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        基于閾值指標(biāo)分類法的玉米營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)階段受旱程度分級(jí)*

        2020-07-24 05:58:10麻雪艷周廣勝
        中國農(nóng)業(yè)氣象 2020年7期
        關(guān)鍵詞:生長(zhǎng)

        麻雪艷,周廣勝,李 根

        基于閾值指標(biāo)分類法的玉米營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)階段受旱程度分級(jí)*

        麻雪艷1,2,周廣勝2,3**,李 根1

        (1. 天津市氣象局,天津 300074;2. 中國氣象科學(xué)研究院,北京 100081;3. 南京信息工程大學(xué)氣象災(zāi)害預(yù)警協(xié)同創(chuàng)新中心,南京 210044)

        基于田間小區(qū)實(shí)驗(yàn),就玉米對(duì)不同強(qiáng)度及持續(xù)時(shí)間的干旱響應(yīng)進(jìn)行研究。玉米播種前進(jìn)行底墑?wù){(diào)控,使各小區(qū)土壤底墑基本一致。三葉期開始,按照研究區(qū)7月多年平均降水量的100%、80%、60%、40%、20%和7%分別進(jìn)行一次性灌水,此后不再進(jìn)行灌溉,全生育期利用大型電動(dòng)遮雨棚遮擋自然降水,隨生育時(shí)間推移形成6個(gè)不同初始土壤水分梯度的持續(xù)干旱過程。分析不同處理玉米營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)階段(三葉期-拔節(jié)期)的形態(tài)(株高、葉面積)和生物量(莖干重、葉干重、總干重)指標(biāo)對(duì)干旱程度的響應(yīng)規(guī)律,采用閾值指標(biāo)分類法(TITAN)確定各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)對(duì)干旱程度響應(yīng)規(guī)律發(fā)生明顯改變的臨界點(diǎn),并基于不同指標(biāo)響應(yīng)干旱程度臨界點(diǎn)的同步性確定玉米植株水平響應(yīng)干旱程度(D)的臨界點(diǎn),從而將玉米的受旱等級(jí)劃分為4個(gè)等級(jí)。結(jié)果表明:當(dāng)0<D≤0.07時(shí),玉米受到輕旱影響,其形態(tài)和生物量指標(biāo)的平均降幅僅為1.2%~3.0%;當(dāng)0.07<D≤0.47時(shí),玉米受到中旱影響,葉面積和株高的平均降幅分別為15.9%和8.6%,莖、葉干重及總干重的平均降幅分別為18.8%、15.4%和12.4%;當(dāng)0.47<D≤0.73時(shí),玉米受到重旱影響,葉面積的平均降幅為37.8%,株高的平均降幅為16.9%,莖、葉干重及總干重的平均降幅分別為43.3%、45.2%和28.9%;當(dāng)0.73<D≤1時(shí),玉米受到特旱影響,葉面積和株高的平均降幅分別為83.6%和53.3%,葉干重和莖干重的降幅均高達(dá)90%以上,總干重的平均降幅達(dá)87.0%。研究結(jié)果可為作物干旱受災(zāi)程度的定量分級(jí)與評(píng)價(jià)提供方法和依據(jù)。

        玉米;持續(xù)干旱;受旱程度;定量分級(jí);閾值指標(biāo)分類法(TITAN)

        干旱是世界范圍內(nèi)限制作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育及產(chǎn)量形成的主要災(zāi)害,干旱造成的作物產(chǎn)量損失甚至超過了其它因素造成的損失之和,是威脅世界糧食安全的最主要因素[1-2]。干旱對(duì)作物的影響程度與干旱強(qiáng)度、干旱持續(xù)時(shí)間及作物所處發(fā)育期等密切相關(guān)[3]。準(zhǔn)確評(píng)估作物干旱受災(zāi)程度,科學(xué)劃分作物干旱受災(zāi)等級(jí),對(duì)高效開展農(nóng)業(yè)防旱抗旱工作具有重要意義[4]?,F(xiàn)有作物受旱程度的評(píng)估和分級(jí)多是基于減產(chǎn)率[5-6],但是減產(chǎn)率是作物全生育期受旱程度的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo),無法應(yīng)用到作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過程中受旱程度的評(píng)估,制約了防災(zāi)減災(zāi)措施的及時(shí)制定與實(shí)施[7]。目前,對(duì)干旱發(fā)生發(fā)展過程的評(píng)估研究一般都是基于某一個(gè)或某幾個(gè)環(huán)境指標(biāo),如降水量、土壤水分、水分虧缺指數(shù)、持續(xù)干旱日數(shù)等[8-12],或者基于某一生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo),如生物量或死苗率等[7,13-14]。一方面,干旱對(duì)作物的影響具有累積效應(yīng),觀測(cè)當(dāng)時(shí)的環(huán)境指標(biāo)值并不一定能反映作物當(dāng)前的生長(zhǎng)狀態(tài)和受災(zāi)程度[15-16];另一方面,單一的生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)不能全面、準(zhǔn)確地反映作物的整體生長(zhǎng)狀況及受災(zāi)程度[17-18]。并且,由于不同指標(biāo)對(duì)干旱程度的響應(yīng)閾值可能不同,基于不同指標(biāo)對(duì)干旱程度的響應(yīng)閾值進(jìn)行作物受旱程度的分級(jí)與評(píng)價(jià)可能會(huì)出現(xiàn)不一致的結(jié)論[19-20]。

