楊璽

在我國，以動物命名的地名比比皆是，重慶也不例外。涉及最多的動物，當然是生活中最常見的馬牛羊、雞犬豬，如石馬河、放牛坪、羊角堡、雞冠石；此外，也有野生的狼蟲虎豹、魚鱉蝦蟹，如虎頭巖、大狼河、魚嘴、蝦子蝙；甚至連傳說中的龍鳳都加到了地名的行列，如化龍橋、鳳鳴山，活脫脫一個“地名動物園”。

In our country， places named after animals are common， and Chongqing is no exception. The most common animals involved are the horses， cattle， sheep， chicken， dogs and pigs， such as Shimahe （literally means Stone Horse River）， Fangniuping （Cattle Herding Ground）， Yangjiaobao （Sheep Cornucopia Castle） and Jiguanshi （Comb Stone）. In addition， it also involves wild wolves， insects， tigers， leopards， fish， turtles， shrimps and crabs， such as Hutouyan（Tiger Head Rock）， Dalanghe （Big Wolf River）， Yuzui （Fish Mouth） and Xiazibian （Shrimp Bat）. Even the legendary dragons and phoenixes have been added to the list of place names， such as Hualongqiao （Dragon Bridge） and Fengming Mountain （Phoenix Singing Mountain）， endowing Chongqing another "name zoo".

飛禽走獸Birds and Beasts

大凡動物地名，都有歷史根據(jù)、地貌特征或是掌故傳說。

一般來說，用動物命名一個地方，離不開當?shù)氐牡孛蔡卣?。尤其是重慶，山多水多、山勢水勢又變化多端，巖石也是有棱有角，很多地方都被附會成動物——

南岸雞冠石曾是個繁華的渡船碼頭，碼頭旁有一塊巨石，遠看像一只聳立的公雞，巨石頂端形如雞冠，因此得名。以前船老板攬客過江，都會喊兩嗓子：“過河喲，到雞冠石了?！?/p>

鵝嶺，是重慶人耳熟能詳?shù)牡胤?，原名叫鵝項嶺，也是得名于奇特的地理環(huán)境：這里的山嶺很長，像鵝的頸項一樣。離鵝嶺不遠，還有個鵝公巖。不過，此“鵝”非彼“鵝”。據(jù)說，文人龔靖皋在清道光25年經(jīng)過這里時，看見有白鶴翔于巖上林中，即寫下“鶴皋巖”三個字?！苞Q皋巖”讀起來有些拗口，重慶人念著念著就把“鶴皋巖”念成了“鵝公巖”。

《江北廳志》里還有一段關于貓兒石的記載，“嘉陵江岸，巖石猙擰，蹲立百仞，若捕鼠狀?！敝v的就是貓兒石得名的由來：嘉陵江岸邊曾有塊怪石，像蹲在地上準備抓老鼠的貓，因而得名。位于南岸區(qū)的野貓溪，也是因為當?shù)匾粭l小溪入長江處有塊巨石形似野貓而得名。

在重慶地名文化研究專家李正權看來，這些動物地名都是重慶人“形象思維”的產(chǎn)物：例如，白象街因位于望龍門和太平門之間，兩門之間有一巨石很像大象，而且石頭白凈，所以有了白象街之名；牛角沱因嘉陵江形成的回水沱像一個牛角而得名；虎頭巖因一處懸?guī)r像個虎頭得名；魚嘴因當?shù)亻L江北岸的沱灣像個大魚的嘴巴而得名；馬鞍山因一座山像馬鞍而得名；虎溪因溪水旁有一山崗像老虎飲水而得名……

除了用奇特的地貌特征來命名，一些動物地名里還藏著美麗的傳說。比如位于渝北的鴛鴦，據(jù)說，鴛鴦原有一條小溪，水面上并列有兩座橋，還有一棵枝干直搭到對岸的大樹形成天然橋梁，就好像鴛鴦展翅一樣。

此外，雞冠石附近還有兩個地方叫鰲魚磧和豬老灘，都靠近銅鑼峽。銅鑼峽口的山上有一巨石，像一面橫臥的大鼓，而雞冠石附近又有一座寺廟叫古佛寺。于是，便有了“三牲敬古佛”的傳說。所謂“三牲”就是雞（冠石）、（鰲）魚（磧）、豬（老灘），這三樣是南方人祭祀常用的。敬“古佛”不僅獻上了“三牲”，還有“銅鑼”相伴、“大鼓”相應，傳說也就更美好了。

All places named after animals have historical basis， geomorphological features or anecdotes and legends.

