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        根治性前列腺切除術(shù)在轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌患者中的研究進(jìn)展

        2019-11-19 20:27:49張崇劍白宇
        中國醫(yī)藥導(dǎo)報(bào) 2019年27期
        關(guān)鍵詞:腫瘤學(xué)根治性轉(zhuǎn)移性

        張崇劍 白宇

        [摘要] 根治性前列腺切除術(shù)一直是早期前列腺癌的主要治療方法,而轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌(mPCa)大多采用內(nèi)分泌治療等保守治療方式。近年來,隨著對疾病機(jī)制的深入認(rèn)識(shí)和手術(shù)技術(shù)的不斷進(jìn)步,手術(shù)對于mPCa的治療作用逐漸被某些學(xué)者認(rèn)可,現(xiàn)通過分析臨床、生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)等方面的研究,系統(tǒng)綜述根治性前列腺切除術(shù)在mPCa患者中的研究現(xiàn)況及對未來的研究展望。

        [關(guān)鍵詞] 根治性前列腺切除術(shù);轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌;減瘤性根治性前列腺切除術(shù)

        [中圖分類號(hào)] R737.25? ? ? ? ? [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A? ? ? ? ? [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2019)09(c)-0053-03

        Research progress of radical prostatectomy in patients with metastatic prostate cancer

        ZHANG Chongjian1? ?BAI Yu2

        1.Graduate School, Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, Kunming? ?650100, China; 2.Department of Urology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Yunnan Province, Kunming? ?650100, China

        [Abstract] Radical prostatectomy has always been the main treatment for early prostate cancer. For metastatic prostate cancer (mPCa), most conservative treatments such as endocrine therapy are used. In recent years, with the deep understanding of the mechanism of prostate cancer and the continuous advancement of surgical techniques, the role of surgery in mPCa has gradually been recognized by some scholars. It is now systematically reviewed that the current status of prostatectomy in patients with mPCa through clinical research analysis and basic biological research, and prospects for future research.

        [Key words] Radical prostatectomy; Metastatic prostate cancer;Cytoreductive radical prostatectomy

        前列腺癌是歐美地區(qū)男性最嚴(yán)重的癌癥之一,是導(dǎo)致死亡的主要原因[1],其發(fā)病率和死亡率常年位居男性惡性實(shí)體腫瘤的前三位[2]。2015年中國腫瘤登記年報(bào)數(shù)據(jù)顯示,前列腺癌是我國男性癌癥發(fā)病率升高的6種癌癥之一,位居全國十大惡性腫瘤第9位及男性惡性腫瘤第6位[3]。前列腺癌的治療方式至關(guān)重要,外科治療是前列腺癌最有效的治療方式之一,而轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌(metastatic prostate cancer,mPCa)的外科治療則包括根治性前列腺切除術(shù)及盆腔淋巴結(jié)切除術(shù)等[4]。

        根治性前列腺切除術(shù)(radical prostatectomy,RP)用于mPCa的目的可能是預(yù)防局部并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,延長總生存期(OS)[5]。通過區(qū)域癌癥登記處[6]、多機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)庫[7-8]、單一病例對照研究[9-10]等多數(shù)據(jù)分析,研究RP對轉(zhuǎn)移性男性疾病的影響。

        1 臨床研究分析

        1.1 淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)性前列腺癌

        Culp等[7]對8185例mPCa患者進(jìn)行分析,其中245例(3%)接受RP,中位隨訪時(shí)間為16個(gè)月。結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)RP患者存活率顯著增高,且與非手術(shù)的mPCa患者比較,接受RP的mPCa患者具有更高的OS和疾病特異性生存(DSS)率。瑞典的一項(xiàng)研究也發(fā)現(xiàn)RP顯著增高mPCa患者的OS[11]。Sooriakumaran等[12]回顧性分析了106例來自美國、德國、意大利及瑞典6家醫(yī)療中心的根治性前列腺癌切除術(shù)患者的數(shù)據(jù),發(fā)現(xiàn)80%以上的男性術(shù)后無手術(shù)并發(fā)癥,同時(shí)也并未增加mPCa患者并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。臨床研究同時(shí)發(fā)現(xiàn),RP聯(lián)合早期輔助內(nèi)分泌治療伴淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的前列腺癌患者10年癌癥特異性生存(CSS)率達(dá)80%[13],且對于后續(xù)治療來說,前列腺癌患者實(shí)施RP可有效改善CSS和OS[14]。越來越多的證據(jù)顯示,RP和延長的盆腔淋巴結(jié)清掃術(shù)(包括髂總動(dòng)脈)可以改善伴淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的前列腺癌患者的生存率[1]。