        為此,本研究擬以玉米為例,基于2014年玉米三葉期開始的6個(gè)初始土壤水分梯度的持續(xù)干旱模擬實(shí)驗(yàn)資料,考察玉米營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)階段(三葉期-拔節(jié)期)主要生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)對(duì)持續(xù)干旱的響應(yīng)規(guī)律,并提出基于多生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行玉米受旱程度綜合評(píng)估、準(zhǔn)確分級(jí)的方法,為作物干旱受災(zāi)程度的定量分級(jí)與評(píng)價(jià)提供方法和思路。

        1 材料與方法

        1.1 實(shí)驗(yàn)地點(diǎn)

        實(shí)驗(yàn)在中國氣象科學(xué)研究院固城生態(tài)環(huán)境與農(nóng)業(yè)氣象試驗(yàn)站(39°08′N,115°40′E,15.2m)大型可控式水分試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)開展。試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)設(shè)有大型電動(dòng)遮雨棚,占地750m2,共設(shè)42個(gè)試驗(yàn)小區(qū),小區(qū)面積8m2(長(zhǎng)4m×寬2m),小區(qū)之間筑有3m深混凝土隔離墻,防止水分水平交換。試驗(yàn)場(chǎng)土壤質(zhì)地為砂壤土,土壤類型為褐土,含有機(jī)碳13.67g×kg?1,全氮0.87g×kg?1,有效磷25.76g×kg?1,有效鉀118.55mg×kg?1,平均土壤容重1.37g×cm?3,0-30cm平均田間持水量和凋萎系數(shù)(重量含水率)分別為21.23%和7.10%。該站年平均氣溫12.1℃,年降水量494mm,約70%的降水主要集中在夏季,其中以7月最多(約150mm),但年際變異系數(shù)高達(dá)62.9%,致使正處于營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)階段的夏玉米受干旱影響的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較大[16]。

        1.2 實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)

        實(shí)驗(yàn)供試玉米品種選擇全國范圍內(nèi)種植面積最大的鄭單958。2014年6月23日播種,行距為50cm,株距為25cm,每小區(qū)4行,每行16穴,每小區(qū)共64穴,每穴播3粒。播種后,施磷酸二銨300kg×hm?2并適當(dāng)灌溉,確保玉米正常出苗。7月1日(三葉期)間苗并定苗至每小區(qū)64株。全生育期利用大型電動(dòng)遮雨棚遮擋自然降水,播種前進(jìn)行底墑?wù){(diào)控,使各小區(qū)土壤底墑基本一致,7月2日按照當(dāng)?shù)?月多年平均降水量的100%、80%、60%、40%、20%和7%,即按照150、120、90、60、30和10mm分別進(jìn)行一次性灌水,形成6個(gè)初始土壤水分梯度(分別用T1-T6表示處理1-處理6),此后不再進(jìn)行灌溉,隨時(shí)間推移發(fā)展形成不同強(qiáng)度及持續(xù)時(shí)間的干旱過程。每個(gè)水分處理設(shè)3個(gè)重復(fù)小區(qū),共18個(gè)小區(qū)。水分處理后每7天進(jìn)行1次土壤含水量和玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的觀測(cè),在玉米三葉期-拔節(jié)期(7月1日-8月9日)共進(jìn)行4次觀測(cè),各次觀測(cè)時(shí)間分別是7月10、18、31日和8月7日。