Generally speaking， naming a place after an animal cannot be separated from the local geomorphological features. Chongqing， in particular， has many mountains and water， with variable mountain and water potential， and angular rocks. No wonder many places in Chongqing are named after animals.

Jiguanshi （Comb Stone） in the Southern Bank District used to be a busy ferry wharf. There was a huge rock beside the wharf， which looked like a towering cock from a distance. As the top of the huge rock looks like a cock comb， hence the name. In the past， when the boatman took passengers across the river， he would shout twice："Crossing the river， we’re at the Comb Stone."

E’ling （Goose Neck）， a place well known to Chongqing people， was originally named Goose Neck Ridge for its unique geographical features： the ridges here are very long， which resemble the neck of a goose. Not far from E’ling （Goose Neck）， there is also a place called E’gongyan （Gander Rock）. However， the goose of E’gongyan （Gander Rock） is not the same as the "goose" of E’ling（Goose Neck）. It is said that when Gong Jinggao， a scholar， passed by here in the 25th year of Daoguang in Qing Dynasty， he saw a white crane flying in the forest on the rock， he immediately wrote the word "Hegaoyan"， literally means crane on the rock near high riverbank. As "Hegaoyan" is hard to pronounce， Chongqing people gradually mispronounced "Hegaoyan" as "E’gongyan".

There is also a record about A Stone of Cat in the Records of Jiangbei Provincial Government Department： "On the bank of Jialing River， the twisted rocks look like they’re squatting， trying to catch a mouse." That is why the name "A Stone of Cat" was given. Wild Cat Creek， located in Southern Bank District， is also named after a huge rock shaped like a wild cat at the place where a local stream enters the Yangtze River.

Li Zhengquan， an expert on Toponymy of Chongqing， reckoned that these animal place names are all th阿e products of Chongqing people’s "image thinking"： for example， White Elephant Street can be traced back to a huge rock between Wanglong Gate and Taiping Gate. As it looked like an elephant and the stone was white， the name of White Elephant Street was given.Ox Horn is named after the backwater branch formed by Jialing River， which looks like an ox horn. Tiger Head Rock is named after a hanging rock that looks like a tiger head. The fish mouth is named after the mouth of a big fish in bay branch on the north bank of the Yangtze River. Saddle Mountain is named after a mountain like a saddle. Tiger Creek is named after a mountain beside the stream that looks like a tiger drinking water...

In addition to naming them with peculiar geographical features， some animal place names also carry beautiful legends. For example， Mandarin Duck in Yubei， is said to have a small stream with two bridges juxtaposed on the water surface， and a tree whose branches stretch straight to the other side to form a natural bridge， just like Mandarin Duck its wings.

In addition， there are two places near Jiguanshi （Comb Stone） called Aoyuqi（Mythological Fish Moraine） and Zhulaotan （Pig Old Beach）， both close to Tongluo Gorge. There is a huge rock on the mountain at Tongluo Xiakou， like a large drum lying across， and there is another temple called the Ancient Buddhist Temple near Comb Stone. As a result， there is the legend of"three animals worship ancient Buddha". The socalled "three animals" are Chicken （Crown Stone），（Mythological ） Fish （Moraine） and Pig （Old Beach）， which are commonly used by southerners to offer sacrifices to gods and ancestors. To honor the "ancient Buddha"， people offered not only"three sacrifices"， but also the "Tongluo" and the"Drum"， making the legend even more mysterious.

