戴毅 田龍果 潘貞志 陳林 宋麗
摘要:植物硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白不僅擔(dān)負(fù)著硝酸離子吸收、轉(zhuǎn)運的功能,還參與植物諸多生理發(fā)育過程。本文重點介紹了激素和硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白在植物生長發(fā)育過程中的相互作用,硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白參與非生物逆境脅迫響應(yīng)方面的最新研究進展,以及激素和逆境協(xié)同參與硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白表達和功能的調(diào)控機制,最后對硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白在激素信號傳導(dǎo)和抗逆境脅迫中的應(yīng)用以及未來可能開展的研究方向提出了展望。
關(guān)鍵詞:硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白;植物激素;逆境
中圖分類號:Q756文獻標(biāo)識碼:A文章編號:1000-4440(2020)06-1595-10
Abstract: Plant nitrate transporters are responsible for the absorption and transport of nitrate ions, and participate in various physiological processes of plants. This review focused on the interactions between hormones and nitrate transporters during plant growth and development, the roles of nitrate transporters in abiotic stress, and the synergistic effects of hormone and abiotic stress on the expression and function of nitrate transporters. Finally, the application of nitrate transporter in hormone signal transduction and stress resistance was proposed.
Key words:nitrate transporter;plant hormone;abiotic stress
氮(N)是植物生長發(fā)育必需的大量元素之一,氮素不僅是蛋白質(zhì)、核酸及磷脂等生物大分子的組成成分,也是輔酶、輔基、葉綠素和植物激素等植物生長發(fā)育重要成分的構(gòu)成組分[1-2]。氮素對植物生長發(fā)育的影響是十分明顯的,氮素缺乏會導(dǎo)致植物細(xì)胞中重要物質(zhì)的合成受阻,功能蛋白活性降低,生長分裂速率減緩,進而抑制營養(yǎng)生長和生殖生長[3]。
植物既能吸收有機氮,也能吸收無機氮,但對于大多數(shù)植物來說,吸收的氮大部分是無機氮,主要是硝酸鹽(NO-3)和銨鹽(NH+4),其中硝酸鹽是植物生長發(fā)育主要的氮源[4-5]。硝酸鹽不僅是營養(yǎng)物質(zhì),也是一種信號分子,在打破種子休眠,誘導(dǎo)葉片生長,調(diào)控側(cè)根發(fā)育,誘導(dǎo)基因表達等方面具有關(guān)鍵調(diào)控作用[6-7]。硝酸鹽在植物體內(nèi)的吸收、轉(zhuǎn)運和分配是不斷循環(huán)的過程,這不僅可以反映植物吸收氮素的效率,同時也可以反映當(dāng)環(huán)境和所需營養(yǎng)發(fā)生變化時,這種循環(huán)過程是如何受到調(diào)控的。本文概述硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白與激素的相互作用,以及逆境脅迫下它們在植物局部或整體發(fā)育中的作用,有利于理解硝酸鹽對植物代謝、生理和生長發(fā)育的影響,以促進農(nóng)業(yè)的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。
1硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白家族
