資本和支持性的創(chuàng)新氛圍和文化。企業(yè)環(huán)境掃描行為使企業(yè)高頻掃描和汲取外部環(huán)境中的有價(jià)值信息,能夠促進(jìn)企業(yè)自身戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向與外部環(huán)境的融合性與匹配度,進(jìn)而增強(qiáng)企業(yè)的探索性創(chuàng)新[35]。通過環(huán)境掃描,企業(yè)識(shí)別并利用外部環(huán)境中的機(jī)會(huì),協(xié)調(diào)其開展探索性活動(dòng)的意識(shí)、實(shí)施探索性活動(dòng)的員工主體與外部市場(chǎng)和技術(shù)環(huán)境三者之間的關(guān)系,從而推動(dòng)企業(yè)探索性創(chuàng)新并提升企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效。據(jù)此,我們提出:
H2:環(huán)境掃描正向調(diào)節(jié)了創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向的交互對(duì)探索性創(chuàng)新的影響,以及探索性創(chuàng)新的中介作用,即存在被調(diào)節(jié)的中介效應(yīng)。
本文的理論模型如圖1所示。
圖1 理論模型
Figure 1 Theoretical model
本研究使用我國(guó)31個(gè)省市收集的大樣本問卷調(diào)研數(shù)據(jù)來檢驗(yàn)圖1中的理論模型。我們首先從國(guó)外成熟文獻(xiàn)中選取用于本研究的核心變量,得到初步英文版量表。接著,我們執(zhí)行了嚴(yán)格的翻譯和回譯過程。先將英文問卷翻譯為中文,再讓不同的翻譯者回譯為英文,對(duì)比初始版英文量表的文字表述、格式和結(jié)構(gòu),進(jìn)行修正以保證量表敘述清晰明確,且具有跨文化一致性。隨后,隨機(jī)選取10家位于西安高新區(qū)的企業(yè),每家企業(yè)發(fā)放兩份預(yù)調(diào)研問卷,根據(jù)兩名不同受訪者對(duì)問卷內(nèi)容和結(jié)構(gòu)的建議,修正和完善了預(yù)調(diào)研問卷,至此固定了用于最終實(shí)際調(diào)研的量表。最后,在實(shí)際調(diào)研中,根據(jù)各省市的GDP總量排名,將31個(gè)省市劃分為3組,每組發(fā)放500套雙份問卷,每套問卷由調(diào)研企業(yè)的兩名中層及以上管理者獨(dú)立填寫。最終回收到303套雙份問卷,有效回收率為20.2%(303/1500)。樣本企業(yè)的規(guī)模大小、所有制和行業(yè)類型分布均衡。
我們根據(jù)Armstrong和Overton[36]的方法檢驗(yàn)無回應(yīng)偏差。針對(duì)回收和未回收的樣本進(jìn)行t檢驗(yàn),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)兩個(gè)樣本在企業(yè)年齡、企業(yè)規(guī)模和所有制類型等變量方面不存在顯著性差異,因此無回應(yīng)偏差并未影響本研究結(jié)果。
核心變量均使用7點(diǎn)Likert量表,其中1代表完全不贊同,7代表完全贊同。
自變量:創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向的測(cè)量取自Wang[5],使用10個(gè)題項(xiàng)進(jìn)行測(cè)量。員工導(dǎo)向的測(cè)量指標(biāo)來自Xiao和Bjorkman[37],包括13個(gè)題項(xiàng)。
中介變量:探索性創(chuàng)新來源于Zhou和Wu[38],包括3個(gè)測(cè)量指標(biāo)。
因變量:根據(jù)Hagedoorn和Cloodt[39]的研究,企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效采用新產(chǎn)品數(shù)和專利數(shù)2個(gè)指標(biāo)來衡量。
調(diào)節(jié)變量:環(huán)境掃描的測(cè)量與Beal[35]的研究保持一致,涵蓋9個(gè)題項(xiàng)。
為了控制外生變量對(duì)于本研究的影響,我們選擇了9個(gè)控制變量:企業(yè)年齡、企業(yè)規(guī)模、企業(yè)所有制類型、企業(yè)是否是高新技術(shù)企業(yè)、資源冗余、資源獲取、資源柔性、管理者既有任期。企業(yè)年齡用截止調(diào)研時(shí),企業(yè)存活年數(shù)的自然對(duì)數(shù)測(cè)量;企業(yè)規(guī)模使用企業(yè)員工總數(shù)的自然對(duì)數(shù);企業(yè)所有制類型和企業(yè)是否為高新技術(shù)企業(yè)均為二分虛擬變量,國(guó)有企業(yè)和高新技術(shù)企業(yè)為1,非國(guó)有企業(yè)和非高新技術(shù)企業(yè)為0。資源冗余的測(cè)量取自Tan和Peng[40],共4個(gè)題項(xiàng)。資源獲取的測(cè)量指標(biāo)來自Wang等[41],并參考了Sirmon, Hitt和Ireland[42],使用4個(gè)題項(xiàng)衡量企業(yè)從外部獲取市場(chǎng)、管理、技術(shù)和人才的程度。資源柔性來源于Sanchez[43]的測(cè)量,共4個(gè)題項(xiàng)。管理者既有任期表示截止受訪時(shí),管理者在當(dāng)前工作崗位工作的實(shí)際年限。
2.3.1 信度和效度檢驗(yàn)與描述性統(tǒng)計(jì)
各變量的信度采用Cronbach α和組合信度來衡量。表1中,所有變量的Cronbach α和組合信度都大于0.8,說明各變量的信度優(yōu)異。