攀龍附鳳Hitching a Ride to the Sky on the Dragon and Phoenix

據(jù)統(tǒng)計，重慶的各種地名中，帶“龍”字的鎮(zhèn)街鄉(xiāng)有82個，占到全市鎮(zhèn)街鄉(xiāng)總數(shù)的近十分之一，帶“龍”字的行政村有711個，占全市的6.5%。

龍是中華吉祥文化中代表最高祥瑞的神物，自古以來與“龍”相關的事物都深受人們喜愛。重慶眾多帶“龍”字的地名中，除了寓意吉祥，還有一類則與和明朝建文帝朱允炆的傳說有關。

李正權在《重慶地名雜談》中提到：相傳建文帝為躲避追殺，扮成和尚，從江蘇、湖北一路流浪來到當年尚屬荒涼的西南地區(qū)，川渝云貴幾乎到處都有這個落難皇帝的傳說，所到之處便留下很多帶“龍”的地名，比如龍隱路、來龍巷、化龍橋等。

當然，也有一些“龍”是因為當?shù)氐牡貏萏卣?。比如說九龍坡，以前長江枯水季節(jié)，王坪山下的長江會現(xiàn)出連綿數(shù)里的石灘，大小有九個。從山上望去，九個石灘合在一起就像一個龍頭，被人們稱為九龍灘。九龍灘岸邊有一處老重慶少見的平壩，有人開了幾間鋪子，也被叫為九龍鋪。再后來，“九龍鋪”被叫成了“九龍坡”。

有龍就有鳳，重慶不少地名都帶“鳳”字，如鳳鳴山、鳳凰山、金鳳鎮(zhèn)、鳳凰鎮(zhèn)、鳳棲路、龍鳳橋、雙鳳橋。

古人常說，“說話有音，地名有根”。這些動物地名，就像一本本歷史書，客觀記錄了巴渝大地千奇百怪的地理環(huán)境。穿越時空隧道，透過這些動物地名，我們或許可以窺見巴渝文化的些許文脈。

According to statistics， among all kinds of place names in Chongqing， there are 82 towns， streets and townships with the word "dragon"， accounting for nearly one tenth of the total number of towns， streets and townships in the city， and 711 administrative villages with the word "dragon"， accounting for 6.5% of the city.

Dragon is a sacred object representing the most auspicious sign in Chinese culture. Since ancient times， things related to "dragon" have been deeply loved by people. Besides being a symbol of good fortune， some places with the word "dragon" are related to the legend of Zhu Yunwen， Jianwen Emperor of the Ming Dynasty.

Li Zhengquan mentioned in the Discussion of Place Names in Chongqing that Jianwen Emperor， dressed as a monk， traveled all the way from Jiangsu and Hubei to the desolate southwest region in those days. Legend of the pitiable emperor spreads everywhere in Sichuan， Chongqing， Yunnan and Guizhou， leaving many place names with the word "dragon"， such as Longyin （Dragon） Road， Lailong （Dragon） Lane and Hualong （Dragon） Bridge.

Undoubtedly， some place names include the word dragon because of the topography of the area. Take Jiulongpo （Nine Dragons Slope） as an example. In the dry season of the Yangtze River before， there would be nine stone beaches of several miles in the Yangtze River at the foot of Wang Ping Mountain. Looking down from the mountain， the nine stone beaches together look like a dragon head， which is called Nine Dragons Beach. There is a rare flat dam in old Chongqing on the bank of Jiulongtan （Nine Dragons Beach）. Some people opened several shops， also known as Jiulongpu （Nine Dragons Shop）. Later， "Jiulongpu（Nine Dragons Shop）" was called "Nine Dragons Slope".

Where there is a dragon， there is a phoenix. Many place names in Chongqing carry the word"phoenix"， such as Phoenix Singing Mountain（Fengming Mountain）， Phoenix Mountain（Fenghuang Mountain）， Golden Phoenix Town（Jinfeng Town）， Phoenix Town （Fenghuang Town）， Phoenix Perching Road （Fengqi Road）， Dragon Phoenix Bridge （Longfeng Bridge） and Double Phoenixes Bridge （Shuangfeng Bridge）.

As the saying often goes， "Voice comes from the sound， and place names can be traced to their roots". These animal place names， like history books， objectively record the strange geographical features in Bayu. Indeed， these animal place names have offered us an intriguing glimpse into Bayu culture.