植物細(xì)胞、組織和器官對硝態(tài)氮的吸收、轉(zhuǎn)運和分配需要借助轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白和離子通道完成,植物中有NRT1/PTR和NRT2共2類硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白。NRT1/PTR是低親和性硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運系統(tǒng)(LATS)的組成成分,NRT2是高親和性硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運系統(tǒng)(HATS)的組成成分。根據(jù)最新命名規(guī)則,NRT1/PTR已經(jīng)被重新命名為NPF[8-9]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在模式植物擬南芥和水稻中分別有53個和93個NPF成員[9-12],其中擬南芥CHL1蛋白是植物中第一個被發(fā)現(xiàn)的NPF家族成員,后來被命名為AtNRT1.1或AtNPF6.3[13],之后擬南芥中又有11個NRT1/PTR成員(AtNRT1.2-1.12)被證明與硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運有關(guān)[10],其他物種(如大豆、黃瓜、苜蓿、水稻、玉米、高粱等)中也報道了許多NPF家族成員[14]。這些NPF家族成員中,除擬南芥NPF6.3和蒺藜苜蓿NRT1.3同時具有高、低親和力之外,其他NPF家族成員都是低親和轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白[15-16]。
NRT2屬于硝酸鹽-亞硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運體(NNP)家族,最初是在構(gòu)巢曲霉中發(fā)現(xiàn)的[17]。植物中,人們最先從大麥中分離得到NRT2基因(HvNRT2.1和HvNRT2.2)[18],之后又在煙草、大豆、擬南芥、番茄、水稻、玉米、小麥和菸草等多種植物中鑒定出多個NRT2成員[8]。其中,擬南芥中有7個NRT2成員[19],水稻中有4個NRT2成員[1]。與NRT1/PTR不同的是,植物中大多數(shù)NRT2家族成員并不能單獨轉(zhuǎn)運NO-3,它們需要與輔助蛋白NAR2(NRT3)結(jié)合,形成蛋白復(fù)合體才能實現(xiàn)NO-3的轉(zhuǎn)運或吸收[20-21],水稻中已發(fā)現(xiàn)2個NAR2成員[22]。
2硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白和激素
氮為植物生長和發(fā)育提供了其必需的元素,而激素是植物生長過程中重要的調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)。植物激素與硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的關(guān)系主要表現(xiàn)在二個方面:一是激素參與硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的表達調(diào)控;二是硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白影響激素的生物合成、運輸和信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)。植物激素與硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白相互影響、相互協(xié)調(diào),在植物的生長發(fā)育過程中發(fā)揮重要作用[23]。
2.1生長素
在植物生長發(fā)育過程中,生長素與硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白之間相互影響。生長素通過誘導(dǎo)相關(guān)基因表達來促進植物對硝酸鹽的吸收。例如,外源施加吲哚-3-乙酸(IAA)會誘導(dǎo)擬南芥AtNRT1.1基因表達,從而增強擬南芥對硝酸鹽的吸收能力[24]。但生長素并不能促進所有硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的表達,它對NRT2.1的轉(zhuǎn)錄有抑制作用[25]。硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白也會影響生長素的合成和運輸。硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白作為生長素轉(zhuǎn)運體,可以調(diào)控生長素在側(cè)根中的積累和運輸。