        1.3 觀測(cè)項(xiàng)目

        1.3.1 土壤含水量

        土壤含水量采用烘干法測(cè)定。每次觀測(cè)時(shí),在每個(gè)小區(qū)內(nèi)隨機(jī)選取1個(gè)取樣點(diǎn),各小區(qū)取樣位置大致相同,每個(gè)處理共3個(gè)取樣點(diǎn)。利用土鉆每10cm分層鉆取0-90cm土樣,測(cè)定土壤濕重W0,并置于烘箱內(nèi)105℃烘干至恒重后稱取干重Ws,利用式(1)計(jì)算各層土壤重量含水率ω(g×g?1),利用式(2)計(jì)算體積含水率θ(cm3·cm?3)。由于在三葉期-拔節(jié)期,表層0-30cm土壤是玉米的主要供水層[21],因此,以0-10cm、11-20cm、21-30cm土層土壤相對(duì)濕度平均值(RH,%)反映玉米的土壤水分狀況,即

        式中,W0和Ws分別為測(cè)定土壤濕重和干重(g);ρb為土壤容重(1.37g×cm?3);ω1、ω2、ω3分別為0-10cm、11-20cm、21-30cm土層的重量含水量(%);Fc為0-30cm土層的田間持水量(21.23%)。

        1.3.2 玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)

        每次觀測(cè)時(shí),每小區(qū)隨機(jī)選取2株玉米,每個(gè)處理共6株,依次測(cè)定株高、葉面積和葉干重、莖干重和總干重等生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)。

        株高:用直尺從土壤表面量至植株葉片伸直后的最高葉尖。

        葉面積(S):用直尺量取玉米植株每片完全展開葉的葉長(zhǎng)(Li)和葉寬(Di),乘以形狀校正系數(shù)k(取值0.75)[22],所有葉片數(shù)值累加得到植株葉面積S(cm2)。

        式中,n是玉米植株的完全展開葉數(shù),i表示玉米植株的第i片葉片。

        器官干重:挖取標(biāo)準(zhǔn)株包含絕大部分根系(0-30cm土層)的土柱,獲取玉米鮮樣。將玉米鮮樣的地上部分與地下部分用剪刀分開,地上部分按葉片、莖進(jìn)行分類,分器官稱取鮮重并分別裝入牛皮紙袋。將根部泥土沖洗干凈,控水后裝袋。將所有器官放入烘箱105℃殺青1h,80℃烘干48h后稱取各器官生物量干重。

        1.4 研究方法

        1.4.1 干旱程度(D)的計(jì)算

        干旱程度(D)是指一段時(shí)間內(nèi)的累積水分虧缺程度,是干旱強(qiáng)度(I)隨干旱持續(xù)時(shí)間的累積[23]。具體計(jì)算為[21]

        式中,ET0(mm×d?1)為潛在蒸散量,采用Peman-Monteith方法[24]計(jì)算得到;T是評(píng)估期天數(shù),即7月2日-8月7日,共36d;It為評(píng)估期內(nèi)第t天的干旱強(qiáng)度。

        干旱強(qiáng)度(I)是指作物某一日的水分虧缺程度[21]。借鑒FAO推薦的水分虧缺系數(shù)Ks,干旱強(qiáng)度表達(dá)式為[24]

        式中,TAW是參考土層(0-30cm)土壤最大有效水分含量(cm3·cm?3),表征作物可利用的全部有效水含量;θFC為田間持水量(cm3·cm?3),θWP為凋萎系數(shù)(cm3·cm?3),θi是參考土層實(shí)際含水量(cm3·cm?3),Dr是參考土層土壤水分虧缺量(cm3·cm?3);RAW是參考土層土壤速效水含量(cm3·cm?3),為田間持水量與毛管斷裂含水量之差,表征可被植物迅速吸收的土壤水分下限;p0取值0.55,ET0采用Peman-Monteith方法計(jì)[24]。

        由式(7)可見,當(dāng)土壤速效水含量(RAW)大于土壤水分虧缺量(Dr)時(shí),Ks=1,I=0,表征作物未受到干旱影響;當(dāng)土壤水分降低至凋萎系數(shù)及以下時(shí),土壤有效水全部耗盡,Ks=0,I=1。

        1.4.2 土壤水分插值

        為確定逐日的干旱強(qiáng)度,需要對(duì)土壤水分資料進(jìn)行插值。隨著土壤水分含量的下降,其下降速率逐漸放緩,故采用冪函數(shù)形式進(jìn)行擬合得到各小區(qū)逐日土壤水分含量,即

        式中,ω(x)為水分處理后第x天0-30cm土層的體積含水率(cm3·cm?3);a、b為擬合參數(shù)。

        1.4.3 玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化

        由于玉米生長(zhǎng)受干旱影響的同時(shí),還受到發(fā)育進(jìn)程和諸如氣溫、輻射等其它環(huán)境因素的影響,因此不能將不同次觀測(cè)的玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)樣本直接放在一起考察其對(duì)干旱程度的響應(yīng)。鑒于此,首先需要對(duì)玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化處理。具體方法為