效度考慮聚合效度和區(qū)分效度。聚合效度通過因子載荷和解釋方差百分比(AVE)來衡量。表1顯示,各因子載荷和AVE都大于或接近0.6,說明變量的聚合效度良好。區(qū)分效度通過比較各變量AVE的平方根和這個(gè)變量與其他所有變量之間的相關(guān)系數(shù)的相對(duì)大小來判斷[44]。若所有潛變量的AVE平方根均大于其與其他變量的相關(guān)系數(shù)值,則證明變量之間能夠很好地區(qū)分。表2中,所有變量AVE的平方根(對(duì)角線上括號(hào)內(nèi)的數(shù)值)均遠(yuǎn)大于位于對(duì)角線下方的其所在行和列的相關(guān)系數(shù),證明變量通過了區(qū)分效度檢驗(yàn)。
表1 信度與聚合效度
表1(續(xù)) 信度與聚合效度
表2 均值、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、相關(guān)系數(shù)與區(qū)分效度
表2(續(xù)) 均值、標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差、相關(guān)系數(shù)與區(qū)分效度
注:顯著性水平:*p<0.05,**p<0.01;括號(hào)內(nèi)的數(shù)值為AVE的平方根;對(duì)角線下方的數(shù)值為變量間的相關(guān)系數(shù)(雙尾檢驗(yàn))。
為排除多重共線性的可能性,我們計(jì)算了方差膨脹因子(VIF)。模型的VIF遠(yuǎn)小于10,說明不存在多重共線性問題[45,46]。
由于本研究的數(shù)據(jù)來自受訪者自我報(bào)告的問卷調(diào)研,可能存在潛在共同方法偏差問題。我們除了在數(shù)據(jù)收集階段使用雙份調(diào)研問卷,保證內(nèi)生和外生變量來自不同問卷,以盡可能減小共同方法偏差以外[47],還采用了幾種后續(xù)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法進(jìn)一步分析。第一,使用Harman單因素檢驗(yàn)對(duì)所有變量做了探索性因子分析。結(jié)果顯示,在不進(jìn)行任何旋轉(zhuǎn)時(shí),未出現(xiàn)能夠解釋絕大部分變異(超過50%變異)的單因子。第二,采用common latent factor(簡(jiǎn)稱CLF)方法[48],在測(cè)量模型中增加一個(gè)CLF,該CLF指向所有變量的測(cè)量題項(xiàng)。比較含有CLF的模型和不含有CLF的模型之間的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化因子載荷之差,若大部分因子載荷的差值大于0.1,則說明共同方法偏差較大[49]。結(jié)果顯示,兩個(gè)模型的因子載荷之差遠(yuǎn)小于0.1(其中最大值為0.051),說明共同方法偏差對(duì)本研究的影響很小。第三,我們還通過標(biāo)簽變量(marker variable,簡(jiǎn)稱MV)方法進(jìn)一步進(jìn)行精確化檢驗(yàn)。這種方法是CLF方法的拓展和延伸,在考慮CLF的測(cè)量模型中增加一個(gè)與所研究變量存在較小相關(guān)性或不相關(guān)的變量。從理論上來講,受訪者職位與本研究中的核心變量的相關(guān)性較小,因此我們選擇它作為MV。受訪者屬于公司董事長(zhǎng)或總經(jīng)理(編碼為1)、高層管理者(編碼為2)、中層管理者(編碼為3)或其他(編碼為4)。在添加MV和CLF的情況下,對(duì)有約束模型(constrained model,即約束CLF至各測(cè)量題項(xiàng)的路徑系數(shù)均為0)和無約束模型(unconstrained model,即對(duì)CLF至所有測(cè)量題項(xiàng)的路徑系數(shù)不加限制)進(jìn)行卡方差異性檢驗(yàn)。若兩個(gè)模型的卡方和自由度存在顯著性差異,則說明共同方法偏差較大。結(jié)果顯示:有約束模型和無約束模型的delta χ2=34.218,delta DF=36(p=0.554),證明不存在顯著的共同方法偏差。多種統(tǒng)計(jì)方法彼此驗(yàn)證,所以本研究結(jié)果沒有受到共同方法偏差的影響[47]。
2.3.2假設(shè)檢驗(yàn)
我們采用SPSS 22.0的PROCESS插件對(duì)文中所提的兩個(gè)假設(shè)進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)。首先通過BOOTSTRAP法檢驗(yàn)探索性創(chuàng)新的中介作用。在BOOTSTRAP 5000次,95%偏差糾正的置信區(qū)間條件下,各模型的回歸結(jié)果與探索性創(chuàng)新的中介效應(yīng)模型的檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果分別如表3和表4所示。
表3 中介效應(yīng)模型回歸結(jié)果
表4 中介效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果
表3中,在考慮控制變量的基礎(chǔ)上,創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向與員工導(dǎo)向的交互與創(chuàng)新績(jī)效之間的回歸系數(shù)為0.126(p<0.05);兩者的交互項(xiàng)與探索性創(chuàng)新間的回歸系數(shù)為0.203,在p<0.01的水平上顯著。當(dāng)同時(shí)考慮探索性創(chuàng)新對(duì)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的影響,以及創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向與員工導(dǎo)向的交互對(duì)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的影響,前者與創(chuàng)新績(jī)效間的回歸系數(shù)為0.193(p<0.01),但后者與創(chuàng)新績(jī)效之間的關(guān)系變得不顯著(系數(shù)為0.090,p>0.050),初步證實(shí)了探索性創(chuàng)新的部分中介效應(yīng)。隨后,我們?cè)诒?中具體分析該中介效應(yīng)的檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果以及效應(yīng)量。