例如,擬南芥硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白NRT1.1會從側(cè)根運輸生長素,通過抑制側(cè)根生長來響應(yīng)氮饑餓[13,26-28]。研究生長素調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)發(fā)現(xiàn),生長素受體AFB3和miRNA393構(gòu)成的氮響應(yīng)模塊,通過調(diào)控硝酸鹽響應(yīng)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中關(guān)鍵調(diào)控元件NAC4轉(zhuǎn)錄因子而影響植物根系構(gòu)型,進而調(diào)節(jié)植物對外部和內(nèi)部氮吸收的有效性[29-31]。一些轉(zhuǎn)錄因子也可以連接硝酸鹽和生長素信號傳導(dǎo)途徑,調(diào)控植物生長發(fā)育。例如,菊花轉(zhuǎn)錄因子CmTCP20能與生長素應(yīng)答因子CmARF8結(jié)合形成CmTCP20-CmARF8異二聚體,在硝酸鹽誘導(dǎo)下調(diào)控細(xì)胞周期信號,從而影響側(cè)根的生長發(fā)育[32]。此外,在大豆、小麥、菠蘿、玉米和黑麥草等多種植物中,外源施加NO-3會降低根中生長素含量,而且生長素從地上部到地下部的運輸會受到抑制[33-34]。上述研究結(jié)果表明,硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白與生長素的關(guān)系密切,生長素運輸中關(guān)鍵基因的表達受硝酸鹽調(diào)控,一些硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白參與生長素運輸[35]。
2.2細(xì)胞分裂素
細(xì)胞分裂素(CKs)是一類與植物生長發(fā)育密切相關(guān)的植物激素[36]。有研究結(jié)果表明,氮素的供應(yīng)會影響CKs的生物合成。例如,提高氮水平會使CKs在玉米根部、木質(zhì)部、汁液和芽中積累[37]。在擬南芥中,CKs的合成受到磷酸腺苷-異戊烯基轉(zhuǎn)移酶基因AtIPT3的調(diào)控,而AtIPT3的表達又受硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白NRT1.1/CHL1(NRT1.1)的調(diào)控[37-38]。另外,在許多植物中,提高NO-3水平不僅可以促進細(xì)胞分裂素的合成,還能借助硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白調(diào)控CKs的運輸。例如,在擬南芥中,CKs可以上調(diào)NRT1.3、NRT1.4、NRT1.7、NRT2.7等硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白基因的表達,促進氮素從衰老葉片向新葉片轉(zhuǎn)運,從而提高植物光合氮素的利用效率,促進植物生長發(fā)育[7,36-37,39]。外源施加CKs會抑制植物對氮素的吸收,這主要是因為CKs的受體AHK3和AHK4會影響硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的合成,從而抑制了氮素的吸收[40]。例如在擬南芥中,CKs能抑制根系中主要硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白基因(AtNRT1.1、AtNRT1.5、AtNRT2.1、AtNRT2.2和AtNRT2.4)的表達,進而抑制植株對氮素的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運[41-43]。有研究結(jié)果表明,CKs也會正向調(diào)控NRT基因(AtNRT2.7,AtNRT1.4和AtNRT1.7)的表達,促進硝酸鹽的分布和轉(zhuǎn)運[44-46]。由此可見,CKs可作為一種信號分子調(diào)節(jié)植物對氮的吸收和同化,而NO-3也能作為信號分子參與植物生長發(fā)育中CKs的合成與運輸[47-49]。
2.3乙烯