        某次觀測(cè),當(dāng)土壤水分條件最好的處理1尚未受到干旱影響時(shí)(D=0),將各處理玉米的生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)除以處理1當(dāng)次觀測(cè)的相應(yīng)指標(biāo)值進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,即

        由于7月30日及以后,處理1-處理6均已不同程度受到干旱的影響。研究表明,玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)隨干旱程度的變化符合二次曲線[21]。因此,對(duì)玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)與干旱程度進(jìn)行二次多項(xiàng)式回歸擬合,反推出干旱程度為0時(shí)的玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)值作為參考值進(jìn)行標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化。即

        式中,D為干旱程度,z為生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)值,a、b、c為擬合參數(shù)。

        1.4.4 閾值指標(biāo)分類法

        閾值指標(biāo)分類法(Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis,簡(jiǎn)稱TITAN)是生態(tài)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的一種檢測(cè)生態(tài)系統(tǒng)群落水平閾值的方法。它可以沿某一環(huán)境因子梯度檢測(cè)每個(gè)群落特征指標(biāo)分布規(guī)律發(fā)生改變的臨界點(diǎn),并評(píng)估不同群落特征指標(biāo)臨界點(diǎn)的同步性,最終確定整個(gè)群落響應(yīng)該環(huán)境因子的臨界點(diǎn)[25-26]。

        (1)單個(gè)群落特征指標(biāo)臨界點(diǎn)的確定

        以環(huán)境因子的中位點(diǎn)作為候選分類點(diǎn),依次迭代將每個(gè)群落特征指標(biāo)的樣本分為2類,直到使每一個(gè)樣本與它所在的類組聯(lián)系最密切。聯(lián)系的緊密程度利用指標(biāo)種得分IndVal(Indicator species scores)來衡量(公式15)[27]。IndVal值在0~100范圍變化,數(shù)值越大說明該組內(nèi)的樣本聯(lián)系越緊密,當(dāng)IndVal值為100時(shí),表明該組內(nèi)每個(gè)樣本只可能出現(xiàn)在這個(gè)組內(nèi),它們對(duì)環(huán)境變量的響應(yīng)規(guī)律完全一致。計(jì)算每一個(gè)備選分類點(diǎn)所得IndVal值,其中獲得最大IndVal值的分類點(diǎn)即為該群落特征樣本的臨界點(diǎn)。

        式中,A是組間相對(duì)豐度,即第i組類的樣本量Ni占全部樣本量Nt的比例;B是組內(nèi)出現(xiàn)頻率,即當(dāng)環(huán)境變量因子為j時(shí),第i組類中對(duì)應(yīng)的樣本量Nij占總樣量Nj的比例。

        (2)群落水平臨界點(diǎn)的確定

        將群落特征指標(biāo)每個(gè)候選分類點(diǎn)的IndVal值基于該特征所有候選分類點(diǎn)所得IndVal的均值和標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差進(jìn)行Z指數(shù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)化,將不同群落特征每個(gè)候選分類點(diǎn)所得的z值進(jìn)行累加,累積z值達(dá)到最大時(shí)的分類點(diǎn)即為整個(gè)群落響應(yīng)該環(huán)境因子的臨界點(diǎn)[25-26]。

        (3)信度檢驗(yàn)

        利用自舉法(Bootstrap)進(jìn)行250次重復(fù)取樣,對(duì)所得臨界點(diǎn)進(jìn)行信度檢驗(yàn)。檢驗(yàn)指標(biāo)包括不確定性、純粹性和可靠性3個(gè)方面。不確定性是指由自舉法重復(fù)取樣所得樣本的IndVal值大于原始數(shù)據(jù)臨界點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)的IndVal值的概率,概率越小,說明分類點(diǎn)的不確定性越低。可靠性是所有自舉法重復(fù)取樣所得的不確定性低于某一顯著性水平(如0.05和0.01)的比例,比例越大,可靠性越高(最大值為1)。純粹性是指自舉法重復(fù)取樣所得的某一樣本的分組與原始數(shù)據(jù)所得分組完全一致的比例,純粹性達(dá)到最大值1,說明該樣本重復(fù)取樣進(jìn)行分組的結(jié)果與原始結(jié)果完全一致[25-26]。

        1.4.5 玉米受旱程度分級(jí)

