程明華

七選五閱讀是高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷、北京卷和浙江卷的一個(gè)重要題型。它是由一篇缺少5個(gè)句子的文章和文章后的7個(gè)選項(xiàng)組成，其中有兩項(xiàng)為多余選項(xiàng)。要求根據(jù)文章內(nèi)容，從短文后的選項(xiàng)中選出能填入空白處的最佳選項(xiàng)。常考的文章體裁是說(shuō)明文和議論文，這是因?yàn)樗鼈兊慕Y(jié)構(gòu)比較清晰，適合考查標(biāo)題概括、主題句和過(guò)渡句等。該題型選項(xiàng)大致可分為主旨概括句（文章整體內(nèi)容）、過(guò)渡性句子（文章結(jié)構(gòu)）和注釋性句子（上下文邏輯意義）三類(lèi)。如果不小心誤選一題，就有可能造成連帶效應(yīng)，連續(xù)出現(xiàn)錯(cuò)誤。那么怎樣才能更好地突破該題型呢？

1. 看結(jié)構(gòu)

在解題過(guò)程中，通過(guò)觀察語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)可將選擇范圍大大縮小，提高正確率。

（1） 標(biāo)題結(jié)構(gòu)

如果考查段落標(biāo)題，先看看其他標(biāo)題的語(yǔ)言形式，同一文章中的幾個(gè)段落小標(biāo)題基本上是同一語(yǔ)言形式。如果其他標(biāo)題是名詞短語(yǔ)，該題答案也多是名詞短語(yǔ);如果其他標(biāo)題是祈使句，該題的答案也多是祈使句。例如：

Staying ahead of deadlines is a powerful way to make you more productive while reducing stress at the same time. Here are some ways to meet a deadline.

1. ?36?.

This is the first step， as many people are very careless about deadlines. You have to be very serious about meeting them， and make them a priority. Once you?ve done this step， the rest just happen as expected.

2. Keep a list of projects and deadlines.

If you care about deadlines， you should write down and check them often to ...

3. Break down the project.

This advice is suitable for any project. Don?t try to complete an entire project ...

4. Have a start and complete date for each step.

When breaking down a project， make a start and complete date for each step， so ...

A. Care about deadlines

B. Deal with one step at a time

解析：這篇說(shuō)明文主要介紹了讓人們?cè)诮刂谷掌谥巴瓿晒ぷ鞯膸追N方法。36題要求選小標(biāo)題。觀察其他標(biāo)題，都是祈使句，因此，本標(biāo)題也可能是祈使句;七個(gè)選項(xiàng)中只有A、B兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)是祈使句，這樣就可以大大縮小選擇范圍;瀏覽兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)，再看下文This is the first step， as many people are very careless about deadlines. You have to be very serious about meeting them， and make them a priority，這是第一步，你要認(rèn)真對(duì)待截止日期，并優(yōu)先考慮它，即要在意截止日期，故選A項(xiàng)。

（2） 句子結(jié)構(gòu)

如果正確選項(xiàng)只是某個(gè)句子的一個(gè)部分，就要看看空后這個(gè)部分是不是完整的句子，如果是完整的句子，看看是否有連詞。如果沒(méi)有連詞，正確選項(xiàng)就應(yīng)是短語(yǔ)或是帶有連詞的從句。例如：

Training for a marathon requires careful preparation and steady， gradual increases in the length of the runs. ?36?， buy the best-fitting， best-built running shoes you can find.

A. After six days

B. For a good marathon runner

C. Before you begin your training

E. If they still feel good， you can begin running in them

解析：從句式結(jié)構(gòu)上看，逗號(hào)后是祈使句，沒(méi)有連詞，正確答案要么是帶有連詞的從句，要么是一個(gè)短語(yǔ)，只有A、 B、 C、 E四個(gè)選項(xiàng)符合，這樣就縮小了選擇范圍;根據(jù)空前句中的preparation （準(zhǔn)備）和常識(shí)可知是“訓(xùn)練前”，故選C項(xiàng)。

再如：

There have been a lot of comments recently surrounding 5G， the next generation of wireless technology. ?1?？ How might it change our lives？

5G stands for fifth generation， meaning the next step in the progression of technology to replace the current 4G system. Earlier “G”systems were designed to improve mobile communication operations. Each new technology brought major improvements in speed and greatly increased network capacity （容量）.