乙烯(Ethylene)是化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)最簡單的氣態(tài)植物激素,是植物生長發(fā)育和適應(yīng)環(huán)境脅迫的調(diào)節(jié)劑,也是植物養(yǎng)分吸收和利用過程中的關(guān)鍵激素之一[50]。有研究結(jié)果表明,植物從低氮轉(zhuǎn)移至高氮環(huán)境下生長后,根中會產(chǎn)生大量的乙烯,這是由于NO-3供給的增多可以通過激活A(yù)CS和ACO基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄來引發(fā)乙烯的生物合成[51]。另外,硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白NRT2.1通過參與乙烯的合成途徑來影響NO-3的吸收。例如,乙烯合成前體1-氨基環(huán)丙烷羧酸(ACC)可促進歐洲油菜(Brassica napus)根系的生長以及根毛長度、數(shù)目的增加,但會降低硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白基因BnNRT2.1的表達,從而抑制氮素的吸收[52]。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),施氮后的擬南芥突變體etr1和ein2中,根部AtNRT2.1基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平降低,NPF6.3(CHL1/NRT1.1)基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平上升,相反當(dāng)外界NO-3濃度降低時,AtNRT2.1基因表達上調(diào),從而促進NO-3的吸收[53]。NO-3吸收的增加會使外界NO-3的濃度更低,此時乙烯合成及轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)信號增加;乙烯的合成又可以抑制AtNRT2.1基因的表達,進而減少NO-3的吸收,緩解外界NO-3缺乏的狀況。這樣即使在外界NO-3缺乏時,NO-3的吸收也可以達到一個內(nèi)部相對平衡的狀態(tài),因此AtNRT2.1基因是NO-3吸收途徑與乙烯合成及信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)途徑互作網(wǎng)絡(luò)中的關(guān)鍵因子,乙烯在某種程度上是一種潛在的NO-3信號中轉(zhuǎn)站[23]。
2.4脫落酸
脫落酸(ABA)是植物體5大重要激素之一,參與調(diào)控植物多個生長發(fā)育過程。目前的研究結(jié)果證明,ABA的生物合成與NO-3的供應(yīng)有關(guān),特別是在根系發(fā)育過程中[23]。高濃度硝酸鹽抑制ABA的合成,從而影響細(xì)胞周期相關(guān)基因(CYCD3;1和CDKB1;1)的轉(zhuǎn)錄,導(dǎo)致植物側(cè)根生長發(fā)育受到抑制[54-55]。在植物的其他發(fā)育階段,ABA的吸收也會受到硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的調(diào)控,如AtNRT1.2(AtNPF4.6)在種子萌發(fā)和萌發(fā)后的生長過程中介導(dǎo)細(xì)胞對ABA的吸收[56]。有研究者認(rèn)為,硝酸鹽與ABA信號之間存在相互作用[57]。例如,Kanno等[56]發(fā)現(xiàn),AtNRT1.2(NPF4.6/AIT1)可以將維管組織中合成的ABA運輸?shù)奖Pl(wèi)細(xì)胞中,來調(diào)節(jié)莖中氣孔的開度。植物受到脅迫時,ABA信號調(diào)控因子ABI2與RCAR/PYL/PYR互作,使CBL1-CIPK23蛋白復(fù)合體磷酸化,影響硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的功能[58-59]。
2.5赤霉素
赤霉素(GA)在植物生長發(fā)育過程中發(fā)揮重要的調(diào)控作用,也會影響植物對養(yǎng)分的吸收。外源施加GA能夠提高黃瓜中氮代謝酶的活性,增強氮代謝能力,進而促進根系氮素吸收速率[60]。進一步研究發(fā)現(xiàn),GA可以調(diào)控黃瓜根中CsNPF3.2/CsNitr1表達水平,影響NO-3吸收速率[61]。另外,Kanno等[56]發(fā)現(xiàn)NPF4.1在酵母中參與GA的運輸,Chiba等[62]在擬南芥中發(fā)現(xiàn)18個NPF成員具有運輸GA的能力,其中NPF3.1在低濃度的硝酸鹽環(huán)境下會影響赤霉素局部的積累和外排,參與植物中GA的運輸[63-64]。
3非生物逆境中硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白基因的表達調(diào)控
植物并非始終生長在適宜的環(huán)境中,并且不能移動去尋找最適環(huán)境。所以遭受非生物逆境脅迫時,需要在植物體內(nèi)發(fā)生反應(yīng),形成相關(guān)調(diào)節(jié)機制來響應(yīng)并適應(yīng)脅迫。植物硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白除了具有轉(zhuǎn)運硝酸鹽、激素等物質(zhì)的功能外,也被證實與植物脅迫防御息息相關(guān)。環(huán)境脅迫一方面能夠調(diào)控植物NRT的表達水平,另一方面硝酸鹽的轉(zhuǎn)運及含量變化也參與植物對非生物逆境脅迫的防御。
