李萍
近年來高考英語書面表達(dá)評分標(biāo)準(zhǔn)規(guī)定考生必須使用比較高級的表達(dá)方式方能獲取高分,而不少考生只會用平凡的句子來表達(dá)文意,寫出來的文章檔次不高,得分較低。顯然,考生應(yīng)學(xué)會化平凡為高級才能在高考英語書面表達(dá)中獲取高分。
一、認(rèn)識什么是平凡句,什么是高級句
一般說來簡單句表達(dá)要求低,表達(dá)效果差,是公認(rèn)的平凡句。如果一篇書面表達(dá)通篇都是主謂賓結(jié)構(gòu)的簡單句,無論其是肯定句、否定句還是疑問句,表達(dá)效果都比較差。而各種并列句、復(fù)合句、特殊句式(倒裝句、強(qiáng)調(diào)句、感嘆句、such as列舉句型、such be總結(jié)句型等)和帶過渡性插入語的句子通常表達(dá)要求高,造句難度大,語境邏輯強(qiáng),表達(dá)效果好,是普遍認(rèn)可的高級表達(dá)方式,也是高考英語書面表達(dá)是否能獲取高分的重要依據(jù)。同學(xué)們在寫英語書面表達(dá)時應(yīng)根據(jù)表達(dá)需要有選擇地使用這些高級表達(dá)方式。
二、掌握化平凡為高級的方法
平凡句可以轉(zhuǎn)換成高級句,而且轉(zhuǎn)換難度也不是很大,因?yàn)楦呒壘湟彩窃谄椒簿涞幕A(chǔ)上構(gòu)成的。下面介紹幾種將平凡句改變?yōu)楦呒壘涞姆椒ā?/p>
1. 將兩個簡單句合并為一個由which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句。
which引導(dǎo)的非限制性定語從句代表主句內(nèi)容,可由兩個簡單句之一改造而成。
例1:最近許多中學(xué)生有許多亂花錢現(xiàn)象,關(guān)于這一點(diǎn)不同的人有不同的看法。
平凡句:Recently many middle school students spend their money on unnecessary things. Different people have different opinions about it.
高級句:Recently many middle school students spend their money on unnecessary things, about which different people have different opinions.
例2:許多男孩學(xué)抽煙,這對身體有危害。
平凡句:Many boys learn to smoke. It does harm to their health.
高級句:Many boys learn to smoke, which does harm to their health.
2. 在觀點(diǎn)式陳述句前加過渡性插入語。
一些表示觀點(diǎn)的陳述句加上in my opinion, in the opinion of me, in the eyes of me, from the point of view of me, personally speaking, as far as I know, as far as I'm concerned, as we all know, as is known to all等插入語之后往往句式更豐滿,情感更濃烈,邏輯更嚴(yán)密,說理更充分,表達(dá)效果明顯得到提高。
例1: 平凡句:We can't spend too much time in surfing the Internet. 我們不能花太多時間上網(wǎng)。
高級句:In my opinion, we can't spend too much time in surfing the Internet. 我認(rèn)為我們不能花太多時間上網(wǎng)。
例2:平凡句:Taking exercise does good to our health. 鍛煉對健康有好處。
高級句:As we all know / As is known to all, taking exercise does good to our health. 眾所周知,鍛煉對健康有好處。
例3: 平凡句:Mary is an honest and kind girl. 瑪麗是一個誠實(shí)善良的女孩。
高級句:As far as I know, Mary is an honest and kind girl. 就我所知而言,瑪麗是一個誠實(shí)善良的女孩。
3. 在兩個簡單句之間加上過渡性詞匯。
為使兩個簡單句之間邏輯更嚴(yán)密,過渡更自然,可在其間加上過渡性詞匯,將其改造成高級句。
例1:雨下得很大,我們只好呆在旅館里。
平凡句:It rained heavily. We had to stay at the hotel.
高級句:It rained heavily; as a result, we had to stay at the hotel.
例2:我買了一些時裝,又去看了一場精彩的演出。
平凡句:I bought some fashionable clothes. I went to see a wonderful performance.
高級句:I bought some fashionable clothes; besides / what's more, I went to see a wonderful performance.
例3:我在火車站迷了路,天也漸漸地暗了。
平凡句:I was lost at the station. It was getting dark.
高級句:I was lost at the station; what's worse, it was getting dark.
4. 將兩個簡單句合并為并列句。
兩個簡單句分別表達(dá)時語境缺少連貫性和邏輯性,而加上并列連詞改造成并列句后邏輯就嚴(yán)密得多,句式也高級得多。
例1:這道題太難了,我解不出來。
平凡句:This problem is too difficult. I can't work it out.
高級句:This problem is too difficult, so I can't work it out.
