魏青/WEI Qing
作者單位:清源視野文化咨詢有限公司
1 鼓浪嶼鳥(niǎo)瞰(圖片來(lái)源:鼓浪嶼管委會(huì))
2017 年7 月8 日,鼓浪嶼歷史國(guó)際社區(qū)在第41 屆世界遺產(chǎn)遺產(chǎn)大會(huì)上被列入世界遺產(chǎn)。從2008 年啟動(dòng)申遺準(zhǔn)備工作,歷經(jīng)9 年的努力,這個(gè)一度被旅游熱潮困擾的歷史社區(qū),在復(fù)興社區(qū)文化,轉(zhuǎn)向可持續(xù)發(fā)展的路上,踏出了堅(jiān)實(shí)而又影響深遠(yuǎn)的一步(圖1)。
改革開(kāi)放之后,廈門市政府就針對(duì)鼓浪嶼豐富的歷史文化和景觀價(jià)值制定了整體保護(hù)的基本策略[1]。鼓浪嶼于1988 年被列入國(guó)家級(jí)風(fēng)景名勝區(qū),也是全國(guó)較早啟動(dòng)近現(xiàn)代建筑調(diào)查和保護(hù)的城區(qū)之一,全島認(rèn)定了391 棟歷史風(fēng)貌建筑,建立了保護(hù)管理體系。但同時(shí),長(zhǎng)期以來(lái)“公共租界”的身份定位,也使鼓浪嶼在公眾甚至當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)的認(rèn)知中,更多是中國(guó)近代受列強(qiáng)欺侮的歷史見(jiàn)證。因此,鼓浪嶼前一階段的發(fā)展以發(fā)揮海島景觀、建筑風(fēng)格、音樂(lè)藝術(shù)等方面的吸引力為重點(diǎn),對(duì)文化內(nèi)涵的挖掘不足。這無(wú)形中使很多意義重大的歷史遺存處于荒廢或不當(dāng)利用的狀態(tài)中,而以觀光為主的旅游熱潮給社區(qū)生活環(huán)境帶來(lái)日益嚴(yán)峻的壓力和負(fù)面影響,加之社區(qū)功能向服務(wù)于旅游的單一功能強(qiáng)化,教育、醫(yī)療等社區(qū)公共服務(wù)被削減,與鼓浪嶼歷史有著緊密聯(lián)系的社區(qū)群體逐步遷離。曾經(jīng)恬靜安詳并富于藝術(shù)氣息的住區(qū)氛圍和獨(dú)特的社區(qū)文化傳統(tǒng)難以為繼(圖2)。
2 旅游業(yè)的極速發(fā)展與社區(qū)人口的衰減(繪制:魏青)
3 廈門裝飾風(fēng)格建筑的發(fā)展演變歷程(圖片來(lái)源:參考文獻(xiàn)[3])
4 鼓浪嶼廈門裝飾風(fēng)格建筑的典型代表(圖片來(lái)源:鼓浪嶼管委會(huì))
申遺階段的遺產(chǎn)資源調(diào)查和價(jià)值挖掘,從文化意義的角度重新審視鼓浪嶼歷史國(guó)際社區(qū)形成發(fā)展歷程,將其放在19-20 世紀(jì)間這一全球化發(fā)展進(jìn)程中關(guān)鍵的時(shí)空節(jié)點(diǎn)上,在一個(gè)狹小、獨(dú)立的海島地理單元和因公共地界章程簽訂而形成的獨(dú)特社會(huì)單元中,梳理從世界各地匯聚于此的文化元素之間以碰撞、對(duì)話到融合、發(fā)展的過(guò)程[2]。特別關(guān)注的是閩南文化族群、外來(lái)多國(guó)僑民和返鄉(xiāng)華人華僑3 個(gè)文化群體在這個(gè)過(guò)程中的狀態(tài),由事實(shí)呈現(xiàn)出的是具有海洋文化特質(zhì)的華人群體對(duì)傳統(tǒng)文化的秉承,對(duì)外來(lái)文化的包容借鑒和開(kāi)拓進(jìn)取精神,使鼓浪嶼得以在20 世紀(jì)初擺脫一般殖民地的發(fā)展路徑,持續(xù)吸納越來(lái)越多的外來(lái)和現(xiàn)代文化元素,并在融合中產(chǎn)生以“廈門裝飾風(fēng)格”建筑[3]為代表的創(chuàng)新發(fā)展 (圖3、4)。這一價(jià)值認(rèn)知,幫助遺產(chǎn)地社區(qū)群體從積極的角度理解其祖輩留下的生活場(chǎng)所作為文化遺產(chǎn)的獨(dú)特意義,在世界遺產(chǎn)的突出普遍價(jià)值與社區(qū)個(gè)體之間建立起具體而緊密的聯(lián)系,成為社區(qū)通過(guò)遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)恢復(fù)文化自信的基礎(chǔ)。
5 鼓浪嶼3個(gè)發(fā)展階段的形態(tài)特征和典型遺存分布
