著：（荷蘭）簡-威廉·維斯林克 譯：孟寧

關(guān)于智慧城市的辯論不應(yīng)僅限于技術(shù)本身，而應(yīng)該是關(guān)于該技術(shù)對城市的影響。因為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)的興起和數(shù)字化已經(jīng)使整個世界發(fā)生變化，那么城市規(guī)劃和空間規(guī)劃將如何變化？城市規(guī)劃新的起點是什么？新的規(guī)劃原則是什么？政府、設(shè)計師、項目組織者和管理者應(yīng)如何開展工作？帶著這些問題，未來城市基金會①將與26個合作伙伴一起探討解決方案?？梢栽诒疚闹姓业酱鸢?。

如果全世界因數(shù)字化和技術(shù)而改變，那我們的世界將作何改變？人類的日常工作、生活，設(shè)計區(qū)域、城市和鄉(xiāng)村的方式，以及我們設(shè)計、管理、控制和使用空間的方式將作何變化？從建立未來城市基金會的伊始，這些問題就是我們所關(guān)注的。并且這些問題是《智慧城市，我們要這樣做》（A Smart City, This is How You Do It）②這本書的核心，也是本篇文章的精華所在。

當然，我們發(fā)現(xiàn)技術(shù)非常令人著迷。專業(yè)技術(shù)人員正在構(gòu)思的可能性給我們留下了深刻的印象。但是這種變化對我們意味著什么？如何提升社區(qū)、城市和鄉(xiāng)村的宜居性？如何借助技術(shù)使得城市具有包容性、安全性、韌性、可持續(xù)性和開放性？

我們定義了新的設(shè)計原則，適用于不同地區(qū)決策者、規(guī)劃師和設(shè)計師：將城市設(shè)計為智能網(wǎng)絡(luò)；保持設(shè)計靈活性；讓設(shè)計有意義。但是對于（智慧城市）設(shè)計者而言，我們最先需要思考的問題是：我們想要哪種城市？

如果關(guān)于未來的事情有一件是確定的，那就是預(yù)測永遠不會成真。人類所面臨的挑戰(zhàn)依然存在：由互聯(lián)網(wǎng)帶來的當前這場工業(yè)革命改變了人類的世界觀。我們總習慣用技術(shù)視角來看待世界。隨著新技術(shù)的發(fā)明，以不同的眼光看待世界，并且以不同的方式對待世界，這當然無可厚非。但是這種改變使得我們很難準確預(yù)測子孫后代對居住的社區(qū)、村莊和城市的期望。

1 城市規(guī)劃原則1：我們想要一個能夠可持續(xù)發(fā)展且充滿民主的城市

當人類居住空間處于發(fā)展的過渡階段時，最好確定邊界在哪里。我們把“邊界”分為2個層次：首先，我們想要一個滿足聯(lián)合國可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標11的城市（包容、安全、韌性和可持續(xù)）；其次，我們想要在城市空間中享受高自由度。

空間規(guī)劃、城市設(shè)計和風景園林的核心是做出空間選擇。所有這些選擇共同決定了我們賴以生存的村莊、城鎮(zhèn)、省市和國家的面貌。從羅馬帝國開始，歐洲（尤其是荷蘭）就急切地將居住的空間打造為當前的形態(tài)。比如19世紀時，歐洲設(shè)計了許多特殊城市布局，并且首次進行河流和水資源的現(xiàn)代化管理。同時，許多國家開始修建鐵路。實業(yè)家在城市空間發(fā)展中居領(lǐng)先地位。

目前我們又再次處在歷史發(fā)展的相同軌道中。正如19世紀的歐洲（以及世界其他地方）被重塑一樣，席卷全球的數(shù)字化、數(shù)據(jù)驅(qū)動和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)浪潮也在深刻影響著當前所有經(jīng)濟形態(tài)，社會乃至個體的私人生活。作為智慧城市規(guī)劃項目的合作伙伴，我們不希望隨著當前的社會發(fā)展浪潮而被動引領(lǐng)，人云亦云。我們期待智慧城市相關(guān)的頂層設(shè)計及政策制定者、規(guī)劃師和設(shè)計師，有意識地引導空間規(guī)劃朝著正確的方向發(fā)展，引領(lǐng)未來數(shù)字化世界的發(fā)展浪潮。在發(fā)展過程中，我們同樣需要找好著力點。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)隨著時間的推移已經(jīng)日趨成熟，并且已經(jīng)產(chǎn)生了巨大的影響，我們不得不問自己這樣一個問題：如何應(yīng)對數(shù)字時代所帶給空間和社會的積極和消極影響？未來城市設(shè)計者需要共同確定自己想要怎樣的村莊、城市、區(qū)域，或者怎樣的荷蘭和歐洲，以及怎樣的世界？城市和鄉(xiāng)村在未來居住空間中扮演著什么角色，人類想要什么，不想要什么？在未來城市規(guī)劃原則中，我們需要明確其意義所在。

1.1 我們想要宜居的區(qū)域、城市、村莊和社區(qū)

通過有意識地使用數(shù)字化技術(shù)來改善人類的生活質(zhì)量。我們希望未來人們居住的區(qū)域、城市、村莊和社區(qū)總體保持宜居的狀態(tài)。人們可以在健康、整潔和良好的環(huán)境中自由自在地共同發(fā)展。同時，涉及人類發(fā)展的重要事情（例如安全和隱私等）也應(yīng)受到監(jiān)視和保護，并且保持良好的發(fā)展勢頭。科技和數(shù)字化正在改變?nèi)藗儸F(xiàn)有的生活方式。我們希望新技術(shù)引領(lǐng)進步，希望科技以最現(xiàn)代化的方式解決人類當前所面臨的主要挑戰(zhàn)。未來城市發(fā)展指南即聯(lián)合國可持續(xù)發(fā)展目標（Sustainable Development Goals, SDGs）[1]。其中目標11總結(jié)了以下幾個目標和任務(wù)：“建設(shè)包容、安全、韌性和可持續(xù)的城市和人類住區(qū)。”

科技進步和數(shù)字化轉(zhuǎn)型能夠解決轉(zhuǎn)型中的挑戰(zhàn)。通過應(yīng)用新技術(shù)，人類可以找到更好更快的解決方案。例如，“天網(wǎng)”（城市監(jiān)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)）使得城市管理者可以隨時查看所在城市亟待解決和改善的地方，這就是科技帶給城市管理者的益處。但科技需要場景的實踐，人們必須將其集成到城市和城市生活場景之中，并且作用于未來城市設(shè)計中，才會產(chǎn)生質(zhì)變。但這又會產(chǎn)生公共問題：誰將擁有這一城市關(guān)鍵設(shè)施的所有權(quán)呢？

