謝佳玲
·臨床論著·
醫(yī)院與家庭結(jié)合ABA療法對(duì)自閉癥譜系障礙患兒的語(yǔ)言發(fā)育水平分析
謝佳玲*
(四川大學(xué)華西第二醫(yī)院,四川 成都 610041)
探討采用醫(yī)院同家庭結(jié)合應(yīng)用行為分析法(Applied behavior analysis,ABA)對(duì)自閉癥譜系障礙患兒進(jìn)行治療后獲得的臨床效果。將我院 2017年06 月收治的18例患兒作為研究對(duì)象,根據(jù)接受的治療不同進(jìn)行分組。觀察組(A1組,n=9)患兒采用語(yǔ)言訓(xùn)練、感覺(jué)統(tǒng)合訓(xùn)練聯(lián)合醫(yī)院與家庭結(jié)合的ABA療法進(jìn)行干預(yù),并對(duì)家長(zhǎng)進(jìn)行每周一次的自閉癥譜系障礙的宣傳教育和將ABA療法用于家庭的方法指導(dǎo)。對(duì)照組(A2組,n=9)患兒采用語(yǔ)言訓(xùn)練、感覺(jué)統(tǒng)合訓(xùn)練。治療一年半后,采用S-S語(yǔ)言發(fā)育遲緩評(píng)估法對(duì)兩組患兒語(yǔ)言發(fā)育水平進(jìn)行評(píng)價(jià)。觀察組(A1組)語(yǔ)言發(fā)育水平的改善明顯優(yōu)于A2組患兒(P<0.05)。對(duì)于自閉癥譜系障礙患兒,臨床選擇醫(yī)院與家庭結(jié)合ABA療法進(jìn)行干預(yù),能明顯改善患兒的語(yǔ)言發(fā)育水平,顯著提高患兒的生活質(zhì)量。
醫(yī)院與家庭結(jié)合ABA療法;自閉癥譜系障礙患兒;語(yǔ)言發(fā)育水平
自閉癥譜系障礙是神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)功能失調(diào)導(dǎo)致的廣泛性發(fā)育發(fā)展障礙。最新版美國(guó)精神疾病診斷及統(tǒng)計(jì)手冊(cè)第五版(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-V,DSM-V)已將它的核心癥狀歸結(jié)為社交障礙、溝通困難及狹窄的興趣和刻板的行為[1]。據(jù)美國(guó)疾病控制與預(yù)防中心統(tǒng)計(jì),近年來(lái)美國(guó)8歲的兒童中每50人就有一人患有自閉癥,且男性患病比例是女性的4~5倍[2]。自閉癥影響患兒終生的身心健康,給家庭和社會(huì)也造成嚴(yán)重的負(fù)擔(dān)。
應(yīng)用行為分析法(Applied behavior analysis,ABA)是一種建立在科學(xué)的實(shí)驗(yàn)分析及精煉的應(yīng)用研究基礎(chǔ)上的常用的矯治自閉癥兒童行為的方法,它有助于提高患兒的語(yǔ)言和溝通能力、專注力、社交技能、記憶力和學(xué)習(xí)能力,減少問(wèn)題行為從而具備更健康的生活方式[3]。
本研究使用傳統(tǒng)療法加之ABA醫(yī)院和家庭結(jié)合的方法,探討對(duì)自閉癥患兒治療的臨床效果,具體如下。
選取2017年06月我院收治的自閉癥患兒18例作為研究對(duì)象。
根據(jù)接受的不同干預(yù)方法進(jìn)行分組。其中觀察組(A1組,n=9):男7例,女2例,患兒年齡25-48月,平均年齡34.8±7.1月。根據(jù)S-S語(yǔ)言發(fā)育水平檢測(cè)結(jié)果,2-2水平2例,2-3水平3例,3-1水平2例,3-2水平2例。
對(duì)照組(A2組,n=9):男6例,女3例,患兒年齡24-39月,平均年齡 32.1±4.7月。根據(jù)S-S語(yǔ)言發(fā)育水平檢測(cè)結(jié)果,2-2水平2例,2-3水平3例,3-1水平1例,3-2水平3例。
兩組性別、年齡、語(yǔ)言發(fā)育水平分級(jí)等,均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P>0.05),具有可比性。
兩組患兒均根據(jù)S-S語(yǔ)言發(fā)育遲緩檢查法所評(píng)定的語(yǔ)言發(fā)育程度,建立治療師和患兒一對(duì)一訓(xùn)練計(jì)劃,由經(jīng)驗(yàn)豐富的治療師進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,治療時(shí)長(zhǎng)1.5年。
對(duì)照組患兒(A2組)采用傳統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)言訓(xùn)練、感覺(jué)統(tǒng)合訓(xùn)練進(jìn)行干預(yù);觀察組患兒(A1組)在此基礎(chǔ)上聯(lián)合醫(yī)院與家庭結(jié)合的ABA訓(xùn)練法。
1.2.1 傳統(tǒng)的語(yǔ)言訓(xùn)練、感覺(jué)統(tǒng)合訓(xùn)練
語(yǔ)言訓(xùn)練是以游戲的方式,訓(xùn)練患兒的下頜骨、唇部、氣息、舌面部肌肉力量和控制能力,使發(fā)音器官具有足夠的活動(dòng)性、靈活性、精確性和持續(xù)性,最終改善說(shuō)話的能力。