        選擇能夠反映玉米植株生長(zhǎng)狀況的葉面積、株高、莖、葉干重和總干重等指標(biāo)進(jìn)行TITAN分析[26],確定每個(gè)指標(biāo)對(duì)干旱程度D響應(yīng)的臨界點(diǎn),進(jìn)而確定玉米植株對(duì)干旱程度響應(yīng)的臨界點(diǎn)。由于TITAN每次只確定一個(gè)最顯著的臨界點(diǎn),將樣本分成2類,而玉米各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)對(duì)干旱程度的響應(yīng)可能存在2種以上的變化區(qū)間。為此,采用TITAN首先確定第一個(gè)臨界點(diǎn),將指標(biāo)樣本分成2組,從每一組中分別確定下一級(jí)的臨界點(diǎn),直到分組不再顯著或者組內(nèi)樣本量低于最小分類單元即3個(gè)樣本量時(shí)結(jié)束,具體算法流程見圖1。

        圖1 應(yīng)用閾值指標(biāo)分類法進(jìn)行玉米受旱程度分級(jí)的流程圖

        1.4.6 數(shù)據(jù)處理與統(tǒng)計(jì)

        采用SPSS17.0(SPSS Inc.,Chicago,IL,USA)進(jìn)行土壤水分的插值擬合、玉米主要生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的Duncan多重比較分析、玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)與干旱程度、土壤濕度的相關(guān)分析以及玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)與干旱程度的回歸擬合。應(yīng)用R語言TITAN程序包(R Development Core Team,version R 2.9.2,2009)對(duì)玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)進(jìn)行閾值指標(biāo)分類分析。

        2 結(jié)果與分析

        2.1 玉米營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)階段干旱程度及其影響

        由表1可見,水分處理后第7天(7月10日),各處理土壤濕度均呈現(xiàn)顯著差異,處理5和處理6的干旱程度已經(jīng)顯著高于處理1-處理4,生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)中僅處理6的葉面積顯著偏低,其它生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)尚未呈現(xiàn)處理間顯著差異。隨著時(shí)間推移,各處理土壤濕度逐漸降低而處理間差異逐漸縮小,各處理干旱程度逐漸加大且處理間差異不斷增大,各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)逐漸增長(zhǎng)且處理間差異逐漸增大。至8月7日,各處理土壤濕度均已降至50%以下且無顯著差異,而各處理的干旱程度均大于0且處理間差異顯著,各處理間生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)也差異顯著且與干旱程度的處理間差異較為一致。同時(shí),由表2可見,干旱程度與玉米各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的相關(guān)系數(shù)要高于土壤濕度,反映出干旱程度較土壤濕度更能反映玉米的生長(zhǎng)狀況。

        表1 玉米三葉-拔節(jié)期4次觀測(cè)不同水分處理生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)、土壤濕度與干旱程度的多重比較分析

        注:同列數(shù)據(jù)不同字母表示處理間在0.05水平上差異顯著。

        Note:The different letter within a column indicates the difference significance among treatments at 0.05 level. Treatments T1-T6 refer to the six different irrigations that performed during the three-leaf period of maize with the irrigation amounts of 150, 120, 90, 60, 30 and 10mm, respectively, equivalent to 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 20% and 7% of the local average precipitation in July (150mm), respectively.

        表2 玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)與干旱程度、土壤相對(duì)濕度的相關(guān)系數(shù)

        注:**表示相關(guān)系數(shù)通過0.01水平的顯著性檢驗(yàn)。 Note:**means P<0.01.

        2.2 玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)響應(yīng)干旱程度的臨界點(diǎn)

        采用閾值指標(biāo)分類法(TITAN)分別確定各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)響應(yīng)干旱程度的臨界點(diǎn),進(jìn)而根據(jù)不同指標(biāo)對(duì)干旱程度響應(yīng)的同步性確定玉米植株水平響應(yīng)干旱程度的臨界點(diǎn),結(jié)果見表3-表5。由表可見,各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)第1個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)的干旱程度均為0.73,所得臨界點(diǎn)的信度良好,玉米植株水平的第1個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)也為0.73(表3)。葉面積、葉干重和莖干重的第2個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)的干旱程度均為0.35,株高和總干重的第2個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)的干旱程度為0.47,各指標(biāo)臨界點(diǎn)的信度良好,植株水平的第2個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)的干旱程度為0.47(表4)。葉面積、葉干重、莖干重和總干重的第3個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)的干旱程度為0.07,株高的第3個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)的干旱程度為0.01,植株水平第3個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)的干旱程度為0.07(表5)。

        表3 玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)及植株水平響應(yīng)干旱程度的第1臨界點(diǎn)

        表4 玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)及植株個(gè)體水平響應(yīng)干旱程度的第2臨界點(diǎn)

        表5 玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)及植株個(gè)體水平響應(yīng)干旱程度的第3臨界點(diǎn)

        2.3 玉米受旱程度分級(jí)評(píng)價(jià)

