布雷·馬克斯景觀設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所

2016里約熱內(nèi)盧奧運(yùn)村公園坐落于巴西里約熱內(nèi)盧市西部的巴拉達(dá)蒂茹卡地區(qū)，占地面積超過(guò)80萬(wàn)m2。在這里，佩德拉布蘭卡國(guó)家公園（Pedra Branca State Park）中重要的大西洋森林植被保護(hù)區(qū)，與沼澤、淺灘等多樣的自然環(huán)境類(lèi)型，坎塔加盧、阿莫林和歐泰魯山脈（Cantagalo,Amorim and Outeiro Hills）以及塔比烏斯（Tabebuias）環(huán)境保護(hù)區(qū)共同構(gòu)成了當(dāng)?shù)鬲?dú)特的景觀風(fēng)貌。

布雷·馬克斯（Burle Marx）景觀設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所對(duì)占地面積約7.2萬(wàn)m2的2016里約熱內(nèi)盧奧運(yùn)村公園進(jìn)行設(shè)計(jì)開(kāi)發(fā)，并計(jì)劃將其打造為大型的公共公園，成為奧運(yùn)會(huì)舉辦期間奧運(yùn)村的中心地帶。奧運(yùn)會(huì)閉幕后，這個(gè)公園將會(huì)向公眾開(kāi)放，并成為伊拉普拉（Ilha Pura）私人公寓標(biāo)志性的景觀元素。

從20世紀(jì)80年代至今，連續(xù)不斷的垃圾填埋形成的地形幾乎沒(méi)有變化。所以在這層意義上，考慮到周邊建筑的高程需求（首層地面比公園中心區(qū)域高出3m左右）與公園大尺度的地形，我們認(rèn)為通過(guò)塑造豐富的豎向變化來(lái)為使用者提供更多元化的空間是很重要的。設(shè)計(jì)概念還提出要形成具有顯著特征的環(huán)境和空間，而這些特征只能通過(guò)步行或?qū)珗@的使用來(lái)感知。

園路，生活區(qū)，被大面積的種植池和草坪包圍、天然沙礫石鋪裝的活動(dòng)區(qū)，一條漫步道，一條長(zhǎng)約1 500m的透水鋪裝自行車(chē)道，以上這些元素共同組成了公園的景觀結(jié)構(gòu)。值得一提的是，這里還有足球場(chǎng)、網(wǎng)球場(chǎng)、籃球場(chǎng)、排球場(chǎng)等各種運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)所。

在主要的步行路徑上，我們布設(shè)了不同的空間和設(shè)施，來(lái)強(qiáng)調(diào)水域總面積約8 500m2的9個(gè)湖泊和水塘。

1 公園總平面圖Park master plan

由于其中心地帶的長(zhǎng)度為1 400m，而寬度從50m到115m不等，這種場(chǎng)地的形狀構(gòu)造導(dǎo)致我們將大多數(shù)運(yùn)動(dòng)場(chǎng)以及主要的湖面都設(shè)計(jì)在地形的中心部分。

主湖是設(shè)計(jì)中著重表達(dá)的一個(gè)景觀要素，它魅力十足的噴泉系統(tǒng)，配合著燈光和音效，使得這里在晚上成為一個(gè)獨(dú)特的觀賞點(diǎn)。我們?cè)诤羞€規(guī)劃了一個(gè)冥想島嶼，布置有休息區(qū)和木質(zhì)花架，便于游客觀賞周?chē)利惖暮?。我們也為其他的湖泊設(shè)計(jì)了景觀點(diǎn)，如水花園和噴水裝置等等。湖泊有2種不同的邊緣——上升式和下降式，上升式的邊緣可以作為連續(xù)的長(zhǎng)凳使用。

在公園的兩端，我們?cè)O(shè)計(jì)了2個(gè)入口廣場(chǎng)，鋪裝的設(shè)計(jì)既標(biāo)示著主要的出入口，也將公園和周?chē)慕謪^(qū)連接起來(lái)。