我們最好考慮到人們對宜居性的理解也會發(fā)生變化，因為實現(xiàn)城市宜居的過程會發(fā)生新的變化。畢竟，當數(shù)字化和技術(shù)化改變一切時，城市規(guī)劃師、規(guī)劃師的職業(yè)甚至空間規(guī)劃本身也會發(fā)生變化。在這個項目中，我們對其進行了廣泛的定義。通過全新的控制和設(shè)計管理空間的方式來創(chuàng)新。這種新的思維和行動方式，也為個人的想法和建議提供了更多空間。這些變化在荷蘭得到了《環(huán)境法》（Environment Act）[2]的支持，該法制定了發(fā)展框架而非僅僅規(guī)定結(jié)果。項目建立在合作的基礎(chǔ)之上，因此完全符合技術(shù)和數(shù)字化發(fā)展所帶來的變化。

1.2 我們不會失去對自己生活的控制

科技和數(shù)字化也會帶來風險和威脅。人類所期待的是一個這樣的城市：城市依舊充滿著自由的空氣，一如幾個世紀以來的狀態(tài)。我們最終的反烏托邦不僅是因為被跟蹤和監(jiān)視，還因為我們不能完全掌控自己的生活。人們不能再做自己真正想做的事情，相反，人們被迫盡可能高效地完成所有事情。人們將這種“擔憂”轉(zhuǎn)換為現(xiàn)代詞匯中的“效率”。人們開始擔心自己居住的城市會變成一臺機器，在其中我們無法匿名，更有甚者，我們無法保持自身的獨特性。尤其是當每個個體被貼上標簽，分為一類之時。我們最大的恐懼不僅是隱私權(quán)受到侵犯，還有自主權(quán)的削弱。當人們不再了解或關(guān)心自己的行為受到怎樣的影響時，或者當人們確實了解自己的行為無法被掌控時，就會出現(xiàn)自主性低下的現(xiàn)象。

科技塑造著我們的社會。就像一個半世紀以前一樣，我們需要對城市的外觀做出重要的選擇。這不僅關(guān)系到我們當前發(fā)展的實質(zhì)性目標，還關(guān)系到我們要建設(shè)什么樣的社會，以及科技和數(shù)字化在其中發(fā)揮的作用。技術(shù)沒有中立價值。但問題是：歐洲的價值觀是什么？中美兩國都利用互聯(lián)網(wǎng)來增強其文化特性，但我們?nèi)绾卧跉W洲做到這一點？未生效的2004年《歐盟憲法條約》草案[3]，描述了歐盟一直以來所賴以為生的文化和政治價值觀：“聯(lián)盟建立在尊重人類尊嚴、自由、民主、平等、法治，以及尊重人權(quán)（包括少數(shù)群體的權(quán)利）的價值觀基礎(chǔ)上。在一個奉行多元化、非歧視、寬容、公正、團結(jié)和男女平等的社會中，這些價值觀為成員國所共有?！彼詥栴}不是我們是否使用技術(shù)，而是如何使用技術(shù)、數(shù)字化和互聯(lián)網(wǎng)來增強上述價值，以及我們使用時設(shè)定的限制。發(fā)展智能民主、自由民主的城市，對我們的歷史和文化而言是合乎邏輯的，也是十分適當?shù)摹?/p>

2 城市規(guī)劃原則2：在城市中，我們用智能網(wǎng)絡(luò)的方式進行設(shè)計

人類當前社會通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)彼此相連，與萬物相連。如今，這句話聽起來很正常，但對于規(guī)劃師、空間規(guī)劃師和城市規(guī)劃師而言卻大相徑庭。人類有史以來第一次以大群體規(guī)模生活在網(wǎng)絡(luò)中?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)賦予了時間、地點和距離等概念以新的含義。這是這場新工業(yè)革命帶來的真正變化。對于我們所在的不同區(qū)域、城市、村莊和社區(qū)，需要采用不同的設(shè)計方法。

導致當前工業(yè)革命技術(shù)發(fā)展的核心是通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)——一種我們在過去一個半世紀中建立的人與物、人與人和物與物之間聯(lián)系的網(wǎng)絡(luò)。通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)始于1855年的第一條電話線，現(xiàn)如今已成為我們賴以為生的移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)。第一通電話和5G網(wǎng)絡(luò)之間的相似之處在于：這種新的基礎(chǔ)架構(gòu)消除了距離的概念，并且將彼此之間沒有物理接觸的人與物連接起來。5G甚至持續(xù)地改變著物理空間概念。與其他實體網(wǎng)絡(luò)的第一個區(qū)別在于，我們不需要像公路（鐵路）網(wǎng)那樣通過車輛來進行聯(lián)系。第二個區(qū)別是發(fā)送方和接收方之間的時間等效性。每個接收器也可以是一個發(fā)送器，每個發(fā)送器都是一個接收器，每個節(jié)點可以聯(lián)系另一個點并與該點共享知識。

沒有網(wǎng)絡(luò)的端點和節(jié)點，網(wǎng)絡(luò)則不存在。如果沒有這些端點和節(jié)點，網(wǎng)絡(luò)就毫無價值，因此他們比網(wǎng)絡(luò)（電纜和管道的集束）本身更重要。互聯(lián)網(wǎng)在很大程度上適用這個規(guī)律，因為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)也依賴發(fā)送和接收的節(jié)點組成網(wǎng)絡(luò)。而它的特殊之處在于，如果從網(wǎng)絡(luò)中刪除一個節(jié)點，該網(wǎng)絡(luò)將繼續(xù)存在。這與傳統(tǒng)的電網(wǎng)相反，在傳統(tǒng)電網(wǎng)中，拆除電站會導致重大問題。

通信網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)展的下一步是5G。真正的創(chuàng)新在于5G是集群技術(shù)。因為一旦5G出現(xiàn)，計算機（移動或飛行機器人的形式）就可以像集群一樣運作。集群技術(shù)的一個例子是自動駕駛汽車，汽車必須不斷與周圍環(huán)境進行交流，以了解其他物體的位置。從空間規(guī)劃的角度來看，與可靠性較差的網(wǎng)絡(luò)（例如4G）相比，這是最大的變化。借助5G技術(shù)，我們可以為城市規(guī)劃注入新的靈魂。但其含義仍然很難理解，就像評價優(yōu)缺點一樣復(fù)雜。空間規(guī)劃師、規(guī)劃師、城市規(guī)劃師和風景園林師將決定如何使用此功能。

越來越多的電子設(shè)備正在連入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，并成為一種常態(tài)：除非有合理的理由，否則一切都將會連入互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，一切都會成為網(wǎng)絡(luò)或集群的一部分。這意味著在城市或鄉(xiāng)村中，不僅每個建筑物和許多其他物體都已連接到網(wǎng)絡(luò)（現(xiàn)在已經(jīng)在發(fā)生），而且在設(shè)計空間和建筑物時也應(yīng)參考網(wǎng)絡(luò)概念。