表4中以探索性創(chuàng)新為中介變量時(shí),總效應(yīng)的系數(shù)為0.126,95%置信區(qū)間為(0.001,0.250),不包括0,說明總效應(yīng)正向顯著;直接效應(yīng)系數(shù)為0.090,95%置信區(qū)間為(-0.034,0.215),包括0,說明直接效應(yīng)不顯著;間接效應(yīng)系數(shù)為0.039, 95%置信區(qū)間為(0.013,0.088),不含0,從而可知間接效應(yīng)顯著為正。至此,探索性創(chuàng)新的中介效應(yīng)得以驗(yàn)證,支持了假設(shè)1。我們還補(bǔ)充計(jì)算了該中介效應(yīng)的效應(yīng)量PM,即中介效應(yīng)占總效應(yīng)的比例。PM=0.039/0.126=0.310,說明中介效應(yīng)對(duì)總效應(yīng)的解釋百分百為31.0%。中等程度的效應(yīng)量說明該中介效應(yīng)檢驗(yàn)結(jié)論的得出有理有據(jù),具有統(tǒng)計(jì)和實(shí)際意義[50]。
接著,我們檢驗(yàn)環(huán)境掃描的調(diào)節(jié)作用,即被調(diào)節(jié)的中介效應(yīng)。在BOOTSTRAP 5000次,95%偏差糾正的置信區(qū)間條件下,各模型的回歸結(jié)果與被調(diào)節(jié)的中介效應(yīng)模型的檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果分別如表5和表6所示。
表5顯示,創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向與員工導(dǎo)向的交互×環(huán)境掃描對(duì)探索性創(chuàng)新的回歸系數(shù)為0.088,顯著性水平為p<0.05,說明環(huán)境掃描正向調(diào)節(jié)創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向與員工導(dǎo)向的交互與探索性創(chuàng)新之間的關(guān)系。表6顯示,在環(huán)境掃描強(qiáng)度較低時(shí),探索性創(chuàng)新的中介效應(yīng)為0.019;當(dāng)環(huán)境掃描強(qiáng)度中等時(shí),該中介效應(yīng)提升為0.037;在高強(qiáng)度的環(huán)境掃描條件下,探索性創(chuàng)新的中介效應(yīng)繼續(xù)增強(qiáng)至0.055(95%偏差糾正的置信區(qū)間始終不包括0)。這說明探索性創(chuàng)新的中介效應(yīng)在低、中、高強(qiáng)度環(huán)境掃描條件下始終保持正向顯著,且隨著環(huán)境掃描強(qiáng)度的增加而增強(qiáng)。有調(diào)節(jié)的中介效應(yīng)的判定指標(biāo)(index of moderated mediation)為0.017,95%置信區(qū)間(0.002,0.043)不包括0,從而支持了H2中環(huán)境掃描對(duì)于探索性創(chuàng)新的中介效應(yīng)的正向調(diào)節(jié)作用。至此,本文所提的2個(gè)假設(shè)全部通過了實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)。
表5 被調(diào)節(jié)的中介效應(yīng)模型回歸結(jié)果
表6 不同環(huán)境掃描強(qiáng)度下的探索性創(chuàng)新的中介效應(yīng)和有調(diào)節(jié)的中介效應(yīng)的判定指標(biāo)
本研究從多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向?qū)ζ髽I(yè)績(jī)效的協(xié)同影響及其內(nèi)在機(jī)制出發(fā),結(jié)合企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略與環(huán)境匹配視角和信息處理理論,研究了創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向之間的交互對(duì)于企業(yè)探索性創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的作用路徑以及環(huán)境掃描的調(diào)節(jié)影響。使用303套雙份調(diào)研樣本的實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn):創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向之間的交互以探索性創(chuàng)新為中介機(jī)制而提升企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效,且環(huán)境掃描增強(qiáng)了該中介效應(yīng),即存在被調(diào)節(jié)的中介效應(yīng)。
第一,本研究通過將創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向整合進(jìn)同一框架,探究其交互效應(yīng)對(duì)于探索性創(chuàng)新和企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的影響,回應(yīng)了Hakala對(duì)戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向間交互作用的呼吁[3],彌補(bǔ)了不同類型戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向間互動(dòng)研究的不足。