        利用玉米植株水平的3個(gè)臨界點(diǎn)將各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)樣本劃分為4個(gè)受旱等級(jí),分段進(jìn)行線性回歸擬合,結(jié)果見圖2。計(jì)算各段線性回歸的斜率,即為相應(yīng)受旱等級(jí)下玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)對(duì)干旱程度的響應(yīng)幅度,以及各受旱等級(jí)玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的平均降幅,結(jié)果見表6。

        由圖2可見,玉米各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)隨干旱程度增加均呈下降趨勢(shì),但各階段變化的斜率不同,反映出隨著干旱程度的加劇,玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)對(duì)干旱程度的響應(yīng)規(guī)律會(huì)發(fā)生改變。由表6可見,當(dāng)干旱程度在0<D≤0.07時(shí),玉米受輕旱,其形態(tài)和生物量指標(biāo)的平均降幅僅為1.2%~3.0%;當(dāng)0.07<D≤0.47時(shí),玉米受中旱影響,葉面積的平均降幅為15.9%,株高的平均降幅為8.6%,莖、葉干重及總干重的平均降幅分別為18.8%、15.4%和12.4%;當(dāng)0.47<D≤0.73時(shí),玉米受重旱影響,葉面積和株高的平均降幅分別為37.8%和16.9%,莖、葉干重及總干重的平均降幅分別為43.3%、45.2%和28.9%;當(dāng)0.73<D≤1時(shí),玉米受特旱影響,葉面積的平均降幅為83.6%,株高的平均降幅為53.3%,葉干重和莖干重的降幅均高達(dá)90%以上,總干重的平均降幅達(dá)87.0%。

        表6 玉米受旱程度分級(jí)評(píng)價(jià)

        圖2 玉米生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)隨干旱程度的變化規(guī)律

        Fig. 2 Changes of maize growth indicators with drought degree

        3 結(jié)論與討論

        3.1 結(jié)論

        (1)采用干旱程度D這一指標(biāo)來指示玉米生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境的水分虧缺程度,該指標(biāo)同時(shí)考慮了干旱強(qiáng)度(某一時(shí)刻的水分虧缺程度)和干旱持續(xù)時(shí)間兩方面的影響,較單一的土壤水分指標(biāo)能更好地反映持續(xù)干旱對(duì)玉米生長(zhǎng)狀況的影響。

        (2)首次將生態(tài)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的閾值指標(biāo)分類法(TITAN)應(yīng)用于玉米受旱程度分級(jí)研究中。該方法基于玉米多個(gè)生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)對(duì)干旱響應(yīng)規(guī)律的同步性確定玉米植株水平響應(yīng)干旱的臨界點(diǎn),實(shí)現(xiàn)玉米受旱程度的定量分級(jí),為作物受災(zāi)程度定量分級(jí)提供了方法和思路。

        (3)當(dāng)干旱程度0<D≤0.07時(shí),玉米受到輕旱影響,其形態(tài)和生物量指標(biāo)的平均降幅僅為1.2%~3.0%;當(dāng)0.07<D≤0.47時(shí),玉米受到中旱影響,葉面積的平均降幅為15.9%,株高的平均降幅為8.6%,莖、葉干重及總干重的平均降幅分別為18.8%、15.4%和12.4%;當(dāng)0.47<D≤0.73時(shí),玉米受到重旱影響,葉面積的平均降幅為37.8%,株高的平均降幅為16.9%,莖、葉干重及總干重的平均降幅分別為43.3%、45.2%和28.9%;當(dāng)0.73<D≤1時(shí),玉米受到特旱影響,葉面積的平均降幅為83.6%,株高的平均降幅為53.3%,葉干重和莖干重的降幅均高達(dá)90%以上,總干重的平均降幅達(dá)87.0%。

