鄒漢明
柳永的江南,是有三秋桂子,十里荷花的錢塘盛景;張養(yǎng)浩的江南,是一江煙水照晴嵐;杜牧的江南,是千里鶯啼綠映紅;張繼的江南,是夜半鐘聲過江來;韋莊的江南,是記憶中皓腕凝霜雪的賣酒姑娘……
這時(shí)的江南,是一個(gè)名詞。
如果將江南看成是一首詩,這至少會(huì)得到杜甫、白居易、張若虛、杜牧、柳永、蘇東坡等一流詩人的支持。同樣,在張繼、寒山等一些詩人的作品中,江南也還是可以伸手觸摸到的。我相信江南就是由這些詩人用一些特定的語言發(fā)明出來的。這個(gè)可以觸摸的江南大抵由以下的詞語構(gòu)成:塔、杏花、春雨、滿月、楊柳、舊橋、寺院、石板弄、木格子花窗……當(dāng)然還有少不了的碧綠的水。
這是一個(gè)名詞的江南,它完全可能是一次語詞的盛宴。這些語詞成了江南的手、胳膊、腰板、小腿肚……乃至大腦,也就是說,江南首先是活生生的——一個(gè)不施脂粉的少女。
自然,我們不會(huì)忘記這個(gè)少女是有一雙特別明亮的眼睛的。這雙眼睛有一個(gè)清澈的名字——明月。即使后來我們的身體已不在江南了,當(dāng)我們身處異鄉(xiāng)隨口念出這個(gè)充滿柔情蜜意的詞語時(shí),一輪明月馬上就會(huì)降臨在我們眼前。江南,正是因?yàn)橛辛嗣髟?,它才顯得特別地容光煥發(fā),它才會(huì)從泥淖之中拔出光潔的身子,成為一個(gè)精神性的文化意象。
從一個(gè)又一個(gè)具體可感的名詞開始,江南這一首抒情詩就日漸豐盈起來了,并且像所有的詩歌一樣,詩的美妙的第一行給了我們一個(gè)方向,那就是:從長(zhǎng)江開始,追隨著溫潤(rùn)的植皮,一路往南……緊接著的那個(gè)空間是多么遼闊,我無法想象它的最后一行該在哪里結(jié)束。幸好作為具體的詩行在這里已經(jīng)不重要了。江南以無比的耐心捧出了時(shí)間深處珍貴的冊(cè)頁——它保存著令人眩暈的花香、鳥語、節(jié)氣、光速、亡靈的叮囑;保存著清水中的荷葉、荷葉上的露珠、露珠上一只突然逗留又突然展翅飛離的蜻蜓;它還無可懷疑地保存了門楣上的銅綠、青石板上的苔蘚、獨(dú)眼的石獅子的自尊以及樸實(shí)的人民水滴石穿的韌性。
江南最后進(jìn)入一個(gè)詞,一個(gè)像蘋果一樣擲地有聲的名詞。在它最接近生命的那個(gè)果核里,我想獻(xiàn)出的是一冊(cè)《江南詞典》。
·江南詞典
如果在酒類中找出一種契合江南人性格的品種來,既非性情火爆的白干,也非渾濁曖昧的米酒,更不是帶著翻譯口味的葡萄酒,而幾乎——肯定——是黃酒。
首先是它的顏色,黃酒的暗黃,那是全體中國(guó)人民皮膚的顏色。最初的造酒師傅一定洞悉了空氣、皮膚與水的關(guān)系,才造出了那么一種與勞苦大眾的臉龐相呼應(yīng)的性格鮮明的中國(guó)酒。不用問,百家姓里,黃酒自然姓黃,是一種有著綿長(zhǎng)時(shí)間概念的暗黃;是一燈如豆,映在原木家具上的暖色調(diào)的黃;一種草黃,而非紫禁城里富貴至尊華美雍容的黃金的黃。
“菰正堪烹蟹正肥”(陸游)的時(shí)候,村場(chǎng)酒薄,光膀赤膊,點(diǎn)幾?;ㄉ祝纫恍】谝恍】诘狞S酒,酒力泛濫,一醉又有何妨!