3.1干旱
水是植物生長所必需的物質(zhì)之一。通常植物吸收的NO-3是隨著水從土壤到根部的,但在缺水時,植物無法從土壤中吸收水分,因此根部的氮水平就會降低[65]。在干旱情況下,一些硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白會參與植物對干旱脅迫的應(yīng)答。例如,干旱脅迫下,蘋果根中高親和力硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運體MdNRT2.4基因的轉(zhuǎn)錄水平升高,導(dǎo)致氮吸收從低親和力轉(zhuǎn)運轉(zhuǎn)變成高親和力轉(zhuǎn)運,從而提高硝酸鹽的轉(zhuǎn)運來響應(yīng)干旱脅迫[66]。在小麥不同基因型、不同生長階段及不同氮素供應(yīng)狀況下,NRT基因的表達也會受到干旱脅迫的調(diào)控[67]。另外,在氣孔保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞中過量表達AtNRT1.1基因,會使細(xì)胞中NO-3含量增加,引起保衛(wèi)細(xì)胞去極化,從而促進氣孔張開,導(dǎo)致植物的干旱耐受性降低[68]。相反,AtNPF4.6/AtNRT1.2可作為脫落酸(ABA)的輸入體來調(diào)節(jié)莖中氣孔的開度,從而提高植物的耐旱性,因此該硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白在植物響應(yīng)干旱脅迫中起正向調(diào)控作用[56]。
3.2鹽脅迫
鹽脅迫對植物造成的傷害主要有2種:一是滲透脅迫,二是離子損傷,兩者都會擾亂細(xì)胞內(nèi)離子平衡,使植物根系、光合系統(tǒng)等受損,影響植物的正常生長發(fā)育。隨著研究的深入,人們發(fā)現(xiàn)一些硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白參與植物響應(yīng)鹽脅迫的機制。例如,擬南芥硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白NPF2.3主要在根的中柱鞘中表達,在鹽脅迫時,雖然NPF2.3基因的表達水平幾乎不受影響,但NPF2.3使得NO-3分泌至根的木質(zhì)部汁液中,在硝酸鹽從根部至芽部的運輸中發(fā)揮作用,從而提高植物對鹽的耐受性[69]。同樣,NRT1.5和NRT1.8基因也參與鹽脅迫下硝酸鹽的轉(zhuǎn)運[65,70]。但不同是,鹽脅迫下NRT1.5基因的表達量下降,而NRT1.8基因的表達量上升[71]。這是因為,NRT1.5基因表達量的下降會減少NO-3向芽中的運輸,從而防止有害的Na+進入芽中對植物造成傷害[72],同時NRT1.8會通過木質(zhì)部導(dǎo)管運輸NO-3,滿足植物生長發(fā)育過程中對NO-3的需求[71]。對鹽地堿蓬的耐鹽性研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在鹽脅迫下,鹽地堿蓬老葉或成熟葉片中NRT1.7和NRT2.1可以通過韌皮部將NO-3運輸?shù)叫氯~中,來維持植物正常的生長發(fā)育[73]。另外,有研究結(jié)果表明,擬南芥中的NPF2.3和NPF2.4參與鹽脅迫下Cl-的運輸,通過減少植物地上部分Cl-的積累,從而緩解Cl-對植物造成的毒害[74];NPF2.5可作為根中Cl-外流的調(diào)控因子,在鹽脅迫時促使Cl-從芽部外流[75]。這些結(jié)果都說明硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白在植物對鹽脅迫的適應(yīng)中承擔(dān)著直接或間接的重要功能。
3.3酸脅迫