感覺(jué)統(tǒng)合訓(xùn)練是引導(dǎo)患兒對(duì)前庭、本體感覺(jué)及觸覺(jué)等感覺(jué)刺激作出適當(dāng)反應(yīng)的訓(xùn)練[4]。通過(guò)科學(xué)的設(shè)計(jì),特制的器材和游戲運(yùn)動(dòng)的形式對(duì)主要感覺(jué)通道進(jìn)行訓(xùn)練,從而達(dá)到發(fā)展大腦功能和促進(jìn)兒童各方面能力的提高。
1.2.2 應(yīng)用行為分析法(Applied behavior analysis,ABA)
ABA療法是一種靈活的治療方法,其訓(xùn)練步驟是A-B-C:A(Antecedent)即一個(gè)前提,它是目標(biāo)行為發(fā)生之前發(fā)生的,可以是口頭的命令或請(qǐng)求, 也可以是玩具、燈光、聲音及環(huán)境中的其他物體。B(Resulting behavior)即產(chǎn)生的行為,是患兒對(duì)前提的反應(yīng)或缺乏反應(yīng),可以是動(dòng)作、口頭回應(yīng)或其他。C(Consequence)即行為之后的結(jié)果[5,6]。通過(guò)強(qiáng)化、鼓勵(lì)、模式化堅(jiān)持訓(xùn)練后,能有效地改進(jìn)患兒的認(rèn)知語(yǔ)言能力。
1.2.3 S-S語(yǔ)言發(fā)育遲緩檢查法
S-S語(yǔ)言發(fā)育遲緩檢查法源自于20世紀(jì)70年代日本音聲學(xué)會(huì)語(yǔ)言發(fā)育遲緩專委會(huì)的研究設(shè)計(jì),目前中國(guó)使用的是修訂后的第4版[7]。
它是用語(yǔ)言符號(hào)和指示內(nèi)容對(duì)兒童語(yǔ)言基礎(chǔ)功能的檢查。語(yǔ)言符號(hào)和指示內(nèi)容的關(guān)系分為5個(gè)等級(jí),每個(gè)等級(jí)對(duì)應(yīng)兒童理解能力的階段。
采用統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件SPSS17.0進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)處理,計(jì)數(shù)資料以百分比(%)表示,采用X檢驗(yàn),P<0.05 具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
與治療前相比,治療1.5年后所有患兒的語(yǔ)言能力都得到顯著提升(P<0.05),且年齡越小進(jìn)行干預(yù),其語(yǔ)言能力等級(jí)提升幅度越大。
A1組中36個(gè)月以下患兒平均提高2.8個(gè)等級(jí),36個(gè)月及以上患兒平均提高1.3個(gè)等級(jí);A2組中36個(gè)月以下患兒平均提高1.3個(gè)等級(jí),36個(gè)月及以上患兒平均提高0.7個(gè)等級(jí),見(jiàn)表1。組間對(duì)比結(jié)果顯示,A1組患兒語(yǔ)言能力提高幅度整體大于A2組,見(jiàn)表2。
表1 A1組和A2組基本情況及治療前后語(yǔ)言能力等級(jí)情況
表2 A1組和A2組訓(xùn)練前后各語(yǔ)言能力等級(jí)人數(shù)比例(%,n=9)
自閉癥發(fā)病率越來(lái)越高,近年來(lái)美國(guó)研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)50名兒童中就有1例患者,且病因尚不明確[8]。目前自閉癥尚無(wú)有效的治療方法,主要依靠長(zhǎng)期終身的康復(fù)訓(xùn)練和教育。
自閉癥采用醫(yī)院同家庭結(jié)合ABA療法對(duì)自閉癥患兒進(jìn)行干預(yù),可以取得顯著效果,患兒的日常生活能力得以提高,能更加有效地提升患兒的語(yǔ)言認(rèn)知水平[9,10]。
本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),年齡越小得到干預(yù),患兒語(yǔ)言能力等級(jí)提高幅度越大:A1組36月以下比36月以上的平均提高1.5個(gè)等級(jí),A2組36月以下比36月以上的平均提高0.6個(gè)等級(jí);A1組36月以下比A2組36月以下平均提高1.5個(gè)等級(jí),A1組36月以上比A2組36月以上平均提高0.6個(gè)等級(jí)。
綜上所述,一定要對(duì)自閉癥患兒進(jìn)行早期干預(yù),以語(yǔ)言訓(xùn)練、感覺(jué)統(tǒng)合訓(xùn)練聯(lián)合醫(yī)院與家庭結(jié)合的ABA訓(xùn)練方法,使自閉癥患兒語(yǔ)言認(rèn)知能力得以提升。隨著時(shí)間的增長(zhǎng)將導(dǎo)致有意義的行為改變,使患兒的日常生活能力得到顯著提高。
1 Kim YS, Leventhal BL, Koh YJ, et al. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorders in a total population sample[J]. Am J Psychiatry, 2011, 168(9): 904-912.