因此，社區(qū)成為基于物體的智能網(wǎng)絡(luò)。這與現(xiàn)如今人類生存的城市大為不同，這些差異必須包含在設(shè)計中。如同基于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)技術(shù)設(shè)計的平板電腦，無論在文檔儲存和程序運行的方式上都和第一代臺式電腦完全不同。網(wǎng)絡(luò)促進了數(shù)據(jù)、能源和商品、人員和服務(wù)的交換?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)同時也可以是3個網(wǎng)絡(luò)的集成或一個網(wǎng)絡(luò)的3個變體。同時，設(shè)計必須考慮到具體對象與其他對象之間的關(guān)系。這種方法也適用于城市設(shè)計。例如在設(shè)計一個街區(qū)的部分時，必須考慮到這些部分是整體城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)的一部分：不同區(qū)域之間互相有鄰居，可以與鄰居交換數(shù)據(jù)、能源和商品、人員和服務(wù)。就像平板電腦一樣，各種應(yīng)用都必須是可更新的。但是如果社區(qū)的一個住戶突然更新了一套更好的能源系統(tǒng)，那效果會是顯著的。

我們認為，網(wǎng)絡(luò)的設(shè)計方式應(yīng)該是讓節(jié)點用戶自己決定共享的內(nèi)容。在此過程中，我們遵循共同原則——數(shù)據(jù)僅保存一次并通過網(wǎng)絡(luò)共享。

這種網(wǎng)絡(luò)構(gòu)成意味著距離將具有不同的含義。通過移動互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，無論身在何處，都可以訪問（幾乎）所有內(nèi)容。這意味著可以在任何地方工作、購物，與其他地方的人們?nèi)〉寐?lián)系。但這導致了一種高度依賴網(wǎng)絡(luò)的新生活方式。通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，傳感器可以在一個地方收集數(shù)據(jù)，并直接影響到另一個地方的物體。天氣預(yù)報程序以這種方式工作，兩個地方都是同一（天氣）系統(tǒng)的一部分。也有可能在一個地方（世界上某個地方）獲得數(shù)據(jù)，而這個地方與地球上其他地方的類似地方直接相關(guān)。如今，事物之間的響應(yīng)極為迅捷。

但這是否也意味著城市不再重要？這是一個在20世紀90年代流行的理論：通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，我們所有人都會生活在農(nóng)村地區(qū)。畢竟，我們沒有理由再住在這個城市了，那為什么人們還要加速城市化發(fā)展呢？因為從那時起，城市的知名度只增不減。這種現(xiàn)象有多種原因：首先，大多數(shù)人喜歡和其他人在一起。人是群體動物，人的幸福在很大程度上是通過與他人的互動而獲得的。這就是為什么人們喜歡群居的原因，也是為什么仍然有“真正的”約會的原因，因為人們喜歡見面。

其次，還有其他經(jīng)濟原因。如前所述，網(wǎng)絡(luò)社會不是關(guān)于連接，而是關(guān)于節(jié)點。價值的創(chuàng)造來源于組件、節(jié)點和通過組件添加到網(wǎng)絡(luò)的數(shù)值，總價值也由此確定。網(wǎng)絡(luò)的價值與其組成部分的總和一樣重要。情況一直如此，且適用于線上。

再者，網(wǎng)絡(luò)總有一個空間屬性。即使基于臉書（Facebook）的商業(yè)，收入模式的很大一部分仍依賴于其空間屬性。地理位置在有針對性的廣告和影響力中發(fā)揮著重要作用，但對于在線服務(wù)如亞馬遜（Amazon）和優(yōu)步（Uber）而言，地理空間要扮演更為重要的角色。這些系統(tǒng)需要高質(zhì)量數(shù)據(jù)和人口密度。而且該數(shù)據(jù)質(zhì)量受到空間限制。例如，對于優(yōu)步而言，鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)并不具有吸引力，因為那里的人們對出租車的需求很少。高人口密度使這些系統(tǒng)在利用網(wǎng)絡(luò)方面更加靈活，因而變得更加高效。

3 城市規(guī)劃原則3：讓我們的設(shè)計具有靈活性

如果房間中的物體都已連接到網(wǎng)絡(luò)，并且我們可以訪問所有地方的任何信息，人類將變得非常靈活。所有這些都需要一個非常靈活的空間組織（無論規(guī)模如何）。此外，繼續(xù)促進城市發(fā)展是我們這個時代的主要挑戰(zhàn)。城市需要有高效的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、綠化和精心設(shè)計的公共空間。因此，設(shè)計的靈活性也涉及持續(xù)性的問題。

建筑層面已經(jīng)應(yīng)用了新的靈活性。在過去的20年中，彈性工作已成為一種新常態(tài)，這種模式催生了布局靈活的房間和新家具。但是，最大的變化是，如今居家辦公成為一種新的選擇。過去，家庭辦公室配有信箱和電話線，以便從政府、銀行等接收重要信息或接收（紙質(zhì)）報紙和看電視。如今，智能手機已足夠滿足所有需求。一個固定的家庭地址也可以比作一種“漫游”模式，只要連接到網(wǎng)絡(luò)就可以被找到，并且可以購買虛擬和實體服務(wù)，不再需要一個城市的居住地址。而通過這種方式，也可以成為多個城市的用戶。

靈活使用空間也可能是規(guī)劃制度不同的原因。為什么所有地方總是應(yīng)用同樣的規(guī)則？這種靈活性已經(jīng)在高速公路上實現(xiàn)。一旦設(shè)定車道行駛的最高峰值，（通過計算）就會出現(xiàn)矩陣符號，指示駕駛員哪條車道可使用并顯示其對應(yīng)限速。這種情況幾乎是立即根據(jù)環(huán)境情況作出反應(yīng)。這也可以應(yīng)用于其他城市功能，其背后的驅(qū)動力不是技術(shù)，而是效率和金錢。未來的維護負責人將編寫算法來管理項目經(jīng)理。但是最重要的是防止黑客入侵我們的安全防護系統(tǒng)。

3.1 相互融合的功能性

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)創(chuàng)造了越來越多的時間和地點的組合。在過去的一個世紀中，我們習以為常的在生活各方面的職責分工以及在哪居住、在哪里買東西、在哪里工作等地點上的分別，在未來社會中都將逐漸消失。職責之間互相滲透、互相影響，甚至有時會同時發(fā)生。比如將星巴克作為工作和會議場所，將辦公室當成第二居所。

我們也看到了團體使用公共空間的靈活性。在智能手機發(fā)明之前，會議是本地化的活動，但現(xiàn)在人們卻可以使用會議應(yīng)用程序召集會議。因此，物理實體的集合不再是彼此聚會的必要條件。網(wǎng)絡(luò)線路的集成和社交關(guān)系（例如年輕人之間的游戲）構(gòu)成了數(shù)字會議場所。

3.2 靈活性挑戰(zhàn)尺度

互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的迷人之處在于它對尺度的概念提出質(zhì)疑。在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)時代之前，一個停車位就是一個停車位，一個燈就是一個燈。這是最小的尺度，如果再上升一級，那么單個燈就沒什么意思了。而現(xiàn)在那個燈或停車位中有一個傳感器。通過數(shù)字孿生（digital twin），不僅每個對象都變得十分獨特，而且還可以看到它們之間的聯(lián)系和關(guān)系。這樣，每個傳感器都會影響整體。