基于上述價(jià)值認(rèn)知,申遺階段對(duì)遺產(chǎn)要素從3個(gè)角度做了更為系統(tǒng)的構(gòu)建。一是發(fā)展進(jìn)程,梳理本土文化積淀(鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)以前)、外來(lái)文化傳播(鴉片戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)至1902 年公共地界章程簽訂之間)和多元文化融合(1902 至太平洋戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)爆發(fā)之間)這3 個(gè)主要階段的典型歷史遺存,進(jìn)而關(guān)注那些能闡釋不同階段典型建筑風(fēng)格、功能之間發(fā)展過(guò)渡過(guò)程的非典型樣例,以確保對(duì)一個(gè)連續(xù)發(fā)展進(jìn)程的完整見(jiàn)證(圖5)。二是空間層面,在宏觀到微觀的不同層次上梳理闡釋共存于場(chǎng)景中的中外文化元素間的交錯(cuò)、融合關(guān)系,并關(guān)注文化元素之間構(gòu)成的時(shí)空對(duì)話場(chǎng)景所具有的文化意義。三是從社會(huì)形態(tài)的角度,梳理歷史國(guó)際社區(qū)的組織結(jié)構(gòu)、運(yùn)行機(jī)制對(duì)應(yīng)的功能載體,文化群體、個(gè)體之間的社會(huì)脈絡(luò),和通過(guò)物質(zhì)遺存呈現(xiàn)的多樣化的價(jià)值取向。通過(guò)上述方式構(gòu)建的價(jià)值載體系統(tǒng),不僅補(bǔ)充了大量之前被忽略的重要?dú)v史遺存(圖6),通過(guò)更加整體的保護(hù)呈現(xiàn)對(duì)歷史完整、真實(shí)的表達(dá),同時(shí)在遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值和社區(qū)生活的空間場(chǎng)所間建立起更緊密的聯(lián)系,通過(guò)對(duì)要素特征的認(rèn)定,使社區(qū)在遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)的參與上有了具體的對(duì)象和明確的方向(圖7)。
當(dāng)歷史社區(qū)的貢獻(xiàn)成為遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值的來(lái)源,對(duì)當(dāng)代社區(qū)的關(guān)注、物質(zhì)遺存與社區(qū)共同的健康發(fā)展就成為遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)路徑下最為核心的任務(wù)。這其中的重要措施除了針對(duì)遺產(chǎn)要素的保護(hù)維修和價(jià)值展示,還包括將一般申遺項(xiàng)目環(huán)境整治方面的工作聚焦在體現(xiàn)文化交流的歷史場(chǎng)所的恢復(fù)上,在傳達(dá)遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值的同時(shí),提升社區(qū)的生活環(huán)境品質(zhì)(圖8);將申遺階段補(bǔ)充認(rèn)定的遺產(chǎn)要素維修后,盡可能地開(kāi)放給社區(qū)文化生活,特別是承載具有鼓浪嶼特色的家庭音樂(lè)會(huì)、詩(shī)歌文學(xué)社團(tuán)藝術(shù)活動(dòng)的文化空間;通過(guò)政府引導(dǎo)將高校規(guī)劃設(shè)計(jì)專業(yè)資源引入社區(qū),每年以工作營(yíng)的形式幫助社區(qū)解決社區(qū)生活環(huán)境品質(zhì)提升的具體需求。同時(shí),借鑒歷史上鼓浪嶼工部局的管理模式,由政府引導(dǎo)組建了由社區(qū)戶籍居民、非戶籍居民、駐島機(jī)構(gòu)和在島上從業(yè)的行業(yè)協(xié)會(huì)代表組成的社區(qū)公共議事會(huì),作為社區(qū)利益相關(guān)者參政議政的渠道;為引導(dǎo)社區(qū)和社會(huì)力量參與遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)和文化復(fù)興,政府還通過(guò)條例立法和制度建設(shè)加強(qiáng)對(duì)有助于挖掘、傳播鼓浪嶼遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值和文化特色的文化業(yè)態(tài)投入的鼓勵(lì)[4]。為了緩解旅游活動(dòng)和社區(qū)生活之間的矛盾,政府下決心于2017 年將日最高游客承載量從原來(lái)單純以景區(qū)容量角度測(cè)算的65,000 人下調(diào)到綜合考慮景區(qū)承載量和社區(qū)舒適度的50,000 人,并在碼頭航線上分流市民和游客,保障當(dāng)?shù)鼐用袢粘M鶃?lái)的便利的同時(shí),加強(qiáng)對(duì)游客引導(dǎo),以及管理和優(yōu)化旅游商業(yè)業(yè)態(tài)的合理分布(圖9)。