根部細(xì)胞對硝酸鹽的吸收往往伴隨著質(zhì)子的吸收,因此硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白也會參與植物對質(zhì)子毒性的耐受。在酸性生長環(huán)境中,植物根部會吸收大量NO-3,同時伴隨著吸收大量的H+,促使根際pH提高,從而緩解H+對植物的毒害[76]。AtNPF6.3/AtNRT1.1/CHL1主要負(fù)責(zé)根系中硝酸鹽的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運,它是一種能同時從土壤或培養(yǎng)基中運輸1個硝酸根離子和2個H+到根細(xì)胞的轉(zhuǎn)運體。NRT1.1介導(dǎo)的H+耐受就需要足夠的NO-3,與硝酸根離子感應(yīng)階段無關(guān),而且H+脅迫可以在轉(zhuǎn)錄和翻譯水平正向調(diào)節(jié)NRT1.1的表達,從而調(diào)控NRT1.1對硝酸鹽的吸收[77]。另外,擬南芥NPF2.7基因主要在成熟根的皮層表達,在酸脅迫下NPF2.7可以調(diào)控NO-3在根邊緣細(xì)胞中的轉(zhuǎn)運[78]。水稻NRT2.3b基因位于質(zhì)膜上,并且主要在韌皮部表達,在水稻中過表達該基因可以提高對酸脅迫的耐受能力,促進水稻從外界環(huán)境中吸收硝酸鹽并向地上部輸送,從而提高產(chǎn)量[79]。
3.4重金屬脅迫
土壤中鎘的含量會影響植物對硝酸鹽的轉(zhuǎn)運。相關(guān)研究結(jié)果表明,AtNPF7.2/AtNRT1.8的表達水平在受到Cd2+脅迫時會明顯上調(diào),參與從木質(zhì)部導(dǎo)管卸載硝酸鹽的過程,調(diào)控硝酸鹽在根部的重新分配[71]。另外,AtNPF7.3/AtNRT1.5也參與硝酸鹽的重新分配,但其表達量在受到Cd2+脅迫時下調(diào),這可能是因為木質(zhì)部中NRT1.5的負(fù)荷功能有助于將硝酸鹽保留在根中,這樣就可以和NRT1.8基因協(xié)同調(diào)控硝酸鹽向根的重新分配,并且這種再分配被認(rèn)為是植物對各種逆境的常規(guī)反應(yīng)[65,71,80]。Cd2+脅迫也會抑制AtNRT1.1的表達,從而抑制擬南芥根中NO-3的吸收,打亂根中NO-3的平衡[81]。相反,植物體內(nèi)硝酸鹽的供應(yīng)與鋅積累呈正相關(guān)。例如,擬南芥中NRT1.1活性的缺乏會減輕鋅(Zn)脅迫導(dǎo)致的植物光合損傷和生長抑制,這說明NRT1.1可以通過硝酸鹽依賴的途徑調(diào)控植物體內(nèi)Zn的積累[82]。
3.5氮饑餓
在氮饑餓過程中,硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的表達水平受到復(fù)雜的調(diào)控。例如,小麥中TaNRT1和TaNRT2家族不同成員表現(xiàn)出不同的響應(yīng)模式,并且同一成員在不同脅迫時間點的表達量也存在差異[67];擬南芥葉片中NRT1.7的表達量在氮饑餓時上調(diào),維持硝酸鹽的運轉(zhuǎn)[46]。同樣,氮饑餓還會誘導(dǎo)啟動植物根中的高親和力運輸系統(tǒng)[83]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),擬南芥NRT2.1和NRT2.2主要分布在根成熟區(qū)域的皮層細(xì)胞中,在缺少氮時,NRT2.1和NRT2.2可以調(diào)節(jié)NO-3的HATS,從而影響硝酸鹽的吸收和根系發(fā)育[84-86]。此外,研究人員發(fā)現(xiàn)NRT2.1、NRT2.2、NRT2.4和NRT2.5對于成熟植物應(yīng)對嚴(yán)重的氮饑餓至關(guān)重要[87],其中2個高親和硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白基因NRT2.4和NRT2.5在氮饑餓時被高度誘導(dǎo),并在氮饑餓條件下芽中韌皮部硝酸鹽的運輸中發(fā)揮潛在作用[87-88]。因此,我們推測這些基因在植物響應(yīng)氮饑餓過程中起著重要作用,它們能提高植物對NO-3的利用效率,使植物適應(yīng)短期的氮饑餓,維持正常的生命活動。不同基因表達量之間的差異反映了它們在響應(yīng)氮饑餓脅迫中的不同功能。
4激素和逆境協(xié)同參與硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的功能調(diào)控
植物本身的發(fā)育信號和外部環(huán)境因子可轉(zhuǎn)變成內(nèi)源激素信號,間接調(diào)節(jié)植物的生長發(fā)育,因此激素和逆境往往協(xié)同參與硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的功能調(diào)控。例如,在低溫條件下,施用赤霉素(GA3)可使黃瓜幼苗期根中NRT1基因的表達水平上升,同時調(diào)控編碼硝酸還原酶(NR)、谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合成酶(GOGAT)基因的表達水平,來提高根系吸收NO-3的速率,這說明外源施加GA3,可以促使植物通過硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白調(diào)控NO-3的吸收效率,來響應(yīng)低溫對植物造成的傷害[60-61,89]。干旱脅迫下,增強NRT1.2(NPF4.6/AIT1)基因的表達可以促進植物體內(nèi)ABA含量的增加,進而增強植物氣孔的閉合來響應(yīng)干旱脅迫[56]。