此外，游客也可通過(guò)公園周邊的7座公寓，或者連接其他街區(qū)和公園的6座附屬建筑，直接進(jìn)入公園區(qū)域。

值得注意的是，除了可以通行之外，上述附屬建筑中的4棟是由2座鋼—木結(jié)構(gòu)（由耐候鋼與森林管理委員會(huì)認(rèn)證的木材搭建）橋梁相互連通的。

整個(gè)公園中規(guī)劃了6個(gè)休閑區(qū)，其中布置有特別設(shè)計(jì)的現(xiàn)代的設(shè)施：線形游樂(lè)裝置、再生橡膠鋪裝的彩色小丘和設(shè)有噴水裝置的游戲場(chǎng)。

我們利用地形設(shè)計(jì)創(chuàng)造出空間，也精心設(shè)計(jì)了其他有木平臺(tái)的休息區(qū)域，為人們提供野餐與沉思。

2 從公寓俯瞰公園中心區(qū)域（種植前期）Central area of the Park view from the apartment (early planting stage)

3 主水池和休息平臺(tái)Main water pond and resting decks

公園圖景——植被結(jié)構(gòu)

我們綜合考慮了道路、湖泊、生活區(qū)、花池等物理構(gòu)成，成組團(tuán)的種植同一品種而大小特征各異的灌木、樹(shù)叢、棕櫚，形成整體的植被結(jié)構(gòu)。在指導(dǎo)性的規(guī)劃概念中，我們強(qiáng)調(diào)了在整個(gè)公園中提供遮陰區(qū)域的設(shè)計(jì)意圖。

我們也同樣強(qiáng)調(diào)了要通過(guò)豐富的鄉(xiāng)土植物或花葉茂密的果樹(shù)的種植，及其他潛在的環(huán)境因素的利用，恢復(fù)場(chǎng)地生態(tài)環(huán)境。

規(guī)劃中也涵蓋了植物種類(lèi)的多樣性的提升，以吸引當(dāng)?shù)匾远喾N桃金娘科、棕櫚科等植物為食源的動(dòng)物。

我們選擇的植物種類(lèi)包括阿薩伊巴西莓（Euterpe oleracea）、阿羅伊拉巴西乳香（Schinus terebinthifolius）、皮坦加紅果仔（Eugenia unif l ora）、格魯米可薩瑪巴西櫻桃（Eugenia brasiliensis）、巴卡帕里藤黃（Garcinia gardneriana）、嘉寶果（Myrciaria caulif l ora）、酸角（Tamarindus indica）、阿莫拉黑桑（Morus nigra）。

城市和公園中不常用的觀賞樹(shù)種，如貝葉棕（Corypha umbraculifera）、曲葉矛櫚（Mauritia flexuosa）、樹(shù)形奇特的棕櫚、華貴瓔珞木（Amherstia nobilis）等的使用，使奧運(yùn)村公園成為一個(gè)植被景觀多樣和體驗(yàn)豐富的區(qū)域。

植物的配置不僅利用了不同物種之間的組合和聯(lián)系，也突出了顏色、質(zhì)感和體量的對(duì)比。隨著人們的進(jìn)一步行走、觀賞與感知，植物景觀與新建的地形相結(jié)合，一起塑造了公園豐富的環(huán)境體驗(yàn)，形成了持久而可供沉思的空間。

我們?cè)?個(gè)入口廣場(chǎng)附近，以及步行道、自行車(chē)道與天然沙礫土路的沿途，都設(shè)計(jì)了一些觀賞地被花卉的花池。為了降低植物的養(yǎng)護(hù)需求，設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)植物品種的選用都經(jīng)過(guò)了細(xì)致的分析。

我們最終在這個(gè)項(xiàng)目中使用了200種植物，按類(lèi)別可分為喬木、棕櫚、灌木、草本、水生植物。并對(duì)適宜淺灘與大西洋森林生態(tài)系統(tǒng)（Restinga and Atlantic Forest ecosystems）的鄉(xiāng)土物種進(jìn)行了著重選取。