2 Granpeesheh D, Tarbox J, Dixon DR, et al. Applied behavior analytic interventions for children with autism: A description and review of treatment research[J]. Annals Clin Psychiatry, 2009, 21(3): 162-173.
3 Mohammadzaheri F, Koegel LK, Rezaee M, et al. A randomized clinical trial comparison between pivotal response treatment (PRT) and structured applied behavior analysis (ABA) intervention for children with autism[J]. J Autism Dev Disorders, 2014, 44(11): 2769-2777.
4 韓景君, 王悅. 丹東地區(qū)特殊教育學(xué)校智障學(xué)生體育需求及干預(yù)措施[J]. 遼東學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)(自然科學(xué)版), 2010, 17(3): 242-245
5 Gibson JA, Grey IM. Supervisor support as a predictor of burnout and therapeutic self-efficacy in therapists working in ABA schools[J]. J Autism Dev Disorders, 2009, 39(7): 1024-1030.
6 Schreibman L, Dawson G, Stahmer AC, et al. Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions: Empirically validated treatments for autism spectrum disorder[J]. J Autism and Dev Disorders, 2015, 45(8): 2411-2428.
7 張慶蘇. 語(yǔ)言發(fā)育遲緩的檢查—基于符號(hào)與指示內(nèi)容搞關(guān)系的評(píng)估[J]. 中國(guó)語(yǔ)言康復(fù)科學(xué)雜志, 2019, 17(6): 471.
8 Estes A, Munson J, Rogers S, et al. Long-term outcomes of early intervention in 6-year-old children with autism spectrum disorder[J]. J Am Academy Child Adolescent Psychiatry, 2015, 54(7): 580-587.
9 劉佰橋. 我國(guó)特殊兒童家庭的社會(huì)支持研究進(jìn)展[J]. 綏化學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào), 2017, 37(4): 140-143.
10 任可雨, 馮維. 自閉癥譜系障礙兒童家長(zhǎng)心理困境及對(duì)策[J]. 綏化學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào), 2016, 36(10): 70-73.
Analysis on language development level of autism spectrum disorder children by combining ABA therapy in hospital and family
Xie Jia-ling*
(West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan)
To investigate the clinical effects of hospital and families’ treatments using applied behavior analysis therapies (ABA) on children with autism spectrum disorders.Eighteen children patients received in our hospital in June 2017 were selected as the study objects. All children patients were divided into two groups according to the different treatments randomly. For the observation group (A1 group, n=9), the children were treated with language training, sensory integration training and ABA therapy in hospital and family, and parents were given weekly education and guidance on how to use ABA therapy in their families. For the control group (A2 group, n=9), the children were only received language training and sensory integration training. After one and a half year of treatments, the language development levels of the two groups of children were evaluated using S-S language development assessment.The language level of A1 group was significantly better than that of A2 group (P<0.05).For autism spectrum disorder chlidren, using ABA therapy in hospital and family can significantly improve the language development level and the quality of life of the children.
Hospital-family combined ABA therapy; Children with autism spectrum disorder; Language development level
The guidance receptor plexin D1 is a mechanosensor in endothelial cells.
Mehta V, Pang KL, Rozbesky D, et al.
Plexins are key cell-surface receptors of the semaphorin family of cell-guidance signalling proteins and can regulate cellular patterning by modulating the cytoskeleton and focal adhesion structures. However, a role for plexin proteins in mechanotransduction has not been examined. Here we show that plexin D1 (PLXND1) has a role in mechanosensation and mechanically induced disease pathogenesis. PLXND1 is required for the response of endothelial cells to shear stress in vitro and in vivo and regulates the site-specific distribution of atherosclerotic lesions. In endothelial cells, PLXND1 is a direct force sensor and forms a mechanocomplex with neuropilin-1 and VEGFR2 that is necessary and sufficient for conferring mechanosensitivity upstream of the junctional complex and integrins. PLXND1 achieves its binary functions as either a ligand or a force receptor by adopting two distinct molecular conformations. Our results establish a previously undescribed mechanosensor in endothelial cells that regulates cardiovascular pathophysiology, and provide a mechanism by which a single receptor can exhibit a binary biochemical nature.
(From Nature. 2020, 578(7794): 290-295.)
謝佳玲,女,康復(fù)治療師,主要從事兒科康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)研究,Email:469348777@qq. com。
(2020-2-6)