大多數(shù)戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向與企業(yè)績(jī)效之間關(guān)系的研究著眼于某種類型的戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向?qū)ζ髽I(yè)績(jī)效的影響,而探究多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向如何共同作用于企業(yè)績(jī)效的文獻(xiàn)極其有限[16,3]。少數(shù)相關(guān)研究大多聚焦于創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向、市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向和學(xué)習(xí)導(dǎo)向之間的關(guān)系以及交互對(duì)于企業(yè)績(jī)效的影響[4,5,6],而對(duì)于員工導(dǎo)向的關(guān)注程度較低,也鮮有研究討論創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向的交互對(duì)于企業(yè)績(jī)效的影響及其機(jī)理。我們還進(jìn)一步找到了創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向提高企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的內(nèi)在路徑機(jī)理,即探索性創(chuàng)新的中介機(jī)制,進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)充了戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向間交互作用的文獻(xiàn)。
第二,創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向的交互能夠顯著促進(jìn)企業(yè)探索性創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)新績(jī)效,這一結(jié)論與先前創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向、市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向和學(xué)習(xí)導(dǎo)向的交互提升企業(yè)績(jī)效的實(shí)證結(jié)果相一致[4,5,6],表明創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向的交互符合多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向之間關(guān)系的互補(bǔ)視角,即同時(shí)將多種戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向保持在較高水平有助于發(fā)揮其互補(bǔ)協(xié)同效應(yīng)[3]。戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的互補(bǔ)視角相比有序視角和替代視角的優(yōu)勢(shì)在于其整合跨領(lǐng)域理論與知識(shí)的能力[3]。通過研究創(chuàng)業(yè)和人力資源領(lǐng)域的兩種看似無關(guān)的戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向之間的交互效應(yīng),本研究促進(jìn)了跨領(lǐng)域知識(shí)流動(dòng)和交融。
第三,我們還分析了環(huán)境掃描對(duì)戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向交互、企業(yè)創(chuàng)新和績(jī)效之間關(guān)系的調(diào)節(jié)影響,拓寬了企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略與環(huán)境匹配理論的使用范圍?,F(xiàn)有環(huán)境掃描對(duì)企業(yè)績(jī)效影響的研究大多將視角固化為環(huán)境掃描的直接作用[51,52],鮮有將環(huán)境掃描視為企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略作用于績(jī)效的調(diào)節(jié)變量。我們發(fā)現(xiàn),環(huán)境掃描正向調(diào)節(jié)了戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向間的交互對(duì)于企業(yè)探索性創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的積極影響,將企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略與環(huán)境匹配理論和信息處理理論應(yīng)用于戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向間的交互效應(yīng)中,拓展了戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向、企業(yè)創(chuàng)新與績(jī)效間關(guān)系的邊界條件。