如今，我們甚至可以在每個給定環(huán)境中制作數(shù)字孿生體，在3D地圖環(huán)境中以數(shù)字表示數(shù)據(jù)。數(shù)字孿生體可以：1）提供對現(xiàn)有環(huán)境的分析（所需數(shù)據(jù)必須是即時的）；2）合并不同的數(shù)據(jù)層，系統(tǒng)基于此建立相關(guān)性，然后用戶可以自己查看連接；3）計算計劃干預(yù)的效果。

在進行關(guān)聯(lián)、建立聯(lián)系并進行計劃的干預(yù)時，將使用已轉(zhuǎn)換為算法的假設(shè)。根據(jù)系統(tǒng)獲得的經(jīng)驗，可以在系統(tǒng)的整個生命周期中完善這些假設(shè)，然后算法會變得更準確。也可以借鑒其他城市的經(jīng)驗。原則上，這與任何計算機程序都沒有什么不同：來自世界各地的用戶體驗會影響某個程序的更新。

數(shù)字孿生是邁向?qū)崟r環(huán)境政策的第一步，通過該政策可以即時應(yīng)對各種情況?，F(xiàn)在環(huán)保區(qū)（environmental zone）僅是拒絕老舊車輛運行，就可以影響當前的環(huán)境質(zhì)量。未來則會更進一步：該系統(tǒng)也可以向其他城市的系統(tǒng)學習并立即做出響應(yīng)。當然現(xiàn)在還沒發(fā)展到那一步，目前尚有許多技術(shù)問題亟待解決。例如，構(gòu)建系統(tǒng)并且讓系統(tǒng)之間能夠相互通信。此外，市政官員必須要考慮不同系統(tǒng)的契合。

這些進步僅對大城市有吸引力嗎？當然不是。這些進步對城市中心、村莊和鄉(xiāng)村都有益。靈活性是不斷聯(lián)系的結(jié)果，這種聯(lián)系也存在于農(nóng)村地區(qū)，但方式有所不同。

3.3 可持續(xù)城市結(jié)構(gòu)作為平衡點

靈活性也有另一面。正如混亂喚起秩序一樣，空間的可變和靈活利用需要固定的設(shè)施來支撐。我們對實現(xiàn)各種功能和用途的設(shè)施設(shè)置了要求，例如可訪問性、安全性和可用性（空間和基本設(shè)施）。為了能夠靈活地運行，需要一個基礎(chǔ)系統(tǒng)，即格網(wǎng)。

當今時代的主要挑戰(zhàn)包括城市的不斷增長，需要一個具有可持續(xù)城市結(jié)構(gòu)的城市規(guī)劃。最重要的是滿足交通需求的主要基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，保證商品、垃圾、能源的供應(yīng)和運輸，以及一個功能良好的藍綠基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施，以改善氣候、娛樂活動（包括慢行交通）和生物多樣性。智慧城市需要能夠測量和監(jiān)視這些設(shè)施的功能、用途和質(zhì)量的設(shè)施和基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施。

這些城市的基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施網(wǎng)絡(luò)決定了城市的空間價值。擁有高質(zhì)量的氣候適應(yīng)性、公共健康和社會空間設(shè)施的綠色城市將會更適合人類居住。公眾參與度管理將為城市設(shè)計帶來更多改變，并且數(shù)字系統(tǒng)將在其中發(fā)揮越來越重要的作用。

4 城市規(guī)劃原則4：讓我們的設(shè)計意義非凡

在智慧城市中，具有辨識度和意義的場所變得越來越重要。通過技術(shù)和數(shù)字化，人類可以實現(xiàn)無處不在。因此有意義的地方，即滿足真實性需求和體驗偏好的場所則變得炙手可熱。

因為互聯(lián)網(wǎng)，凡事皆有可能，人則變得尤為靈活。但是人的身體卻不能同時置身于多個地方，只能在一個地方：即自己最喜歡的地方。因為如果我可以無處不在，那么我只會委身于對我有吸引力的地方、讓我體驗快樂生活或擁有別致體驗的地方，符合我那一刻的品位和偏愛。我可以去我想去的地方，甚至規(guī)劃多個城市之間的路線，并自由選擇城市所能提供的服務(wù)，無論是下榻的酒店，還是街邊的小館，都依照我的興趣而定?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)可以帶來無限樂趣。通過聲田（Spotify，一個正版流媒體音樂服務(wù)平臺），我可以聽自己喜歡的音樂，或者其算法根據(jù)我的喜好而推薦給我；谷歌（Google）和繽客（Booking.com）的算法也做得越來越好了。

決定建筑物、位置或路線的空間偏好的一個重要方面是，欣賞和體驗部分取決于其他人，依賴于城市居民或游客的選擇。不僅是地點的質(zhì)量和預(yù)期的體驗決定了我的預(yù)期行為（旅行體驗和住宿），還有瀏覽互聯(lián)網(wǎng)得到的來自實時空間狀況的反饋。這樣一來，便可以隨時根據(jù)預(yù)計的擁擠程度、可達性或天氣預(yù)報來調(diào)整自己的目的地和路線偏好。有時候這很困難，但如果我能夠按時出發(fā)，以便在旅途中隨時調(diào)整自己的偏好，還是可以成功的。由于存在互聯(lián)網(wǎng)以及我們與該位置的虛擬連接，我們始終能迅速定格（zoom in）自己喜歡的地方。如果需要，還可以迅速從一個目的地切換到另一個，改變我們出行想法的主要依據(jù)是基于前人旅行所積累的經(jīng)驗?；ヂ?lián)網(wǎng)給我們帶來更多符合激勵的需求，此外，由于互聯(lián)網(wǎng)的效率，我們有越來越多的時間來滿足對體驗的需求。我們通過互聯(lián)網(wǎng)訂購產(chǎn)品，使我們有時間逛當?shù)氐纳痰?。而且因為我們可以在任何地方查詢智能手機或打開筆記本電腦，我們則可以在一些特別的地方進行操作，無論是置身大自然，還是享受節(jié)日的狂歡。

4.1 重復(fù)推送

我們所偏好地方的吸引力包含著雙重信息。那些獲得高評分的地方和地區(qū)，一方面因其真實性、歷史意義、功能或體驗價值而出彩；另一方面因其出現(xiàn)在越來越多的旅行和度假勝地的首選清單上而更容易被檢索到。大眾旅游爆炸性的增長對于荷蘭羊角村或阿姆斯特丹運河等特殊地區(qū)，尤其是對于政策制定者和城市規(guī)劃師來說，已經(jīng)成為一個嚴重的問題。