        1.2 骨轉(zhuǎn)移相關(guān)性前列腺癌

        Gratzke等[6]對慕尼黑癌癥登記中心關(guān)于前列腺癌骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者的數(shù)據(jù)分析發(fā)現(xiàn),非手術(shù)患者與RP患者5年OS率分別為21%、55%。Gandaglia等[9]在研究中報(bào)道了高度選擇的骨轉(zhuǎn)移患者RP的圍術(shù)期和腫瘤學(xué)結(jié)果,該結(jié)果支持RP在骨轉(zhuǎn)移情況下的安全性。薈萃分析也發(fā)現(xiàn),RP與OS、腫瘤特異性死亡率(CSM)顯著降低有關(guān)[15]。

        1.3 減瘤性根治性前列腺切除術(shù)

        2012年有學(xué)者在國際上首先提出前列腺癌減瘤的概念,發(fā)現(xiàn)接受減瘤性經(jīng)尿道前列腺電切術(shù)的患者PSA和去勢抵抗性前列腺癌(castration resistant prostate cancer,CRPC)的發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)更低,OS延長,CSS率提前[16]。隨著手術(shù)技術(shù)和手術(shù)分期的進(jìn)展,mPCa患者的細(xì)胞減滅術(shù)可能發(fā)揮作用[1]。Steuber等[17]在減瘤性根治性前列腺切除術(shù)(cytoreductive radical prostatectomy,CRP)生存獲益的研究設(shè)計(jì)中發(fā)現(xiàn),無論是多機(jī)構(gòu)數(shù)據(jù)庫分析還是單一病例對照研究,CRP在轉(zhuǎn)移性患者降低局部并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率方面有潛在益處。張凱等[4]在《中國前列腺癌外科治療專家共識(shí)》中提出,對于合并骨轉(zhuǎn)移的患者,術(shù)前需仔細(xì)評估患者的病況及CRP的安全性,結(jié)合持續(xù)的雄激素剝奪治療(androgen deprivation treatment,ADT)和輔助放療,可以很好地控制病情進(jìn)展。局部治療轉(zhuǎn)移性前列腺癌前瞻性研究的數(shù)據(jù)提示,CRP組的總生存率和CSS率高于標(biāo)準(zhǔn)護(hù)理組[18]。

        1.4 局部前列腺消融術(shù)

        Natarajan等[19]認(rèn)為對于有中度風(fēng)險(xiǎn)前列腺癌的患者,局灶激光消融可行且安全,術(shù)后6個(gè)月無嚴(yán)重不良事件、尿功能或性功能變化的發(fā)生,但對于轉(zhuǎn)移性患者來說,該療法暫無相關(guān)研究[20]。故低風(fēng)險(xiǎn)前列腺癌的管理可以從主動(dòng)監(jiān)測(AS)到局灶消融治療到RP,而高風(fēng)險(xiǎn)前列腺癌的管理則應(yīng)考慮包括RP在內(nèi)的多模式治療[21]。

        1.5 其他治療方式

        Peacock等[22]對6028例前列腺癌患者RP、外照射放射治療(external beam radiotherapy,EBRT)、近距離放射治療(brachytherapy,BT)的比較分析發(fā)現(xiàn),RP患者的10年前列腺癌特異性存活(prostate cancer special survival,PCSS)率為98%,EBRT為95%,BT為98%。且接受RP治療的患者10年無事件生存率為79%,總生存率為87%,與EBR比較,PCSS有所改善[23]。

        2 生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)研究分析

        為更好地了解原發(fā)腫瘤的發(fā)生發(fā)展,以生物學(xué)基礎(chǔ)為假說的研究一直在持續(xù)進(jìn)行,以期對原發(fā)腫瘤的治療起到促進(jìn)作用。