本研究為管理實(shí)踐者提供了如下啟示:第一,在當(dāng)前競(jìng)爭(zhēng)激烈的技術(shù)和市場(chǎng)環(huán)境下,探索性新產(chǎn)品的研發(fā)成為提升企業(yè)創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的重要途徑。隨著當(dāng)前探索性創(chuàng)新研究的深入,我們愈加認(rèn)識(shí)到其核心驅(qū)動(dòng)力在于戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向,特別是多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的共同作用。在此背景下,僅僅依賴單獨(dú)某種戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向可能不足以在動(dòng)態(tài)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)中穩(wěn)立不敗之地,企業(yè)應(yīng)該重視多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向,如在開展探索性創(chuàng)新時(shí)極力發(fā)揮創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向與員工導(dǎo)向間的協(xié)同效應(yīng),力圖營(yíng)造出1+1>2的良性作用氛圍,利用戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向間的交互所產(chǎn)生出的巨大的增效作用。第二,環(huán)境掃描能夠促進(jìn)企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向到探索性創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的順利轉(zhuǎn)化,這突顯出外部環(huán)境掃描對(duì)于企業(yè)創(chuàng)新戰(zhàn)略和績(jī)效具有不可或缺的影響。管理者應(yīng)該時(shí)刻保持對(duì)于外部環(huán)境的敏感性,頻繁收集顧客、市場(chǎng)、競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手、制度法律等經(jīng)濟(jì)等外部環(huán)境中的有價(jià)值信息,洞察外部環(huán)境變化趨勢(shì),跟蹤并盡可能預(yù)測(cè)競(jìng)爭(zhēng)對(duì)手的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)戰(zhàn)略、顧客偏好和技術(shù)走向,提升企業(yè)戰(zhàn)略與環(huán)境的匹配程度,協(xié)調(diào)創(chuàng)業(yè)意識(shí)、人力資本與競(jìng)爭(zhēng)環(huán)境掃描之間的關(guān)系。
首先,我們將創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向作為單維度構(gòu)念,探究其與員工導(dǎo)向之間的交互作用,后續(xù)學(xué)者可基于創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向的多維認(rèn)知框架,探究其不同維度與員工導(dǎo)向之間的交互作用是否存在差異。實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果肯定了兩者之間的交互對(duì)于企業(yè)探索性創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的積極作用。但是,現(xiàn)有研究對(duì)于創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向的理論認(rèn)知并未達(dá)成一致。目前仍存在創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向究竟是單維構(gòu)念還是多維構(gòu)念的爭(zhēng)論。同意單維度創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向的學(xué)者大都認(rèn)可Covin和Slevin[53]的觀點(diǎn),將創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向作為一個(gè)包含創(chuàng)新性、先動(dòng)性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)性三方面的單維構(gòu)念。另一組研究者則認(rèn)可Lumpkin和Dess[11]提出的創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向是個(gè)多維度構(gòu)念的觀點(diǎn)。他們認(rèn)為,創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向的不同維度是之間的相關(guān)性并不是那么強(qiáng),它們可獨(dú)立變動(dòng),即企業(yè)可以在某些維度上呈現(xiàn)較高水平,而在其他維度上呈現(xiàn)中等或較低水平。Wales,Gupta和Mousa[54]對(duì)創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向的綜述發(fā)現(xiàn),80%左右的創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向文獻(xiàn)均將其看作單維構(gòu)念。但是,創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向的多維度理解正在興起。Frishammar和Horte[18]在分析創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向的交互對(duì)于新產(chǎn)品績(jī)效的影響時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),創(chuàng)新性與市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向的交互顯著提升新產(chǎn)品績(jī)效,但是先動(dòng)性和風(fēng)險(xiǎn)承擔(dān)性與市場(chǎng)導(dǎo)向的交互卻不能顯著影響新產(chǎn)品績(jī)效。因此,我們猜想,在研究創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向的交互時(shí),創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向的不同維度與員工導(dǎo)向的交互對(duì)探索性創(chuàng)新和創(chuàng)新績(jī)效的影響是否具有差異性,是個(gè)值得研究的問題,后續(xù)研究可就此進(jìn)行拓展與豐富。