2017 年9 月,時(shí)任聯(lián)合國(guó)教科文總干事伊琳娜·博科娃(Irina Bokova)女士親臨鼓浪嶼頒發(fā)世界遺產(chǎn)證書(shū)。在致辭中她認(rèn)為,鼓浪嶼“可以幫助今天全世界的人們理解和實(shí)踐尊重、包容的價(jià)值觀并欣賞多樣性,這是全球公民精神的重要課堂……而且今天我們比以往更需要這些?!边@是國(guó)際領(lǐng)域?qū)睦藥Z遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值和當(dāng)代意義的高度肯定。而就鼓浪嶼自身來(lái)說(shuō),在申遺迎檢環(huán)節(jié),政府和社區(qū)民眾齊心協(xié)力成功抗擊了百年一遇的“莫蘭蒂”災(zāi)害,不僅保住了社區(qū)民眾和文化遺產(chǎn)的安全,而且僅用一個(gè)月就恢復(fù)了社區(qū)的正常生活和景區(qū)的開(kāi)放,并在緊迫的救災(zāi)過(guò)程中,將不幸被臺(tái)風(fēng)摧毀的古樹(shù)以藝術(shù)再生的方式原地保留,成為社區(qū)生活記憶的載體(圖10)。由此可見(jiàn)遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)對(duì)社區(qū)“韌性”和文化創(chuàng)造力提升產(chǎn)生的積極作用。申遺成功之后,當(dāng)?shù)孛耖g出現(xiàn)了很多致力于挖掘、宣傳鼓浪嶼歷史文化的自媒體。其背后的創(chuàng)作者,有的是老原住民,有的是本地的新生代,也有從外鄉(xiāng)來(lái)定居于此的新鼓浪嶼人。他們的努力,正在激起越來(lái)越多的回響。相對(duì)于物質(zhì)遺存的保護(hù)與展示,這些發(fā)生在社區(qū)中的積極轉(zhuǎn)變,才是遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)更加令人欣慰的成效,并能讓社區(qū)對(duì)未來(lái)的傳承發(fā)展建立更持久的信心?!?/p>
6 申遺階段補(bǔ)充認(rèn)定的鼓浪嶼遺產(chǎn)核心要素(繪制:魏青)
7 鼓浪嶼遺產(chǎn)價(jià)值特征要素(圖片來(lái)源:鼓浪嶼管委會(huì),繪制:魏青)
8 申遺階段恢復(fù)的重要?dú)v史空間場(chǎng)所
9 對(duì)旅游活動(dòng)和社區(qū)生活之間矛盾的調(diào)控措施
On July 8th, 2017, Kulangsu-a historic international settlement was inscribed on the World Heritage List at the 41st World Heritage Convention. After nine years of efforts, this historic community, once plagued by tourism boom, has taken a solid and far-reaching step on the road of culture revitalising and sustainable development.
Kulangsu was listed as a national scenic spot in 1988, and established a protection system for historical buildings before 2000. But at that stage, the identity of the public concession made Kulangsu more as the historical evidence of the great powers' bullying China. This makes it difficult for the local community and even the public to establish a deep cultural identity with it. Therefore, the development of tourism is mainly based on sightseeing, and there is a lack of indepth exploration and experience of culture. The rapid growth of tourism also made a negative impact on community life, leading to the loss of local people and the special characteristics of the community.