黃酒的中心是紹興。紹酒天下名。說黃酒,不說到紹興是怎么也說不過去的。袁子才(注:袁枚,字子才,清代文學(xué)家、美食家,晚年自號(hào)隨園老人)黃酒吃罷,撰了一張《隨園食單》,其中對(duì)紹酒推崇備至,他把它比作品行高潔、超凡逸群的清官和名士。隨園老人大概這一天紹酒過量,一張嘴終于徹底綿軟下來,于是,沖口而出:“紹興酒如清官廉吏,不參一毫假而其味方真;又如名士耆英長(zhǎng)留人間,閱盡世故而其質(zhì)愈厚?!笨傊痪湓?,黃酒在文人士大夫心中占據(jù)的位置至為重要。
正宗的、窖藏?cái)?shù)十年的紹酒,總是不多見的,吾輩也極少有機(jī)會(huì)喝到。但在江南百姓的八仙桌上,在老灶頭邊,每家每戶,至少是有一瓶包裝簡(jiǎn)陋、價(jià)格便宜的黃酒——那是用于去除腥味的料酒。這時(shí)候黃酒所擔(dān)當(dāng)?shù)?,是和姜、蔥、蒜一樣的一個(gè)角色。比如,在剖開的魚、捏好的肉丸子里兌上一點(diǎn)黃酒,立刻就散發(fā)一種醉人的酒香。即使某些蔬菜如茄子、絲瓜,清炒的時(shí)候兌入一些黃酒,也別有一種風(fēng)味。
如果往抽象里考量,黃酒帶有中國(guó)哲學(xué)里特有的顏色和氣味。它寬厚、溫和,似乎是為了順應(yīng)江南人的性格而發(fā)明的。它有一股中藥味,入口綿軟,醇厚,暖心暖胃,其酒力緩慢地上身,喝起來不會(huì)像高度白酒,感覺到喉嚨里有一道火舌流過。黃酒如絲綢,是一層一層溫柔地抽剝你或纏繞你,不知不覺地,你就醉在其中了——醉得如軟泥一般,扶也扶不起來。故性子剛烈的北方人,是不大敢喝黃酒的。他們寧愿喝性格暴烈的白酒,也不愿喝絲綢般纏綿悱惻的黃酒。
我總以為藍(lán)印花布的出現(xiàn)與某種神秘的星象圖有關(guān)——白花點(diǎn)點(diǎn)的圖案,撒播在暗淡的老藍(lán)布上,藍(lán)得濃烈,白得純潔,好像星星的眼睛布散在神秘的蒼穹之中。
其實(shí)不是,它是一次偶然的產(chǎn)物,是某個(gè)無名的染坊師傅失手而成的一次杰作。我甚至看到了那個(gè)無名的小師傅驚慌失措的眼神,兩只無助的手臂悲哀地下垂著,還甚至揪起了自己的頭發(fā)……
這個(gè)傳說中笨頭笨腦的染坊師傅,肯定被自己的一次失手驚呆了,被自己的粗心大意煩惱得快要爆炸了。但是,連他自己都無法相信的是,上天竟然將他的這次失誤驚奇地顯現(xiàn)成了人世間的一個(gè)奇跡。或許,許多好東西,都不是聰明人刻意的創(chuàng)造和發(fā)明。事物超凡脫俗的品性,反倒在無意中成就。藍(lán)印花布的出現(xiàn)就是這樣,是一次天意,也是中國(guó)民間文化的必然產(chǎn)物。它讓吃慣了雞鴨魚肉的食客忽然吃到了一碟素炒馬蘭頭,欣喜之情可以想見。是的,事物的幽姿逸韻,大多在它的色容之外。
藍(lán)印花布對(duì)應(yīng)著一個(gè)已逝的年代——一個(gè)用木頭、青磚、油燈、團(tuán)扇、青瓷、線裝書、油紙傘、儒家的禮儀等等構(gòu)筑起來的年代,一個(gè)將自己的青春牢牢勒緊的時(shí)代。它粗糙的手藝,是民間的,作坊里出來的;它樸素的顏色——藍(lán)和白,來自沉穩(wěn)的中年性格。深沉和略帶憂郁的江南性格給了藍(lán)印花布一個(gè)醒目的基調(diào),既老于世故,又活潑得有點(diǎn)兒調(diào)皮。
一匹藍(lán)印花布高掛在長(zhǎng)竹竿上,仿佛靜止的雪花還沒有在瓦楞上完全融化的那種樣子。兩種本來并不怎么顯眼的顏色,這會(huì)兒互相將自己襯托出來了。
在藍(lán)印花布上,我看到了鎮(zhèn)定的性格和燦爛的心靈,它兼有少婦的端莊和少女的頑皮。我仿佛看到前者用手掌試圖捂住后者嘰嘰喳喳的嘴巴——而珠玉亂濺的少女的聲音終于還是從指縫間漏了出來。
藍(lán)印花布是民間的產(chǎn)物,據(jù)說宋代已經(jīng)在江南一帶出現(xiàn),但它的盛行,卻在明清兩代,尤以江南地區(qū)最為普遍,而且,它基本上也只在江南的民間流行。因此,它沒有綾羅綢緞的富貴氣和霸氣,總帶著一點(diǎn)小巷子里來的山野氣——有點(diǎn)粗糙,有點(diǎn)滿不在乎的我行我素——好像愛美的江南女子插在云鬢里的那一枝山花,美在自然、鮮活。