其次,本研究基于多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向的互補(bǔ)視角討論了創(chuàng)業(yè)導(dǎo)向和員工導(dǎo)向的交互效應(yīng),后續(xù)研究可考慮分析其他戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向(如技術(shù)導(dǎo)向、創(chuàng)新導(dǎo)向與員工導(dǎo)向)之間的交互關(guān)系以及在有序和替代視角下多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向之間的因果和替代關(guān)系。多重戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向之間關(guān)系的三種視角并不存在優(yōu)劣之分,后續(xù)感興趣的研究者可以采用有序和替代視角進(jìn)行補(bǔ)充分析。
最后,本研究的另一個(gè)局限性在于:用于實(shí)證分析的數(shù)據(jù)均為橫截面數(shù)據(jù),難以檢驗(yàn)出戰(zhàn)略導(dǎo)向、探索性創(chuàng)新和企業(yè)績(jī)效之間的因果關(guān)系。盡管變量之間的因果路徑關(guān)系推斷是基于理論的,我們也在問卷設(shè)計(jì)、數(shù)據(jù)收集和統(tǒng)計(jì)分析時(shí)采取了一系列措施力求控制共同方法偏差,但是仍有必要采用時(shí)間序列數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)一步加以精確驗(yàn)證。
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Multiple strategic orientations and firm innovative performance:A moderated mediation model
HAN Chen1,XIE Yan2*, GAO Shanxing1
(1. School of Management, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; 2. School of Management, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China)
The influence of strategic orientation on corporate performance is a research hotspot in the field of strategic management. The positive role of strategic orientation in improving corporate innovation and performance has been widely recognized in theory and practice. However, most of the research on the relationship between strategic orientation and corporate performance focuses on the direct impact of a particular type of strategic orientation on corporate performance. The study of the relationship between multiple strategic orientations and corporate performance is fragmented, and the internal mechanism needs to be explored in depth. Based on the assumption that different strategic orientations of enterprises are not isolated, the complementary perspective of multiple strategic orientations believes that multiple strategic orientations play a huge synergistic effect in the process of enterprise product development and performance improvement. Entrepreneurial orientation and employee orientation are two important forms of strategic orientation, both of which contribute to innovative corporate strategic activities. But whether the interaction between the two can play a synergistic effect to improve corporate performance, and what kind of internal mechanism to improve corporate performance, further research is urgently needed. In addition, environmental scanning, as a way for companies to draw valuable knowledge and information from the environment, has an important moderating impact on the development and implementation of corporate strategies.