A. Why is 5G so popular

B. What is this technology

解析：分析句子結(jié)構(gòu)，空格1應(yīng)該填一個(gè)疑問(wèn)句，只能從A和B中選擇，再根據(jù)第二段5G stands for fifth generation， meaning the next step in the progression of technology to replace the current 4G system.可知，第一個(gè)問(wèn)題是關(guān)于5G概念，故選B。

2. 看位置

根據(jù)空格所在位置確定不同的解題策略。

（1） 空格句在段首，選項(xiàng)可能是：

①段落主題句：閱讀后文的內(nèi)容，推斷出段落主題，選出正確選項(xiàng)。

②過(guò)渡句：在后文找不到解題線索時(shí)，就要想到空格句子可能起到承上啟下的作用，試著從上一段的結(jié)尾處尋找線索。正確選項(xiàng)通常與上一段結(jié)尾能夠自然地銜接起來(lái)。

（2） 空格句在段尾，選項(xiàng)可能是：

①全文的主題句：如果是這種情況，空格句常在第一段末尾，此時(shí)要把握全文主題來(lái)分析作答。

②總結(jié)、概括性句子：閱讀選項(xiàng)，先搜尋選項(xiàng)中是否有表示總結(jié)的詞或短語(yǔ)，如in conclusion， in summary， in a word， therefore等等;再看哪個(gè)選項(xiàng)是對(duì)前文內(nèi)容的總結(jié)、概括。

③本段所闡述問(wèn)題的一個(gè)方面：段尾的空格句是段落主題下的一個(gè)細(xì)節(jié)，和前文是并列、排比、轉(zhuǎn)折等關(guān)系。抓住關(guān)聯(lián)詞或段落結(jié)構(gòu)，對(duì)比選項(xiàng)，得出答案。

（3） 空格句在段中，要通過(guò)分析句子間邏輯關(guān)系進(jìn)行解題。文中出現(xiàn)邏輯關(guān)系詞或短語(yǔ)時(shí)，可以快速判斷出句子間的邏輯關(guān)系，是選擇答案時(shí)的重要線索。

常見(jiàn)邏輯關(guān)系詞和短語(yǔ)如下：

●并列關(guān)系：and， not only... but also...， similarly， likewise

●遞進(jìn)關(guān)系：besides， what?s more， in addition， additionally， moreover， furthermore

●因果關(guān)系：because， since， as， therefore， thus， as a result， consequently

●轉(zhuǎn)折、對(duì)比關(guān)系：but， however， on the contrary， by contrast， on the other hand， while

●讓步關(guān)系：though， although， even though， even if， nevertheless， despite， in spite of

●列舉關(guān)系：first/second/third...， in the first place/ in the second place， to begin with， on one hand... on the other hand， for one thing... for another...

●舉例關(guān)系：for example， for instance， such as...， take... for example， namely

●條件關(guān)系：if， as long as， on condition that， providing that

例如：

4?. ?The increased data flow across 5G networks would give Internet attackers a lot more possibilities to steal and misuse data. In addition， the wider use of a 5G wireless network means any breakdown of the system would have more widespread and severe results. Such difficulties could affect public safety. ?5?， or a network breakdown could cause self-driving vehicles to crash.

A. Why is 5G so popular

B. What is this technology

C. Every coin has two sides

D. The new 5G system promises more of the same

E. It will move beyond mobile network technology

F. A breakdown of 5G networks may cause economic losses

G. A failure during a doctor?s remote operation could lead to death

解析：空格4位于句首，上文講5G帶來(lái)了許多好處，而本段主要講述5G技術(shù)可能存在的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)，即5G的兩面性，有積極的一面，也有消極的一面，故選C。5G如同“硬幣的正反面”，起到承上啟下的作用。