        3.2 討論

        干旱指標(biāo)是干旱程度量化和分級(jí)的主要依據(jù)。目前,干旱指標(biāo)大致可以分為3類,第1類是反映環(huán)境水分供應(yīng)能力的指標(biāo),如土壤相對(duì)濕度等[28];第2類是反映作物水分供需差異的指標(biāo),如作物水分虧缺指數(shù)等[29];第3類是反映作物生長(zhǎng)狀況的指標(biāo),如出苗率、萎蔫程度、減產(chǎn)率等[29-30]。第1、2類干旱指標(biāo)缺乏與作物生長(zhǎng)狀況的準(zhǔn)確對(duì)應(yīng),無法直接用于作物干旱災(zāi)損的預(yù)估和評(píng)價(jià),對(duì)實(shí)際生產(chǎn)的指導(dǎo)作用有限?;诘?類指標(biāo)的分級(jí)多依賴經(jīng)驗(yàn)劃分,存在分級(jí)邊界較模糊,統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義不顯著等問題。本研究采用干旱程度這一指標(biāo)來指示玉米生長(zhǎng)環(huán)境的水分虧缺程度。該指標(biāo)同時(shí)考慮了干旱持續(xù)時(shí)間和干旱強(qiáng)度兩方面的影響。其中,干旱強(qiáng)度借鑒了FAO提出的作物水分脅迫系數(shù)Ks,考慮了土壤有效水分含量和能被作物根系吸收利用的速效水分含量,與土壤性質(zhì)、氣象條件、作物生長(zhǎng)階段等密切相關(guān),各參數(shù)均具有明確的物理意義,能客觀反映某一時(shí)間作物的水分虧缺程度。同時(shí),本研究選取能反映玉米生長(zhǎng)狀況的多個(gè)生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo),采用閾值指標(biāo)分類法(TITAN)確定了玉米各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)對(duì)干旱程度響應(yīng)規(guī)律發(fā)生明顯改變的轉(zhuǎn)折點(diǎn),并基于不同指標(biāo)對(duì)干旱程度響應(yīng)規(guī)律發(fā)生改變的同步性確定了玉米個(gè)體水平響應(yīng)干旱程度的臨界點(diǎn),進(jìn)而將玉米的受旱程度劃分為輕旱、中旱、重旱和特旱4個(gè)等級(jí),既實(shí)現(xiàn)了環(huán)境指標(biāo)(干旱程度)與玉米生長(zhǎng)狀況的準(zhǔn)確對(duì)應(yīng),也實(shí)現(xiàn)了玉米受旱程度的定量分級(jí)。

        同一受旱等級(jí)下,玉米各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)值的平均降幅并不相同,反映出不同生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)對(duì)干旱響應(yīng)的敏感程度不同。這是玉米通過調(diào)整形態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)和不同器官的生長(zhǎng)速度來適應(yīng)干旱脅迫的表現(xiàn)[31]。受旱程度為輕度時(shí),各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的降幅均較小,但是以莖干重的降幅最大,其次為株高,葉面積的降幅最小,反映出莖是對(duì)干旱響應(yīng)最為敏感的器官。這是因?yàn)榍o是植物體主要的水分傳輸和儲(chǔ)存器官,也是根、葉水分脅迫信號(hào)傳遞的紐帶[32],越來越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)植物的莖較葉片對(duì)水分脅迫的響應(yīng)更加敏感[16,33]。當(dāng)受旱程度達(dá)到中度及以上時(shí),株高的平均降幅最小,顯著低于其它生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的平均降幅。這表明株高對(duì)干旱的響應(yīng)比較敏感,但響應(yīng)幅度較小,反映出干旱對(duì)玉米株高的可塑性較小,玉米主要通過降低葉面積和生物量來響應(yīng)干旱[34]。不同受旱等級(jí)下,玉米各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)的響應(yīng)幅度也不同。當(dāng)玉米受旱等級(jí)為輕旱時(shí),各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)對(duì)干旱程度的平均響應(yīng)幅度為0,隨著受旱等級(jí)的增加,玉米各生長(zhǎng)指標(biāo)對(duì)受旱程度的響應(yīng)幅度逐漸加大。這反映出玉米在不同干旱程度影響下會(huì)采取不同的生長(zhǎng)策略。干旱脅迫初期主要采取快速生長(zhǎng)的策略,盡可能多地獲取資源,盡量維持正常的生理生態(tài)功能,使其生長(zhǎng)不受或少受干旱的影響[34],隨著干旱程度的加劇,玉米逐漸采取緩慢生長(zhǎng)的策略,從而降低資源的消耗,維持生存[35-36]。

        由于本研究實(shí)驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)為三葉期開始的持續(xù)干旱,至后期各處理玉米受旱嚴(yán)重,基本全部絕產(chǎn),故未分析各級(jí)受旱程度與最終產(chǎn)量的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系。此外,作物受旱程度還與發(fā)育期有關(guān),同一干旱程度對(duì)作物不同生育期造成的影響可能不同[37-38]。未來將繼續(xù)開展觀測(cè)試驗(yàn),進(jìn)一步明確作物生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育過程中的受旱程度與最終產(chǎn)量的對(duì)應(yīng)關(guān)系,以及分不同發(fā)育期探討干旱對(duì)玉米生長(zhǎng)發(fā)育的影響并進(jìn)行定量分級(jí)。

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        Classification of Drought Degree during Vegetative Growth Stage of Maize Based on Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis (TITAN)