This study speculates that exploratory innovation may be an important link between multiple strategic orientations and corporate innovation performance. Based on the study of the relationship between strategic orientation and corporate performance, combining strategy and environment alignment theory and information processing theory, we try to explore two issues: (1) how the interaction between entrepreneurial orientation and employee orientation uses exploratory innovation as an intermediary mechanism to affect the enterprise innovation performance? (2) What kind of moderating role does environmental scanning play in such a mediating link? We used 303 sets of double questionnaires of Chinese enterprises as samples, and used the PROCESS plug-in of SPSS software to conduct an empirical test on the moderated mediation model constructed by this study. The results show that the interaction between entrepreneurial orientation and employee orientation significantly improves enterprise innovation performance by promoting exploratory innovation. That is, exploratory innovation mediates the positive impact of the interaction of entrepreneurial orientation and employee orientation on corporate innovation performance. Moreover, the positive mediating effect is augmented as environmental scanning increases, which provides the evidence of the moderated mediation effect of exploratory innovation.
This study responds to scholars' calls for interactions between multiple strategic orientations, and mitigates the inadequacy of studies on multiple strategic orientations, and promotes cross-disciplinary knowledge integration by analyzing the interaction between two seemingly unrelated areas (such as entrepreneurship and human resources). The interaction between entrepreneurial orientation and employee orientation is in line with the complementary perspective of the relationship between multiple strategic orientations, that is, keeping multiple strategic orientations at a high level at the same time helps to play its complementary synergistic effect. In addition, our research reveals the internal mechanism of multiple strategic orientations to improve corporate performance by discovering the intermediary mechanism of exploratory innovation. At the same time, we have also expanded the boundary conditions of the relationship among multiple strategic orientations, corporate innovation and performance, and extended the scope of application of corporate strategy and environment alignment theory and information processing theory to the impact of multiple strategic orientations on corporate innovation.
Management practitioners should realize that relying on a certain strategic orientation alone is not enough to be invincible in dynamic competition. Companies should take advantage of the huge synergy produced by multiple strategic orientations (such as the interaction between entrepreneurial orientation and employee orientation). In addition, companies should always maintain a high degree of sensitivity to changes in the external environment during the innovation activities and performance improvement process, and improve the degree of alignment between the company's strategy and the environment.
Entrepreneurial orientation; Employee orientation; Exploratory innovation; Innovation performance; Environmental scanning
F273.1
A
1004-6062(2020)06-0029-009
10.13587/j.cnki.jieem.2020.06.003
2018-04-19
2019-01-08
Supperted by the National Natural Science Foundation of China(71602162), the Natural Science Basic Research Plan in Shaanxi Province of China (2016JQ7002)
2018-04-19
2019-01-08
國(guó)家自然科學(xué)基金資助項(xiàng)目(71602162);陜西省自然科學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2016JQ7002)
謝言(1984—),女,陜西咸陽人;西北工業(yè)大學(xué)管理學(xué)院講師;研究方向:企業(yè)創(chuàng)新管理與知識(shí)管理。
中文編輯:杜 ?。挥⑽木庉嫞築oping Yan