空格5位于段中，空格前一句Such difficulties could affect public safety，講述這些困難可能會(huì)影響公共安全，空格后一句or a network breakdown could cause self-driving vehicles to crash，網(wǎng)絡(luò)故障可能會(huì)導(dǎo)致自動(dòng)駕駛汽車(chē)出車(chē)禍，這是影響公共安全的一個(gè)具體闡述，選項(xiàng)應(yīng)該是另一項(xiàng)具體闡述，故選G，遠(yuǎn)程手術(shù)的失敗可能造成病人死亡。

3. 找線索

每一個(gè)句子都要包含一些和上下句相似或有關(guān)的信息，因此可以根據(jù)上下文找到線索。

（1） 詞語(yǔ)復(fù)現(xiàn)

詞語(yǔ)復(fù)現(xiàn)包括原詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，同義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)，反義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)等等，即正確選項(xiàng)和空格前后句子有相同的詞，或同義詞或反義詞相互呼應(yīng)。抓住這些復(fù)現(xiàn)線索，題目自然迎刃而解。例如：

You don?t have to buy a lot of expensive and new gear （裝備）

Some skiers who owned nice winter jackets couldn?t go on the trip. ?3??“I have a neighbour who let me borrow some of his gear. That was very helpful，” says 13-year-old Matt Rizer.

Don?t forget to wear a helmet （頭盔）

Whether you?re a beginner or an expert， you?re going to fall， and sometimes you?re going to fall hard. “I went down to one run that was pretty hard，” Nate， a skiing learner， says， “?4?”

A. Don?t worry about falling.

B. I felt like I was learning pretty quickly.

C. I fell down and I was glad I was wearing a helmet.

D. Don?t think that you ski well enough not to wear a helmet.

E. So they lent their clothes to other skiers.

解析：空格3前一句Some skiers who owned nice winter jackets couldn?t go on the trip，一些滑雪者擁有很好的滑雪服，但不去滑雪，因此他們可以把滑雪服借給其他人?？崭窈蟮木渥右浴拔摇睘槔M(jìn)行證明，選項(xiàng)E中的their clothes就是winter jackets的同義重復(fù)。

空格4位于段尾，本段講不要忘記戴頭盔，不管你是初學(xué)者還是熟手，都可能摔跤。然后用一初學(xué)者的話進(jìn)行印證，選項(xiàng)C中的fell和helmet，就是原詞再現(xiàn)。

（2） 代詞指代

英語(yǔ)表達(dá)中代詞出現(xiàn)的頻率很高，代詞的作用是指代前面提及的具體人或事物，巧妙利用這樣的指代關(guān)系和代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)差異可以準(zhǔn)確快速地解答題目。例如：

Recently， people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing（治愈）. ?38??In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery.

A. Fresh air cleans our lungs.

B. So what are you waiting for？

C. Being in nature refreshes us.

D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.

E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said？

F. Just as importantly， we tend to associate air with health care.

G. All across the country， recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.

解析：根據(jù)下一句中提到的“these places”可以推知，該空應(yīng)該提到表示地點(diǎn)的復(fù)數(shù)名詞。只有G選項(xiàng)提到地點(diǎn)名詞，在全國(guó)，康復(fù)中心已經(jīng)開(kāi)始建造“康復(fù)花園”。these places就是Healing Gardens，故選G。

再如：

“I adore dancing，” says Lester Bridges， the owner of a dance studio in Iowa. “I can?t imagine doing anything else with my life.” Bridges ?runs dance classes for all ages. “Teaching dance is wonderful. ?37??It?s great to watch them. For many of them， it?s a way of meeting people and having a social life.”

A. So why do we dance？

B. Dance in the U.S. is everywhere.

C. If you like dancing outdoors， come to America.

D. My older students say it makes them feel young.

E. I keep practicing even when I?m extremely tired.

F. Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.

G. They stayed up all night long singing and dancing.

解析：根據(jù)前文Bridges ?runs dance classes for all ages，Bridges開(kāi)設(shè)的舞蹈課適合各個(gè)年齡階段的人，教跳舞是非常好的，再根據(jù)后句It?s great to watch them，根據(jù)人稱(chēng)可知是在談?wù)撍麄?，所以D和F符合，再根據(jù)本段最后一句可知，此段主要介紹了跳舞對(duì)他們的好處，故選D。