        2.1 “種子與土壤”假說

        英國醫(yī)生佩吉特提出“種子與土壤”的假說,該假說認(rèn)為腫瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移會(huì)受到微環(huán)境相互作用的影響。傳播的癌細(xì)胞(種子)在由原發(fā)腫瘤分泌的造血與其他因素共同作用而成的微環(huán)境(土壤)中植入生長并形成轉(zhuǎn)移。有研究者認(rèn)為,有針對播散種子和轉(zhuǎn)移性土壤的早期干預(yù)措施,可能改善晚期惡性腫瘤患者的預(yù)后[24]。所以對于mPCa患者,RP可能是播散種子及轉(zhuǎn)移性土壤早期干預(yù)的有效措施。

        2.2 原發(fā)病灶切除理論

        有研究認(rèn)為切除前列腺可以減少循環(huán)腫瘤細(xì)胞的數(shù)量[7];同時(shí)臨床前研究也提示,原發(fā)病灶切除可以消除促轉(zhuǎn)移細(xì)胞擴(kuò)散的細(xì)胞因子,減輕腫瘤負(fù)擔(dān)[25-26]。該層面的證據(jù)以及受其他疾病的轉(zhuǎn)移性患者的觀察結(jié)果使RP可能在mPCa患者的腫瘤學(xué)方面獲益[25]。

        3 展望

        在近幾年的研究中,無論是RP還是CRP都多次被證實(shí)其在技術(shù)上的可行性和安全性,但RP在mPCa的腫瘤學(xué)方面研究相對欠缺,且與國內(nèi)的臨床癥狀、研究標(biāo)準(zhǔn)、醫(yī)療環(huán)境存在差異[1-2]。

        近年來,國際及國內(nèi)對于mPCa采用RP治療仍存在較多爭議,而國內(nèi)在該領(lǐng)域的手術(shù)治療、內(nèi)分泌治療、靶向治療、放射治療、基因治療、微創(chuàng)技術(shù)等多模式相結(jié)合的個(gè)性化治療研究存在很大研究空間。

        [參考文獻(xiàn)]

        [1]? Veeratterapillay R,Goonewardene SS,Barclay J,et al. Radical prostatectomy for locally advanced and metastatic prostate cancer [J]. Ann R Coll Surg Engl,2017,99(4):259-264.

        [2]? 韓蘇軍,張思維,陳萬青,等.中國前列腺癌發(fā)病現(xiàn)狀和流行趨勢分析[J].臨床腫瘤學(xué)雜志,2013,18(4):330-334.

        [3]? Chen W,Zheng R,Baade PD,et al. Cancer statistics in China,2015 [J]. CA-Cancer J Clin,2016,66(2):115-132.

        [4]? 張凱.中國前列腺癌外科治療專家共識(shí)[J].浙江醫(yī)學(xué),2018,40(3):217-220.

        [5]? Won AC,Gurney H,Marx G,et al. Primary treatment of the prostate improves local palliation in men who ultimately develop castrate-resistant prostate cancer [J]. BJU Int,2013,112(4):E250-E255.

        [6]? Gratzke C,Engel J,Stief CG. Role of radical prostatectomy in metastatic prostate cancer:data from the Munich Cancer Registry [J]. Eur Urol,2014,66(3):602-603.

        [7]? Culp SH,Schellhammer PF,Williams MB. Might men diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer benefit from definitive treatment of the primary tumor A SEER-based study [J]. Eur Urol,2014,65(6):1058-1066.

        [8]? Fossati N,Trinh QD,Sammon J,et al. Identifying optimal candidates for local treatment of the primary tumor among patients diagnosed with metastatic prostate cancer:a SEER-based study [J]. Eur Urol,2015,67(1):3-6.

        [9]? Gandaglia G,F(xiàn)ossati N,Montorsi F,et al. Radical Prostatectomy in Men with Oligometastatic Prostate Cancer:Results of a Single-institution Series with Long-term Follow-up [J]. Eur Urol,2017,72(2):e31.