4 從北橋/南橋是所看到的公園景觀Park view of North/South Bridge

可持續(xù)性

最終的設(shè)計(jì)成果綜合考慮了造型、功能和技術(shù)，結(jié)合了創(chuàng)新的城市設(shè)施和家具，同時(shí)也持續(xù)關(guān)注著對(duì)環(huán)境實(shí)踐的可持續(xù)發(fā)展。該設(shè)計(jì)理念旨在為人類(lèi)提供一種更通用的方式強(qiáng)化人類(lèi)與自然的聯(lián)系，并且強(qiáng)調(diào)在大型城市中心創(chuàng)造和保護(hù)綠色空間的重要性。

2016里約熱內(nèi)盧奧運(yùn)村公園的整體設(shè)計(jì)均注重了可持續(xù)發(fā)展。

我們始終關(guān)注著項(xiàng)目中低熱系數(shù)和回收利用的材料（如游樂(lè)場(chǎng)中的耐候鋼和橡膠地板）的使用、硬質(zhì)鋪裝面積的減少、排水鋪裝材料的選擇以及森林管理委員會(huì)對(duì)項(xiàng)目執(zhí)行的認(rèn)證。

為了避免水資源浪費(fèi)，項(xiàng)目選擇了灌溉需求較低的鄉(xiāng)土適生物種。此外，公園也有自己的灌溉系統(tǒng)，可以通過(guò)中水的再利用進(jìn)行花園的澆灌。這些都是獲得水封認(rèn)證（Aqua Seal Certification）的決定性因素。

同時(shí)，為了減少對(duì)環(huán)境的影響，公園開(kāi)辟了一個(gè)特定的區(qū)域來(lái)堆肥，將植物殘?jiān)D(zhuǎn)化為有機(jī)肥供公園內(nèi)部使用。

此外，為了推進(jìn)低環(huán)境影響的城市交通，我們通過(guò)在公園中植入自行車(chē)區(qū)（包括殘疾人自行車(chē)）、步道、自行車(chē)道，并與阿伯拉多布埃諾街（Aberlado Bueno Street）上現(xiàn)有的自行車(chē)系統(tǒng)相連。

該項(xiàng)目還融入了體感花園、服務(wù)于老年人健身設(shè)備等設(shè)計(jì)元素，無(wú)障礙的通用設(shè)計(jì)使所有人都可以到達(dá)并使用公園的所有場(chǎng)地和設(shè)施。

關(guān)于布雷·馬克思景觀設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所

布雷·馬克斯景觀設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所是一個(gè)著名的設(shè)計(jì)公司，由羅伯特·布雷·馬克斯（Roberto Burle Marx）于1955年創(chuàng)建，能夠根據(jù)每個(gè)項(xiàng)目的特征和需求提供專(zhuān)屬的設(shè)計(jì)。目前，工作室由第三代景觀設(shè)計(jì)師小野·伊莎貝拉（Isabela Ono）、小野·胡里奧（Julio Ono）、古斯塔沃·萊瓦（Gustavo Leivas）共同協(xié)調(diào)管理，他們擁有豐富的國(guó)內(nèi)和國(guó)際設(shè)計(jì)經(jīng)驗(yàn)，并保留了Haruyoshi Ono和羅伯特·布雷·馬克斯的創(chuàng)作理念。

伊莎貝拉、胡里奧和古斯塔沃近幾年通過(guò)與Haruyoshi Ono的共事和景觀項(xiàng)目的開(kāi)發(fā)，以一種自然而漸進(jìn)的方式接手了公司的管理，形成了一個(gè)飽含熱情的景觀設(shè)計(jì)專(zhuān)業(yè)團(tuán)隊(duì)，他們的靈感來(lái)源于Haruyoshi Ono和羅伯特·布雷·馬克斯的創(chuàng)作理念。