        MA Xue-yan1, 2, ZHOU Guang-sheng2, 3, LI Gen1

        (1. Tianjin Meteorological Bureau, Tianjin 300074, China; 2. Chinese Academy of Meteorological Sciences, Beijing 100081;3.Collaborative Innovation Center on Forecast Meteorological Disaster Warning and Assessment, Nanjing University of Information Science & Technology, Nanjing 210044)

        Drought was a major disaster that limited the growth and yield of crops worldwide. The loss of crop output caused by drought even exceeds the sum of the losses caused by all other factors, and was the most important factor threatening world food security. The influence of drought on crops was closely related to drought intensity, drought duration and the development stage of crops. It was of great significance for efficient agricultural drought prevention and drought relief to accurately assess the drought damage degree of crops and scientifically classify the drought damage levels of crops. Existing methods on crop drought assessment and grading were mostly based on yield reduction. However, yield reduction reflected the drought damage degree of the entire growth period of crop, which could not be applied to the assessment of crop drought damage degree during certain development period, restricting timely formulation and implementation of disaster prevention and mitigation measures. At present, the assessment and research on the progress of drought were generally based on one or several environmental indicators, such as precipitation, soil moisture, water deficit index, etc., or based on some single growth indicator, such as biomass. On the one hand, drought had a cumulative effect on crops, and the environmental indicators observed at that time could not necessarily reflect current growth state and damage degree of crops. On the other hand, a single growth indicator could not accurately reflect the overall growth status of crops. Since different growth indicators may have different response thresholds to drought degree, different conclusions may be drawn when grading and evaluating the drought degree of crops based on the response thresholds of different growth indicators to drought degree. Therefore, this study intended to investigate the responses of maize growth indicators to drought of different intensity and duration during its vegetative growth period (from the 3-leaf stage to jointing stage) based on a field plot experiment performed in 2014, and put forward a new way to accurately evaluating and classifying drought damage degree of maize based on response synchronicity of multiple growth indicators. In the field plot experiment, six different irrigations were performed during the three-leaf period of maize with the irrigation amounts (named treatments T1-T6) were 150, 120, 90, 60, 30, and 10mm, respectively, equivalent to 100%, 80%, 60%, 40%, 20% and 7% of the local average precipitation in July (150mm), respectively. No extra irrigation was performed thereafter. Precipitation was blocked completely by the auto-rain-shelter during the entire growth period. Then, six continuous drought processes of different initial soil moisture gradients were formed as time proceeded. Observations on soil water content, maize growth indicators were performed every 7-day after the irrigation treatments. Based on the observation data, the response regularity of maize morphological (plant height and leaf area) and biomass (stem dry mass, leaf dry mass, and total dry mass) indicators to the drought degree (D) was studied. By using of Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis method (TITAN), the response turning points of growth indicators of maize's to drought degree were determined, and based on the response synchronicity of these growth indicators, the response turning point of maize plant level to drought degree was identified. Then the drought degree was divided into 4 levels according to these turning points. The results showed that, when 0<D≤0.07, maize was affected by light drought, and the average decrease of maize growth indicators was only1.2%-3.0%; when 0.07<D≤0.47, maize was affected by medium drought with an average decrease of leaf area of 15.9%, plant height of 8.6%, stem dry mass, leaf dry mass, and total dry mass of 18.8%, 15.4% and 12.4%, respectively; when 0.47<D≤0.73, maize was affected by severe drought with an average decrease of leaf area of 37.8%, plant height of 16.9%, stem dry mass, leaf dry mass and total dry mass of 43.3%, 45.2% and 28.9%, respectively; when 0.73<D≤1, maize was affected by extreme drought, with an average decrease of leaf area of 83.6%, plant height of 53.3%, leaf dry mass and stem dry mass above 90%, and total dry weight of 87.0%. The results would provide a method and basis for quantitative classification and evaluation of drought damage degree of crops.

        Maize; Prolonged drought; Drought damage degree; Quantitative classification; Threshold Indicator Taxa Analysis method (TITAN)

        10.3969/j.issn.1000-6362.2020.07.005

        麻雪艷,周廣勝,李根.基于閾值指標(biāo)分類法的玉米營(yíng)養(yǎng)生長(zhǎng)階段受旱程度分級(jí)[J].中國農(nóng)業(yè)氣象,2020,41(7):446-458

        2020-01-15

        周廣勝,E-mail: zhougs@cma.gov.cn

        國家自然科學(xué)基金(31901398);公益性行業(yè)(氣象)科研專項(xiàng)(GYHY201506019);國家重點(diǎn)專項(xiàng)(2016YFD0300106);天津市氣象局博士基金(201743bsjj03)

        麻雪艷,E-mail: maxueyan88@126.com

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