        [10]? Heidenreich A,Pfister D,Brehmer B,et al. [Cytoreductive radical prostatectomy for prostate cancer with minimal osseous metastases:results of a first feasibility and case control study] [J]. Urologe A,2015,54(1):14-21.

        [11]? Sooriakumaran P,Nyberg T,Akre O,et al. Comparative effectiveness of radical prostatectomy and radiotherapy in prostate cancer:observational study of mortality outcomes [J]. BMJ,2014,348:g1502.

        [12]? Sooriakumaran P,Karnes J,Stief C,et al. A Multi-institutional Analysis of Perioperative Outcomes in 106 Men Who Underwent Radical Prostatectomy for Distant Met-astatic Prostate Cancer at Presentation [J]. Eur Urol,2016, 69(5):788-794.

        [13]? Messing EM,Manola J,Yao J,et al. Immediate versus deferred androgen deprivation treatment in patients with node-positive prostate cancer after radical prostatectomy and pelvic lymphadenectomy [J]. Lancet Oncol,2006,7(6):472-479.

        [14]? Steuber T,Budaus L,Walz J,et al. Radical prostatectomy improves progression-free and cancer-specific survival in men with lymph node positive prostate cancer in the prostate-specific antigen era: a confirmatory study [J]. BJU Int,2011,107(11):1755-1761.

        [15]? Wang Y,Qin Z,Wang Y,et al. The role of radical prostatectomy for the treatment of metastatic prostate cancer:a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. Biosci Rep,2018,38(1). pii: BSR20171379.

        [16]? Qin XJ,Ma CG,Ye DW,et al. Tumor cytoreduction results in better response to androgen ablation-a preliminary report of palliative transurethral resection of the prostate in metastatic hormone sensitive prostate cancer [J]. Urol Oncol,2012,30(2):145-149.

        [17]? Steuber T,Berg KD,Roder MA,et al. Does Cytoreductive Prostatectomy Really Have an Impact on Prognosis in Prostate Cancer Patients with Low-volume Bone Metastasis? Results from a Prospective Case-Control Study [J]. Eur Urol Focus,2017,3(6):646-649.

        [18]? Poelaert F,Verbaeys C,Rappe B,et al. Cytoreductive Prostatectomy for Metastatic Prostate Cancer:First Lessons Learned From the Multicentric Prospective Local Treatment of Metastatic Prostate Cancer(LoMP)Trial [J]. Urology,2017,106:146-152.

        [19]? Natarajan S,Raman S,Priester AM,et al. Focal Laser Ablation of Prostate Cancer:Phase I Clinical Trial [J]. J Urol,2016,196(1):68-75.

        [20]? Hamdy FC,Elliott D,le Conte S,et al. Partial ablation versus radical prostatectomy in intermediate-risk prostate cancer:the PART feasibility RCT [J]. Health Technol Assess,2018,22(52):1-96.

        [21]? Kim EH,Bullock AD. Surgical Management for Prostate Cancer [J]. Mo Med,2018,115(2):142-145.

        [22]? Peacock M,Quirt J,James Morris W,et al. Population-based 10-year event-free survival after radical prostatectomy for patients with prostate cancer in British Columbia [J]. Can Urol Assoc J,2015,9(11-12):409-413.

        [23]? Abdollah F,Briganti A,Montorsi F,et al. Comparison of mortality outcomes after radical prostatectomy versus radiotherapy in patients with localized prostate cancer:a population-based analysis [J]. Int J Urol,2013,20(5):548-549.

        [24]? Psaila B,Lyden D. The metastatic niche:adapting the foreign soil [J]. Nat Rev Cancer,2009,9(4):285-293.

        [25]? Bayne CE,Williams SB,Chapin BF,et al. Treatment of the Primary Tumor in Metastatic Prostate Cancer:Current Concepts and Future Perspectives [J]. Eur Urol,2017,71(2):e51.

        [26]? Kim MY,Oskarsson T,Acharyya S,et al. Tumor self-seeding by circulating cancer cells [J]. Cell,2009,139(7):1315-1326.

        (收稿日期:2019-03-22? 本文編輯:任? ?念)

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