The value assessment during the nomination process re-examines the formation and development of the historical international settlement of Kulangsu from the perspective of cultural significance. The focus is on the process of the collision, dialogue and integration of cultural elements from all over the world on such a small island at the critical time of globalisation in the 19th and 20th centuries. In particular, the roles of three cultural groups - Minnan ethnic group, the foreign nationals and the returned overseas Chinese. The main reason why Kulangsu was able to break away from the development path of general colonies in the early 20th century is that it continuously absorbs more and more foreign and modern cultural elements, and produces cultural innovation represented by Amoy-Deco style in the integration are the inheritance of traditional culture, tolerance of foreign culture, and pioneering spirit of Minnan Chinese community. This value recognition helped local community understand their heritage from a positive perspective, establishes a link between the Outstanding Universal Value of world heritage and community individuals, and becomes the basis for the community to restore cultural confidence through heritage conservation.
Based on the value assessment, the heritage attributes are constructed more systematically from three perspectives of time, space and society. This not only complements a large number of important historical relics that have been neglected before, presents a complete and true expression of history, but also establishes a closer connection between heritage values and the space of community life.
Due to the change of value cognition, the respect of local communities and the common healthy development of tangible heritage and communities became the most core task under the heritage conservation approach. Beside of the heritage protection and value representation, the important measures include restoration of valuable historical environment to enhance the quality of the community's living environment, open the heritage elements to the community, making them the cultural space for historical art activities, such as family concerts, poetry club activities, etc. Learning from the management model of Kulangsu Municipal Council, the government has guided the establishment of a public conference composed of stakeholders of heritage sites. In order to alleviate the contradiction between tourism and community, the government reduced the maximum daily visitor capacity from 65,000 to 50,000 in 2017, diverted citizens and tourists on the ferry route to ensure the convenience of residents, and at the same time strengthened the rational distribution of tourists to guide and manage and optimise the distribution of tourist business facilities.
The director-general of UNESCO gave a high appraisal on the heritage value of Kulangsu after its successful nomination. The resilience of the heritage community showed out in the fight against typhoon meranti and the active exploration and promotion of the cultural values of Kulangsu by the community after being inscribed are even more gratifying results.□
10 莫蘭蒂臺(tái)風(fēng)抗災(zāi)后完成的承載社區(qū)生命記憶的公共藝術(shù)品 (樹(shù)干中放置了播放社區(qū)不同區(qū)域日常生活對(duì)話的喇叭)
參考文獻(xiàn)/References
[1] 廈門市經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略研究辦公室, 廈門市計(jì)劃委員會(huì). 1985年-2000年廈門經(jīng)濟(jì)社會(huì)發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略 [M]. 鷺江出版社, 1989: 205-209.
[2] 呂寧, 魏青, 錢毅, 孫燕. 鼓浪嶼價(jià)值體系研究 [J]. 中國(guó)文化遺產(chǎn), 2017: 4-15.
[3] 錢毅. 鼓浪嶼百年建筑風(fēng)格流變及其背后的文化意義 [J]. 中國(guó)文化遺產(chǎn), 2017: 16-31.
[4] 廈門市人民代表大會(huì)常務(wù)委員會(huì). 廈門經(jīng)濟(jì)特區(qū)鼓浪嶼世界文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)條例[OL]. http://www.xmrd.gov.cn/fgk/201907/t20190704_5291186.htm.
項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data
項(xiàng)目團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project Team: 北京國(guó)文琰文化遺產(chǎn)保護(hù)中心/CHCC of Beijing Guowenyan
項(xiàng)目規(guī)模/Project Scale: 遺產(chǎn)區(qū)/Heritage Area: 316.2hm2;緩沖區(qū)/Buffer Zone: 886.0hm2
工作周期/Working Period: 申遺文本編制/Application Text: 2009-2016,保護(hù)管理規(guī)劃/Conservation Management Planning: 2009-2013,展示闡釋項(xiàng)目/Exhibition and Interpretation: 2015-2016,保護(hù)利用工程/Conservation and Reuse: 2015-2017