穿著藍(lán)印花布的女子行走在一個(gè)令人神往的江南——那個(gè)青石板的、水的江南,無論何時(shí),總是和藍(lán)天、白云、翠綠的萬物相得益彰的一段風(fēng)景(情)。
明月是中國(guó)最著名的一個(gè)意象。今月曾經(jīng)照古人,在一頁白紙上,當(dāng)我將明月請(qǐng)出來亮相時(shí),我知道,很多詩人就會(huì)前來爭(zhēng)奪發(fā)明權(quán)——明月是他們用精美的中國(guó)文字擦拭出來的。如同保管一顆露珠,每位詩人空出自己的左心房,小心輕放著這一份秘密的情感。從小小的一枚月牙兒到一輪豐滿的圓月,一位又一位詩人,端起酒杯,睜著一雙癡迷的眼睛,咬文嚼字,浮想聯(lián)翩。
因?yàn)檫b遠(yuǎn),也因?yàn)樗母叨龋藗兙幵炝撕芏嗝利惖膫髌?。明月讓我們民族的想象力有了一次出色的躍升。在謝靈運(yùn)的木屐無法攀登的地方,偉大的詩人們用想象力攀上了塵世風(fēng)景的頂峰。這個(gè)古往今來掛得最高的意象,無疑,也是中國(guó)詩人攀登次數(shù)最多的一個(gè)地方——一行行有關(guān)明月的詩歌,筑成了中國(guó)詩歌史上極為重要的篇章。明月給了中國(guó)古典詩歌清冷的氣息,以及高貴和獨(dú)一無二的品質(zhì)。這些神仙似的分行,溫潤(rùn)如同一顆夜明珠,簡(jiǎn)潔猶似一個(gè)發(fā)著銀光的驚嘆號(hào),在浩瀚的宇宙里,它一次次讓我們無言。
明月最適宜在江南出沒,天下三分明月夜,二分無賴是揚(yáng)州。揚(yáng)州,或者我愿意稍稍擴(kuò)大一點(diǎn),整個(gè)江南就是明月的娘家。當(dāng)明月經(jīng)過馬頭墻,經(jīng)過長(zhǎng)廊,經(jīng)過私密的后花園,愛情就發(fā)生了。它逗留在瓦楞上,在樹梢間,在澄澈的水里,在宇宙的中心,一個(gè)地方一個(gè)影,決不重復(fù)。
明月是唯一的,又是無窮的,每一位中國(guó)人都保存著這么一份月圓與月缺,都擁有一張悲歡離合的時(shí)刻表。我有時(shí)覺得,只有經(jīng)過明月?lián)崦^的事物,才會(huì)神圣而魅力四射。明月夜,短松岡,自李太白撈月身亡幾百年后,它又一次在蘇東坡的手里大大地放了一回光。明月見證了詩人的一段生離死別,也見證了尋常百姓的悲傷和欣喜。
當(dāng)你用念珠般光潔的漢字擦拭明月時(shí),明月悄悄地收走你滿臉的悲傷。它是我們時(shí)代最有風(fēng)度的旁觀者。它和誰都保持著一種親密的關(guān)系。它無聲地搬走我們的青春,滄海桑田,自己卻從未見老……無論何時(shí),只要我們?cè)谒拿媲袄收b起詩歌,我想它仍是一位珍貴的傾聽者。和許多我們敬畏的事物一樣,明月以金子般的無言,默默地注視著你。它將一捆捆贊許的光線,扎緊了,扔到熊熊燃燒的篝火上,鼓勵(lì)你將歌頌明月的窈窕之章朗誦得大聲一點(diǎn),再大聲一點(diǎn),更大聲一點(diǎn)……直到時(shí)間屏住翅膀。
(本文圖片提供:CFP)
Jiangnan, which now refers geographically to the south of the Yangtze River Delta, can be considered a poem. This proposition could be supported by poets of the Tang (618-907) and the Song (960-1279) whose names come down in the history of Chinese literature. In poetry and prose, Jiangnan is portrayed in a vocabulary composed of such nouns as pagodas, apricot blossoms, springtime drizzle, the full moon, willows, old-time stone bridges, temples, stone-paved lanes, lattice windows, rivers and ponds. Jiangnan is a world of nouns.?