缺乏真實性和新奇感的地方和地區(qū)是城市規(guī)劃中的一個挑戰(zhàn)。這對設(shè)計師來說是一大利好信息：在（智慧）城市中，人居環(huán)境的空間更新任務(wù)被賦予最高優(yōu)先級。這使得好的設(shè)計比以往任何時候都更加重要。意義和功能通過居民與包括設(shè)計師在內(nèi)的專業(yè)人士溝通交流而成形。由設(shè)計師來選擇兼顧設(shè)計要點和美感，同時實現(xiàn)利益相關(guān)者（居民、企業(yè)家、用戶）的要求和愿望的方案。幾個世紀以來，設(shè)計師一直在做這些事。但是，由于全球發(fā)展綠色、健康和包容的城市的需求，對此的需求量只會更大。如上所述，這是一個非常積極的消息。

4.2 與網(wǎng)為鄰的體驗

公共空間與互聯(lián)網(wǎng)之間的互動更為創(chuàng)新。Pokémon Go（現(xiàn)實增強寵物養(yǎng)成對戰(zhàn)類手游）這款游戲帶來了一種新的城市體驗形式，只有游戲參與者才能捕捉到這種樂趣。通過Strava（一款跑步和騎行應(yīng)用程序）[4]，可以隨時隨地與自己和他人進行騎行比賽。這樣一來，孤獨的自行車手突然變成了團體運動員。為了促進城市內(nèi)外的交互式使用，空間變量（例如位置、大小、交通和可達性）尤為重要。計劃和設(shè)計活動的重點是通過設(shè)計新場所來促進使用，以使交互可以不受阻礙和安全地進行，且應(yīng)考慮到盡可能避免易受傷害的場所。

4.3 風險

過分追求體驗有可能帶來新的隱患。公共場所必須保障居民居住的權(quán)益，但公共空間設(shè)施一定不能過度“游樂場”化，這是一項重要的公共任務(wù)。作為公共利益的捍衛(wèi)者，政府必須確保城市為居民提供自由與安寧的體驗空間。但是，我們?nèi)绾瓮ㄟ^設(shè)計平衡城市的“過度刺激”呢？這是通過一個公園或海灘等的設(shè)計，抑或是一個涉及區(qū)劃和時間管控的規(guī)劃框架就能解決的問題嗎？在這里，我們的自主和自由也是討論內(nèi)容的一部分。但是有時為了保全城市的更大利益，一些限制性措施是必要的。智慧城市需要其他的政策保證：我們應(yīng)該有一個（類似于歐盟的）法律框架來保證我們的自由并將其納入設(shè)計中。畢竟，我們有權(quán)自娛自樂，尤其是自由的權(quán)利。因此，在智慧城市工作的任何人還必須問自己，自己設(shè)計的項目劣勢是什么，以及我們?nèi)绾卧趯嶓w設(shè)計領(lǐng)域中預(yù)防或解決這些問題。

5 下一步：工具

荷蘭內(nèi)政部（Dutch Minstry of Interior）要求建立一個由企業(yè)、政府、學術(shù)界、公民運動和其他組織組成的組織網(wǎng)絡(luò)，構(gòu)成完整的四螺旋結(jié)構(gòu)。基于此我們將簽署所謂的城市協(xié)議（與歐盟城市議程相關(guān)的項目）[5]。這個組織網(wǎng)絡(luò)將開發(fā)、測試和實現(xiàn)一個工具箱，其中的工具可以解決《智慧城市，我們要這樣做》[6]一書中提出的實際問題。這些工具必須可行、可擴展且可共享。在接下來的3年，該組織網(wǎng)絡(luò)的工作重點將是這些工具。借助此工具箱，城市設(shè)計師可以獲得設(shè)計真正智慧城市的工具。

注釋：

① 未來城市基金會：未來城市（Future City）是第一個專注于城市需求的智慧城市網(wǎng)絡(luò)，也是一項為企業(yè)、市政當局和其他政府機構(gòu)開發(fā)解決方案并進行試驗的社區(qū)運動。未來城市是一個由企業(yè)和政府發(fā)起的倡議，旨在促進專業(yè)技術(shù)人員、管理人員和城市開發(fā)人員之間的知識、想法和解決方案的交流。詳見www.future-city.nl。未來城市也是一個互聯(lián)網(wǎng)中心（FIWARE iHub）。FIWARE是一個開源平臺組件的復(fù)合框架，可加速孵化智能解決方案的開發(fā)。他們的使命是：“圍繞公共和實施驅(qū)動的軟件平臺標準，構(gòu)建一個開放、可持續(xù)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)，以促進多個領(lǐng)域新智能應(yīng)用程序的開發(fā)?！痹斠妛ww.fiware.org。

② 《智慧城市，我們要這樣做》一書與荷蘭地產(chǎn)開發(fā)公司AM、阿姆斯特丹智慧城市（Amsterdam Smart City）、城市規(guī)劃與設(shè)計職業(yè)組織（BNSP）、城市軌道交通設(shè)計公司Civity、美國設(shè)計公司DHM Infra、烏得勒支經(jīng)濟委員會（Economic Board Utrecht）、美國公關(guān)傳播公司ELBAREC、易智瑞荷蘭（Esri Netherlands）、項目開發(fā)管理公司FIWARE（專注于云計算、大數(shù)據(jù)等）、FME（空間ETL解決方案，空間數(shù)據(jù)轉(zhuǎn)換處理系統(tǒng)）、阿爾芬·登·里恩（Alphen aan den Rijn）市政府、阿默斯福爾特（Amersfoort）市政府、阿佩爾多恩（Apeldoorn）市政府、恩舍德（Enschede）市政府、克里姆彭·阿登·艾瑟爾（Krimpen aan den Ijssel）市政府、斯塔德·蓋倫（Sitard-Geleen）市政府、Cadestre地籍圖咨詢服務(wù)平臺、Kennedy Van der Laan律師事物所、內(nèi)政和王國關(guān)系部（Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations）、風景園林協(xié)會（NVTL）、美國金融科技公司Platform31（專注于風投領(lǐng)域）、烏得勒支?。║trecht）、南荷蘭省（Zuid-Holland）、數(shù)字無障礙基金會（Stichting Digitale Bereikbaarheid）、荷蘭不動產(chǎn)和金融公司（Syntrus Achmea）和沃達豐（VodafoneZiggo）合作完成。本書可于https://future-city.nl/smart-city-book-eng/免費下載。

圖片來源：

圖1引自https://dashboard.dataplatform.nl/sodaq/v2/groene_fietsroutes.html；圖2～4由作者提供。

（編輯/王一蘭）

Connected, Flexible and Meaningful: This is How You Design the Real Smart City

The debate on smart cities should not be about technology, but about the impact of that technology on our cities. Because if the whole world changes as a result of the rise of internet technology and through digitization, how will urban planning and spatial planning change? What are the new starting points? The new Planning Principles? How should politicians, designers, organizers and managers get to work on this? With the help of these questions, the Future City Foundation①, together with 26 partners, set to work. You can read the result in this article.

If through digitization and technology the whole world changes, how does our world change? Our work, our life, the way we design our regions, cities and villages, how do we design, manage, control and use them? This question fascinated us from the moment that we established the Future City Foundation. And this question is central to the bookA Smart City, This is How You Do It②, which this article is a summary of.