另外,逆境下植物激素與硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白有時會共同發(fā)揮作用。有研究結(jié)果表明,乙烯對低氮下高親和硝酸根離子的吸收有抑制作用,而NRT2.1的表達對乙烯合成的前體物質(zhì)1-氨基環(huán)丙烷羧酸(ACC)和乙烯合成拮抗劑氨基乙氧基乙烯基甘氨酸(AVG)十分敏感[51-52]。由此,研究人員提出一個模型:NRT2.1的表達在外部NO-3濃度低時上調(diào),從而提高了高親和硝酸根離子的吸收,使外部NO-3持續(xù)減少;而NO-3減少會誘導(dǎo)乙烯的生物合成以及信號傳導(dǎo),降低NRT2.1的表達,從而減少植物中NO-3的吸收,緩解外部缺少NO-3時的脅迫,使得植物在動態(tài)土壤環(huán)境中可以較好地調(diào)節(jié)氮的吸收[53]。
植物在生長發(fā)育過程中往往會同時受到多種逆境脅迫。有研究結(jié)果表明,多種逆境或激素可協(xié)同調(diào)控不同硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的表達。例如,干旱、低溫、重金屬等非生物脅迫會誘導(dǎo)NRT1.8表達,抑制NRT1.5表達,調(diào)控NO-3的吸收和轉(zhuǎn)運,從而減少逆境脅迫對植物造成的傷害[65,71]。同樣,芥菜中多個NRT基因,在低溫、熱、鹽和滲透脅迫下表達水平發(fā)生變化,說明NRT基因可能在逆境導(dǎo)致的芥菜生長發(fā)育抑制中起關(guān)鍵作用[90]。
5展望
近年來在硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白功能研究方面取得了較多進展,本文也總結(jié)了目前植物中已報道的部分硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的功能(表1),但是我們對硝酸鹽信號轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)、吸收和運輸分子機制的了解還遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)不夠。例如,有關(guān)新型植物激素(如油菜素甾醇、獨腳金內(nèi)酯、水楊酸類、茉莉酸類和多胺等)是如何調(diào)控硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的報道較少。盡管有研究結(jié)果表明,油菜素甾醇可以誘導(dǎo)硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白基因的表達,擬南芥根部有一類C末端編碼肽家族基因,在缺氮時可以調(diào)控NRT基因的表達,促使根部吸收硝酸根離子[91],但是這些調(diào)控機制都不是很清楚。另外,硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白不僅參與植物的多個生長發(fā)育過程,而且其調(diào)控機制十分復(fù)雜。例如,硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的表達受晝夜節(jié)律的調(diào)控,其蛋白質(zhì)活性水平也受到調(diào)控,這些復(fù)雜的代謝調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)需要深入研究。
中國是農(nóng)業(yè)大國,農(nóng)用耕地占世界耕地面積的1/10,但是氮肥使用量卻高于世界氮肥使用總量的1/4。由于植物對氮素的吸收率很低,造成大量氮素不能被合理利用而浪費,過量氮肥流入生態(tài)系統(tǒng)后,又會造成嚴(yán)重的環(huán)境污染問題。因此,提高植物氮肥的利用率是目前亟待解決的關(guān)鍵科學(xué)問題。提高植物的氮素利用率對于改良植物品種質(zhì)量具有重要意義,不僅可以節(jié)約資源,減少污染,還可以獲得高產(chǎn)、高質(zhì)的優(yōu)良品種。目前模式植物中有關(guān)硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的研究較多,但是在農(nóng)作物中的研究較少。所以,深入研究農(nóng)作物中硝酸鹽轉(zhuǎn)運蛋白的功能及調(diào)節(jié)機制,可以為培育氮高效利用的農(nóng)作物新品種提供新的研究思路和切入點。
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