例2:我想買這輛自行車,卻沒有足夠的錢。
平凡句:I want to buy this bike. I don't have enough money.
高級句:I want to buy this bike, but I don't have enough money.
5. 將兩個簡單句合并為復(fù)合句。
兩個簡單句加上從屬連詞可合并成主從復(fù)合句,這是增強(qiáng)語境邏輯、提升表達(dá)檔次的好方法。
例1:我沒帶錢,沒看成這場電影。
平凡句:I didn't take any money. I couldn't see the film.
高級句:Because I didn't take any money, I couldn't see the film.
例2:你不早點(diǎn)出發(fā)就不能及時到達(dá)。
平凡句:You don't start early. You can't get there in time.
高級句:If you don't start early, you can't get there in time.
6. 將一般陳述句改為感嘆句。
一般陳述句結(jié)構(gòu)平凡,語調(diào)平緩,情感色彩不濃,而轉(zhuǎn)換為感嘆句后句式變新穎,語氣變強(qiáng)烈,情感變濃烈,表達(dá)檔次明顯得到提升。
例1:平凡句:To prevent the pollution is very important. 防止污染很重要。
高級句:How important to prevent the pollution is! 防止污染多重要啊!
例2:平凡句:She is a clever girl. 她是一個聰明的女孩。
高級句:What a clever girl she is! 她是一個多么聰明的女孩??!
7. 將一般陳述句改為倒裝句。
陳述句改成倒裝句后結(jié)構(gòu)新穎,情感濃烈,表達(dá)效果明顯增強(qiáng)。
例1:直到太陽落山我們才離開山村。
平凡句:We didn't leave the mountain village until the sun set down.
高級句:Not until the sun set down did we leave the mountain village.
例2:那時我?guī)缀醪欢⒄Z學(xué)習(xí)的重要性。
平凡句:I could hardly understand the importance of English study at that time.
高級句:Hardly could I understand the importance of English study at that time.
8. 將簡單句改為強(qiáng)調(diào)句。
簡單句改為強(qiáng)調(diào)句后語氣更強(qiáng)烈,感情更充沛,是不可多得的高級句。
例1:他意識到抽煙對他的身體造成了傷害。
平凡句:He realized that smoking did great harm to his health.
高級句:He realized that it was smoking that did great harm to his health.
例2:我們的錢是父母辛苦掙來的。
平凡句:Our money is earned through hard work by our parents.
高級句:It is through hard work that our money is earned by our parents.
9. 將一般性列舉句改為such as列舉句型。
一般性列舉句只起一個羅列事實(shí)的作用,而such as列舉句型除具有列舉功能之外,句式新穎,結(jié)構(gòu)對稱。
例1:晚會上將有唱歌、跳舞、做游戲等節(jié)目。
平凡句:The party will include singing, dancing and playing games.
高級句:There will be a few programs at the party, such as singing, dancing and playing games.
例2:我們將參觀長城、頤和園、紫禁城等名勝古跡。
平凡句:The places of interest we will visit are the Great Wall of China, the Summer Palace and the Forbidden City.
高級句:We will visit several places of interest, such as the Great Wall of China, the Summer Palace and the Forbidden City.
10. 將一般性總結(jié)句改為such be總結(jié)句型。
such be總結(jié)句型常用于人物介紹文或單位介紹文的末尾,對人物或單位進(jìn)行總結(jié),使用時such be后面接一個名詞,然后再用一個名詞作其同位語。第二個名詞前常用2—3個形容詞對人物或單位進(jìn)行總結(jié)性描繪。該句型總結(jié)效果好,句式又勻稱,是難得的高級句。
例1:平凡句:So we can see Tom is a clever, kind and warm-hearted boy. 所以我們可以看出湯姆是一個聰明、善良和熱情的男孩。
高級句:Such is Tom, a clever, kind and warm-hearted boy. 這就是湯姆,一個聰明、善良和熱情的男孩。
例2:平凡句:So we can see our school is a beautiful and famous one. 所以我們可以看出我們學(xué)校是一個美麗、著名的學(xué)校。
高級句:Such is our school, a beautiful and famous one. 這就是我們學(xué)校,美麗而又著名。
三、增強(qiáng)使用高級句式的意識
掌握了化平凡為高級的方法并不意味著在寫作時一定能用上,只有增強(qiáng)使用高級句式的意識,養(yǎng)成使用高級句式的習(xí)慣,才能確保寫作時自然貼切地用上。同學(xué)們應(yīng)不斷提醒自己寫作時一定要用上1—2個并列句、1—2個復(fù)合句、2—3個帶過渡性詞匯的句子和1—2個特殊句式,這樣就一定能增強(qiáng)文章的表達(dá)效果,提升文章的表達(dá)檔次,增加文章的實(shí)際得分。