Of course, we find the technology very fascinating. Of course, we are impressed by the possibilities that are being conceived by technology professionals. But what does this change mean for us? How can we achieve more livability in regions, cities and villages? How can we use technology to make the city inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable and open?

We have defined new design principles that you can use as a policy maker, planner and designer: design the city as a smart network; design flexibility; design meaning. But the first question we had to ask ourselves is: which city do we want?

If one thing is certain about the future, it would be that predictions never come true. And what is also difficult: the current industrial revolution, as a result of the invention of the internet, changes our world view. That’s because we humans always use technology to look at the world. Due to the invention of new technology, we look at the world differently and value the world differently, that is normal, but it makes it difficult to properly predict what future generations expect from the regions, cities and villages in which we live.

1 Urban Planning Principle 1: We Want a Sustainable and Democratic City

When we are in a transition that it is good to determine where the boundaries lie. We put it on two levels. Firstly, we want a city that meets the requirements of sustainable development goal 11: inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable. But we also want to be able to live there in freedom.

The core of spatial planning, urban design and landscape architecture is making spatial choices. All those choices together determine what our villages, towns, provinces and our country look like. In Europe and especially in The Netherlands, starting from the Roman Empire, we have been drastically shaping our country into its current form. Or look for example at nineteenth century Europe, when a lot of changes to the special layout were being made. River and water management were modernized and tackled and many countries started to build railways. Industrialists took the lead in the latter.

We are currently at such a point in history again. Just like during the nineteenth century, Europe(and the rest of the world) is being reinvented. The rapidly emerging digitization, data-driven work and the internet, have had a major influence on almost all facets of economic, social and private life. We, the partners of the project Smart Urban Planning, do not want to be dragged along by that development. We are pleading for a stance in which politicians and policymakers, planners and designers consciously work on steering the rapidly digitizing world in the right direction. While doing this, determining where to put the speck on the horizon. Considering how the internet has matured over time and already made such an impact that we have to ask ourselves how we deal with the positive and negative consequences of the digital age for space and society. To determine together which village, which city, which region, which Netherlands, which Europe and which world we want. What role cities and villages play in it and what we want and don’t want. In this first planning principle, we determine what that means are.

1.1 We Want Livable Regions, Cities, Villages and Communities

We want digitization and technology to be consciously used to improve our quality of life. We want our regions, cities, villages and communities to be and remain liveable. We want us to be able to develop together in freedom in a healthy, clean and attractive environment. But also, the matters that we consider important, such as our safety and privacy, are monitored and preserved. We have always wanted that. But technology and digitization are changing the way that happens. We want new technology to lead to progress. That it is used to solve the major challenges that we face in the most modern way. The guidelines are the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals(SDGs)[1]. Sustainable development goal 11 summarizes several goals and tasks: “Make cities and settlements inclusive, safe, resilient and sustainable”.

We want to use technology and digitization to tackle this challenge. We believe that by applying new technology, we can come to better solutions to solve these problems faster. Interactive monitoring, for example, offers an additional tool to see where your city is and therefore where the points for improvement are located. That is technological progress. But that does not happen automatically. Technology must be designed and integrated into the city and urban life. These influences both the design and the street scene. And this will result in public administrative questions. Who will take ownership of this crucial infrastructure and under what conditions?

It’s good to take into account that the interpretation of livability changes, since the process for getting there changes. After all, when digitization and technologization change everything, the profession of urban planner, planner and spatial planning itself will change. In this project, we define that in a broad way. For us it is all about renewing the way we control, design, furnish and manage the space. A new way of thinking and acting, that also offers more room for private ideas and initiatives. This change is already underway and is supported in The Netherlands by theEnvironment Act[2], a law that sets frameworks instead of prescribing outcomes. That is based on cooperation and so well in line with the described changes through technology and digitization.

1.2 Without Losing Control of Our Own Lives

Technologization and digitization also entail risks and threats. We want a city where city air still liberates, like it did for centuries. Our ultimate dystopia is not only that we are always followed and monitored, but that we no longer have a grip on our own lives. That we can no longer do what we really want, that we are forced to do everything as efficiently as possible. This great fear is called over efficiency. It is the fear that the city turns into a machine in which we can never be anonymous again, but especially in which we are never special again. The great fear is not only a violation of privacy but also a declining autonomy. Low autonomy arises when people no longer know and understand how their behavior is influenced, or when they do understand it, feel that they have no control over it.

Technology forms our society. Just like a century and a half ago, we are about to make important choices about what our cities look like. This not only concerns the substantive goals that we want to achieve, but also the society that we want to be and the role that technology and digitization play in this. Technology is not value neutral. But the question is: what are the European Values? Both China and America utilized the internet to strengthen their cultural values. But how do we do that in Europe? The draft text of the 2004European Constitution[3], which was never been adopted, describes the cultural and political values on which the European Union is founded: “The Union is founded on the values of respect for human dignity, freedom, democracy, equality, the rule of law and respect for human rights, including the rights of persons belonging to minorities. These values are common to the Member States in a society in which pluralism, nondiscrimination, tolerance, justice, solidarity and equality between women and men prevail.” So the question is not whether, but above all, how we use technology, digitization and the internet to strengthen those values. And what limits we will set to use. It is only logical and appropriate to the European history and culture that we develop smart cities that are and remain democratic and free.

2 Urban Planning Principle 2: In It We Design Everything as a Democratic Smart Network

Through the internet we are always connected to each other and to everything. Nowadays, that sounds normal, but it is very exceptional, especially to planners, spatial planners and urban planners. For the first time in history, humanity lives as a network, like a swarm. The Internet gives concepts such as time, place and distance a new meaning. That is the real change of this new industrial revolution. And it also requires a different design approach for our regions, cities, villages and communities involved.

The core of technological development that led to the current industrial revolution is due to the communication network that we have built over the past century and a half between people and things, between people themselves and things themselves. It started with the first telephone line in 1855 and has become the mobile internet that we have now. The similarity between that first telephone call and a 5G network, is that this new infrastructure removes the concept of distance and that it connects people and things that are not physically in contact with each other. 5G even does that continuously. The difference with other networks is that we do not need a vehicle for that contact, as is the case with the(rail) road network. A second difference is the equivalence between the sender and receiver. Every receiver can also be a transmitter, and every transmitter a receiver. Each node can contact another point and share knowledge with that point.

No network exists without the endpoints and nodes of the network. A network is worthless without those endpoints and nodes and for that reason alone they are much more important than the network(the collection of cables and pipes) itself. With the internet this applies to an extreme extent because it only knows nodes that send and receive. The nodes make the network. What is special about this is that if you remove a node from the network, the network will continue to exist. In contrast to, for example, the traditional electricity network, where the removal of a power station leads to major problems.