（編輯/劉玉霞）

項(xiàng)目名稱(chēng)：2016里約熱內(nèi)盧奧運(yùn)村公園

項(xiàng)目位置：巴西里約熱內(nèi)盧市西部的巴拉達(dá)蒂茹卡地區(qū)

項(xiàng)目設(shè)計(jì)：布雷·馬克斯景觀設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所

規(guī)模：72 000m2

項(xiàng)目開(kāi)發(fā)時(shí)間：2012—2015年

施工時(shí)間：2014—2016年

翻譯：張沚晴

校對(duì)：孫越

Located in the West Zone of the City of Rio de Janeiro in Barra da Tijuca region,the Rio 2016 Olympic Village Park is situated in a private area with more than 800 thousand square meters.The local landscape is marked by the presence of Pedra Branca State Park,with its important reserve of Atlantic Forest vegetation,and diverse formations such as marshes and restinga,and also by the presence of Cantagalo,Amorim and Outeiro Hills,as well as the Tabebuias Environmental Protection Area.

The Burle Marx Landscape Studio was invited to develop the Rio 2016 Olympic Village Park at an area of approximately 72,000 squares meters,intended to be a large public park to be used as the centerpiece of Athlete’s Village during Rio 2016 Olympics.After the Games the idea was to open this park to the public,becoming prominent element of the private condominium known also as Ilha Pura.

5 主湖和球場(chǎng)的鳥(niǎo)瞰Aerial view of the main pond and playing courts

The terrain,resulting from successive landfills beginning in the 1980s,showed little topographical variation.In this sense,considering the level proposed for the surrounding buildings (about 3 meters above the level of the central area destined to the park) and the large dimensions of the terrain,we understood that it would be important to incorporate topographic variations offering to the users a more diverse space.The concept was also to propose environments and spaces with distinct characteristics that could only be perceived by walking or using the park.

The Park’s landscape design structure is composed of paths,living areas and activities on natural soil (sandy gravel) surrounded by large areas of plant beds and lawns,as well as a lane with promenade and bike path with approximately 1,500 meters length designed with draining paving.

Articulated to the main walking paths we proposed different spaces and equipment,highlighting the nine lakes and water ponds with a total of approximately 8,500 square meters of water surface.It is also worth mentioning the various areas dedicated to sports such as soccer fields,tennis,basketball and volleyball courts.

Due to the configuration of the site—with a width that vary from 50 meters to 115 meters in the central stretch,and 1,400 meters in length—most of the sports courts,as well as the main lakes,were located in the central section of the terrain.

The main lake was designed to be an element of prominence at the composition.It has an attractive system of water fountains jets,in addition to effects of lights and sounds,making the place a special spot at night.It was also planned,inside the lake,a contemplative island with resting areas and a wooden pergola,highlighting the beauty of the surrounding lake.

The other lakes were designed with attractions like water gardens and jets.The lakes were detailed with two types of edge,raised and lowered,functioning also as continuous benches in the case of raised edges.

At both ends of the Park,we designed two entrances plazas with pavement and floor design marking the main accesses and also connecting the park to the surrounding blocks.

Complementarily,access to the park is also possible directly through the seven surrounding buildings of the condominium or through six easements that link other blocks to the park area.It is important to note that in addition to allowing access,four of these easements are interconnected by two bridges designed in steel structure (corten steel) and FSC certified wood.

Throughout the park,six leisure areas have been created,with design and contemporary furniture:string toys,colorful little hills of recycled rubber flooring and playground areas with water jets also with the same rubberized floor.

Taking advantage of the created earth movement and the created gaps,we have also detailed other leisure areas with wooden decks for picnic and contemplative spaces.

Park drawing—vegetable structure

Designed in an integrated way to the physical structure of paths,lakes,living areas,flowerbeds and others,the proposed plant structure is composed of tree clusters,palm trees and shrubs planted in groups of the same species with different sizes and characteristics.Among the concepts that guided the composition we highlight the intention to offer shaded areas throughout the Park.