These nouns capture and convey what Jiangnan means to people. One could follow these nouns from the southern shore of the Yangtze River. The southward journey reveals pages written with bird chirps, weather, sunlight and moonlight, flower fragrance, whispers from the dead, dewdrops on lotus leaves, a dragonfly that hovers upon a lotus leaf and then suddenly darts off, a door with two copper knockers, green moss on a stone slab, a damaged stone lion with dignity intact and awe-inspiring, a simple lifestyle that persists against all tribulations.
A dictionary of Jiangnan is long overdue. Such a dictionary would have entries like yellow wine, blue calico, the moon, just to name a few.
Yellow Wine
The yellow wine perfectly defines the temperament of the people of Jiangnan. Local people are proud of the wine as it is the only color that goes well with the skin-color of Chinese people. Moreover, it indicates the infinity of time. It interacts intimately with the original color of wood furniture. And it is all about the grassroots life. It quietly keeps itself away from the noble golden yellow of the Forbidden City. For many people in Jiangnan, it is happiness itself sipping yellow wine and enjoying peanuts.
Shaoxing in eastern Zhejiang is Chinas number one maker of yellow wine in terms of both quality and quantity. Yuan Mei (1716-1798), a literary master and famed gourmet, thought highly of the wine made in Shaoxing. He even compared the mellowness and honesty of the beverage to the ideal personality of the literati. In fact, some scholars philosophize their favorite beverage. It is mellow and warm and gentle in sharp contrast to the fast, hard and strong booze. The deceptively low wine often knocks out some unwitting hardcore boozers from the north.
The vintage yellow wine is rare and few people are fortunate enough to sip a cup. Fortunately, most brands of the yellow wine are conveniently affordable to all drinkers with a penchant for the wine. And most families in Jiangnan use it as a cooking wine.
Blue Calico
I used to believe that blue calico came from a primitive map of the night sky: white dots spread across the dark blue fabric and the pattern suggests a night sky full of stars. The dyed calico does not have such a mysterious genesis. A nameless craftsman in a nameless workshop made a mistake by accident. It is not hard to imagine how the craftsman felt desperate when realizing he had made a mistake. But miraculously, the mistake gave birth to blue calico as is known today.
History has it that the dyed fabric emerged in Jiangnan in the Song and flourished in the Ming (1368-1644) and the Qing (1644-1911). With a long list of other old-time symbols such as wood, brick, oil lamp, paper fan, celadon, thread-bound book, oiled paper umbrella, protocol of behavior based on Confucianism, blue calico signifies a bygone era. The somewhat crude craftsmanship indicates grassroots workshops where the calico was made. The blue and white tints define a middle-age personality. The melancholy and deepness give the calico a fundamental theme. It emits an aura of worldly understanding and childlike innocence. Jiangnan is made of a lot of things and people. A girl dressed in a blue calico garment is one of them.
The Moon
The moon appeared in Chinese poetry long before Jiangnan did. But historically it was Jiangnan that made the moon so storied, so legendary, so dreamlike, and so emotionally associated with the world and private life. It would be hard to say whether it was the moon that made Jiangnan so intimately special or whether it was Jiangnan that made the moon look so poetic. When nouns come together with the moon, pictures emerge and take shape. The moon passes over a long corridor or a walled garden and love happens, as recorded in numerous stories and folktales in Jiangnan. Those who have been bathed in moonlight in Jiangnan know that the moon witnesses our personal feelings when we are hit by sorrow. A life shines only after it is touched by the light of moon. The moon travels with us. It carries away youth, changes the world, composes poems, and makes life different. Li Bai, presumably the greatest poet of the Tang, gets drowned when trying to rescue the moon out of waters. Su Dongpo sighs over his grief after visualizing the moonlight on the tomb of his wife dead for ten years, with dark pinewoods standing nearby.