The next step is 5G. The real innovation is that it is swarm technology. Because as soon as 5G exists, computers(in the form of, for example, moving or flying robots) can operate like swarms. An example of swarm technology is self-driving cars, which must constantly communicate with their surroundings to know where they are and where the others are. From the perspective of spatial planning, that is the biggest change compared to a less reliable network such as 4G. Thanks to 5G technology, the city can be arranged as a flexible object. However, it is still difficult to understand what that entails. Just like as it is complicated to oversee the advantages and disadvantages. It is up to spatial planners, planners, urban planners and landscape architects to design using this

More and more electronic devices are being connected to the internet. It is becoming the standard: everything is connected to the internet unless there is a logical reason not to do it. And everything becomes part of a network or swarm, unless there is a logical reason not to. And that means that in a city or village not only every building and many other objects are connected to the internet(already happening now), but spaces and buildings are also designed with the network idea in mind.

The neighbourhood thus becomes a smart network with objects. The difference with the current city is quite fundamental and must be included in the design. Compare it with your tablet computer. It is designed due to the affinity of the internet. This led to a different(technical) design, for instance, to store documents or to use programs from the first desktop computers. The network facilitates the exchange of data, energy and goods, people and services. It can therefore also be three networks or three variants of one network. The design must take into account that one object has a relationship with other objects to function. This also applies in the city. When designing parts of a neighbourhood it must be taken into account that those parts are part of a network: that they have neighbours, with which exchange of data, energy and goods, people and services can take place. The various objects must be updatable, just like a tablet. The effects of updating may differ, but if a home suddenly has a better functioning energy system after an update, then that effect is real.

We believe that the networks should be designed in a way that the users of the nodes decide for themselves what they share. In doing so, we follow the ideas behind the common ground principle that states that data is only saved once and shared from there.

This network formation means that distance has gotten a different meaning. This is already the case. Via mobile internet you can access(almost) everything, wherever you may be. That means you can work anywhere, shop everywhere and have contact with other people everywhere. This leads to a new way of life that is highly dependent on that network. Via the internet, a sensor may measure something in one place that directly influences another. Weather apps work that way, where both places are part of the same(weather) system. The latter is not necessarily necessary. It is also possible that insight is gained in one place(somewhere in the world) that is directly relevant to a comparable place elsewhere on earth. Nowadays, responses can be extremely fast.

But does that also mean that cities no longer matter? It is a theory that was popular in the 1990s: through the internet, we would all live in rural areas. After all, there was no reason to live in the city anymore, so why would you do that? Since then, the popularity of cities has only increased. There are various reasons for this. First, most people like to stay with other people. Man is a group animal and derives his happiness for a large extent from the interaction with other people. And that is why people like to be together. That is why there still are“real” meetings; we like to see each other.

However, there are also other economic reasons. As mentioned, the network society is not about the connection, but about the points. The value is created using the components, the points and the value that the components add to the network, thus determining the total value. A network is as valuable as the sum of its parts. That has always been the case, but certainly applies online.

There is always a spatial component. Even with Facebook, a good portion of the revenue model has a spatial component. Geography plays an important role in targeted advertising and influence, but it is much stronger for online services such as Amazon and Uber. These systems need mass and density. And that mass is limited spatially. For example, the countryside isn’t interesting for Uber as there is little demand for taxi rides. A high density makes these systems more flexible in utilizing the network and therefore they become more efficient.

3 Urban Planning Principle 3: We Design Flexibility

If everything in the room is connected to the internet and we have access to all information everywhere, then we become very flexible in our behavior. This requires an organization of space(on whatever scale) that is also very flexible. On the other hand, there is a need to continue to facilitate the city for the major challenges of our time. It requires efficient infrastructure, greenery and well-designed public spaces in the city. Flexibility therefore also raises the question how to design sustainable structures.

Flexibility has already taken place at the building level. Flex work has become the norm in the last twenty years, especially in offices. It has led to new, flexible layouts of rooms and new furniture. The big change, however, is that having a home becomes a choice. Home use is also having a letterbox and a telephone connection, which you needed to receive important messages from the government, the bank, etc. or to receive the(paper) newspaper and watch TV. Nowadays a smartphone is sufficient. Concerning those aspects, having a fixed home address can be compared to a“roaming” existence. As long as you are connected to the internet, you can be found and you can purchase virtual and physical services. You no longer need an address to live in the city. This way you can be a user of multiple cities.

Flexible use of space can also be a reason for differences in planning regimes. Why do the same rules always apply everywhere? This flexibility has already been implemented on the motorway. Where once one maximum speed applied, there are now matrix signs indicating which lanes can be used and at what speed. The situation almost immediately reacts to the circumstances. This can also be applied to other functions. The drive behind that is not technology, but efficiency and therefore money. The head of maintenance of the future writes algorithms, which manages the manager. But the most important thing is the security guard that prevents hackers from flooding our sewers.

3.1 Functions Merge with Each Other

The internet creates an increasing mix of usage in time and place. The segregation of duties that have been implemented in all aspects of our lives over the past century and where you live at home, buy your things in stores, working at work, is increasingly disappearing. Jobs run through each other much stronger and take place next to each other and sometimes even simultaneously. With Starbucks as a work and meeting place and the office as a second home.

We also see flexibility in how groups use public space. Until the invention of the smartphone, a meeting was a local activity. Now you can use your message apps to meet. The physical meeting point thus disappears as a necessary condition for meeting each other. The meeting point and social contact(eg. gaming between youth) have become a digital meeting place.

3.2 Flexibility Challenges Scale

The fascinating thing about the internet, is that it questions the concept of scale. Before the internet, a parking space was a parking space and a lamp a lamp. It was the lowest level of scale and that individual lamp was hardly interesting if you went one level higher. Now there is a sensor in that lamp or parking space. Through a digital twin not only does every object become unique, but connections and relationships can also be seen. This way every sensor influences the whole.

Nowadays we can even make a digital twin of every given environment, a digital representation of data in a 3D map environment. A digital twin can: 1) provide insight into the existing situation(with the limitation that the requested data must be present). 2) combine different data layers. The system can establish correlations based on this. The user can then see connections himself. 3) calculate the effects of planned interventions.

When making correlations, making connections and passing on planned interventions, assumptions are used that have been translated into algorithms. These assumptions can be refined over the lifetime of the system, based on experience gained by the system. The algorithms then get better. Experiences of other cities can also be used. In principle, this is no different than with any computer program: user experiences from all over the world influence the updates a certain program gets.

These digital twins are the first step towards a real-time environmental policy, whereby circumstances can be responded to in an instant. An environmental zone, which now only repels old dirty cars, could respond to the current environmental quality. To go one step further: that system too can learn from systems in other cities and respond immediately. We’re not there yet. There are many technical issues to solve. For example, systems must be built and they must also be able to communicate with each other. Moreover, municipal administrators must want this.

Is this only interesting for large cities? On the contrary. In particular smaller centres, villages and the countryside can benefit from this development. Flexibility is the result of constant connectedness, which also exists in rural areas, but in a different way.

3.3 Sustainable City Structures as a Counterweight

Flexibility also has another side. Just as chaos evokes the necessity of order, a variable and flexible use of space requires fixed facilities. Requirements are set for these establishments that can facilitate various functions and uses, such as accessibility, safety and usability(space and basic facilities). To be able to function flexibly, an underlying system is required, a grid.