We also highlight the use of native plants and fruit species with exuberant flowering and foliage—and environmental potential for ambiental recovery.The planning included the increase of the floristic diversity,providing the attraction of the local fauna that feeds from diverse species of mirtaceas,arecaceas,among others.

Among the chosen species we can mention:Euterpe oleracea (A?aí),Schinus terebinthifolius(Aroeira),Eugenia uniflora (Pitanga),Eugenia brasiliensis (Grumixama),Garcinia gardneriana(Bacuparí),Myrciaria caulif l ora (Jabuticaba),Tamarindus indica and Morus nigra (Amora).

Ornamental species that are not commonly used in urban arborization and parks such as the Corypha umbraculifera and Mauritia flexuosa,palm trees with spectacular structure,and the use of the Amherstia nobilis tree,have been incorporated,making the Olympic Village Park an area rich in vegetation and experiences.

The plant composition took advantage of the combinations and associations between species and the contrasts of colors,textures and volumes.Associated with the new topography created,the vegetation assisted in the creation of rich ambiences and in the configuration of spaces of permanence and contemplation with views that are gradually discovered as the park is walked by the users.

Near the two entrance plazas,along the walking trail/cycle path and near the walks in natural soil were created several plant beds for ground cover species with ornamental flowering.In order to reduce the maintenance demand of this type of plant,the use of these species was incorporated through a carefully analysis.

Two hundred plant species were used in the project,divided among trees,palms,shrubs,fodder and aquatic plants,with emphasis on native species related to Restinga and Atlantic Forest ecosystems.

6 北公園入口鳥(niǎo)瞰Northern Park entrance aerial

Sustainability

The final design was the result of plastic,functional and technical solutions,combined with the use of innovative urban equipment and furniture,as well as a constant concern to incorporate or adopt measures of environmental practices and sustainability.The concept aims to translate a more current way for man to relate with nature and to emphasize the importance of creating and preserving green spaces in large urban centers.

8 自行車(chē)道與人行道Bike and walking paths

Rio 2016 Olympic Village Park was all designed focused on sustainability.We were concerned with the use of materials with a low coefficient of thermal and recycled absorption (such as corten steel and rubberized flooring for playground areas),the reduction of paved areas in the project,and the choice of drainage floors and FSC certified execution of the project.

To avoid wasting water,we chose native and adapted species with lower irrigation demand.In addition,the Park has its own irrigation system,which allowed us to reuse gray water into the garden.These factors were decisive in obtaining the Aqua Seal Certification.

To reduce environmental impact,a specific area was created to compost waste from the management of vegetation and its subsequent transformation into organic manure for use within the park itself.

In addition,we have designed spaces to stimulate mobility with low environmental impact through the installation of bike areas (paracycles),walks and routes for the transit of bicycles with cycle paths within the park and throughout the enterprise connected to the existing cycle system at Aberlado Bueno Street.

The project also incorporated elements such as Sensorial Garden,gym equipment for the senior citizens and elements for universal accessibility,making all the parts and equipment of the Park accessible.

About Burle Marx Landscape Studio

Founded by Roberto Burle Marx in 1955,the Burle Marx Landscape Studio is a renowned office,capable of offering an exclusive product,according to the personality and needs of each project.Currently,the studio is coordinated by the third generation of landscape architects—Isabela,Julio and Gustavo—who have extensive national and international experience,preserving the creative concepts of Haruyoshi Ono and Roberto Burle Marx.

Isabela Ono,Gustavo Leivas and Julio Ono took over the management of the company in a process that had already begun in a natural and gradual way through daily living and development of landscape projects together with Haruyoshi Ono during the last years.The result is a team of professionals who breathe landscaping and work passionately,whose inspiration comes from the strong legacy left by Haruyoshi and Burle Marx.