The major challenges of this time and the everincreasing growth of cities, require a city plan with sustainable urban structures. The most important are the main infrastructures for mobility needs, supply and removal of goods, waste, energy supplies and the need for a well-functioning green-blue structure to facilitate climate change, recreational use including slow traffic and as a supply for biodiversity. The smart city requires facilities and infrastructure that measure and monitor the functions and the use and qualities of these facilities.

These city structures determine the spatial values that a city is assigned. Green cities with high-quality facilities for climate adaptation, health and social use will position themselves stronger than cities that do not have any, or have less. Use and management by and with the help of citizens, is an additional guarantee of protection and conservation. Digital systems will play an increasingly important role in this.

4 Urban Planning Principle 4: We Design Meaningfully

Places and areas with identity and meaning are becoming more important in the smart city. Through technology and digitization, we can be everywhere and therefore meaningful places determine where we want to be. Places that respond to the need for authenticity and our preferences for the experience.

Thanks to the internet, everything is always possible everywhere and that makes us flexible. But we are not in multiple places at the same time. We are only in one place: the place where we are most fond of. Because if I can be everywhere, then I am in a place that appeals to me, where I find life the most pleasant or where I can gain a special experience. That fits with my taste and preference of that moment. I want to be where I like to be. I have my routes through cities and I choose from the city what she has to offer. The hotels where I sleep, the restaurants where I eat, they suit my preferences. I follow what the internet has to offer. Spotify: all music in the world, so I listen to what I like or the algorithm knows that I like. The algorithms of Google and Booking.com know this better and better.

An important aspect of spatial preferences for buildings, locations or routes is that the appreciation and experience are partly determined by the choices of others, fellow city dwellers or tourists. Not only the quality of the place and the intended experience determine my intended behavior(journey and stay), but the scan that the internet can make in real-time spatial situations. That’s how I can adjust the location and route of my preference every moment, for example, based on the expected crowds, accessibility differences, or the weather prediction. Sometimes it is difficult, but even then, I succeed because I leave on time so that I can adjust my preference during my journey. Due to the presence of the internet and our virtual connection with the location, we are always able to zoom in on places of our preference and, if desired, to switch quickly from one to the other preferred location. The dominant criterion for that changing perspective is the experience. What is there to do and does that match incentive needs? Moreover, we have more and more time to satisfy that need for experience, due to the efficiency of the internet. We order products on the internet, leaving us time for the local shops. And because we can consult our smartphone everywhere or open our laptop, we can do that in unique places. Whether you are in nature or on a festival.

4.1 Duplicate Assignment

The attraction of the place of our preference contains a double message. Places and areas that score highly because of their authenticity, historical significance, use and/or experience value and are easily found, are rapidly increasing on preferred lists of travel and holiday destinations. The explosive increase of mass tourism to special places such as Giethoorn or the Amsterdam canals, is already a serious problem for policymakers and city planners.

Places and areas that lack authenticity and special opportunities for behavior and experience are a challenge in urban planning. This is a happy message for designers: the tasks in the(smart) city and the spatial renewal in the living environment are given top priority. That makes good design more important than ever. How the various meanings and functions are shaped is the subject of dialogue between residents and professionals, including designers. It is up to designers to make choices, to safeguard the main points of the program and beauty, and to materialize the requirements and wishes of stakeholders(residents, entrepreneurs, users). Designers have been doing this for centuries. However, because of the global need to develop green, healthy and inclusive cities, there is only a greater need for it. As said, it’s a happy message.

4.2 Experience with the Internet

New is the interaction between public space and the internet. Pokémon Go brought a new form of experience to the city that was only recognizable to the participants of the game. And through the Strava App[4], you can cycle against yourself and others. The lonely cyclist has suddenly become a team athlete. To facilitate this interactive use in and around the city, spatial variables such as location, size, access and accessibility are especially important. Planning and design actions focus on facilitating that use by designing— new— places in such a way that that interaction can take place unhindered and safely. Taking into account that vulnerable places are avoided as much as possible.

4.3 Risks

Experience can also go too far. Public space must offer incentives, but it must not become a funfair that overwhelms you. This is an important public task. As the guardian of the public interest, the government must ensure that the city offers space for the experience of freedom and tranquillity. But how do we design the counterbalance to the“overstimulation” in the city? And is it about the design, such as a park or the beach, or is it(also) a planning framework, with principles such as zoning and time slots for areas? Here our autonomy and freedom are partly under discussion. But limiting this is sometimes necessary to preserve the greater good in the city. The smart city requires an accompanying policy. There should be a(European) legal framework that guarantees our freedom and includes it in the design. After all, we have the right to entertain ourselves, but especially the right to be free. Anyone working on the smart city must therefore also ask themselves what the disadvantages are, and how we can prevent or resolve them in the physical domain.

5 What’s Next: Tools

The Dutch Ministry of Interior has asked to set up a network of companies, governments, academia, citizen movements and other organizations, so that the entire quadruple helix is represented. They will sign a so called City Deal(a program connected to the EU Urban Agenda)[5]. This network will develop, test and implement provide a toolbox with tools that respond to the practical questions arising from the bookA Smart City, This is How You Do It[6]. The tools must be feasible, scalable and shareable. The next three years the network will be working on those tools. With this toolbox urban designers get the tools to design real smart cities.

Notes:

① Future City Foundation: Future City is the first smart city network that focuses on the demand of the city. A movement of communities in which companies, municipalities and other governments can develop solutions and to do experiments. Future City is an initiative of companies and governments that want to stimulate the exchange of knowledge, ideas and solutions between technology professionals, administrators and urban developers. www.future-city.nl. Future City is a FIWARE iHUb. FIWARE is a composite framework of open source platform components to accelerate the development of smart solutions. Their mission is: “to build an open and sustainable ecosystem around public and implementation-driven software platform standards that facilitate the development of new smart applications in multiple sectors.” www.fiware.org.

② The bookA Smart City, This is How You Do Itis made in collaboration with AM, Amsterdam Smart City, BNSP, Civity, DHM Infra, Economic Board Utrecht, ELBAREC, Esri Netherlands, FIWARE, FME, Municipality of Alphen aan den Rijn, Municipality of Amersfoort, Municipality of Apeldoorn, Municipality of Enschede, Municipality of Krimpen aan den IJssel, Municipality of Sittard-Geleen, Cadastre, Kennedy Van der Laan, Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, NVTL, Platform31, Province of Utrecht, Province of Zuid-Holland, Stichting Digitale Bereikbaarheid, Syntrus Achmea and VodafoneZiggo. The book can(for free) be downloaded at: https://future-city.nl/smart-city-book-eng/.

Sources of Figures:

Fig. 1 ? https://dashboard.dataplatform.nl/sodaq/v2/groene_fietsroutes.html; Fig. 2-4 ? Jan-Willem Wesselink.