亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        沉浸式水族館設(shè)計(jì)探秘

        2019-09-10 07:22:44奧斯卡·霍蘭德
        英語世界 2019年2期
        關(guān)鍵詞:設(shè)計(jì)

        奧斯卡·霍蘭德

        At the Tennessee Aquarium, visitors pass through a series of changing ecosystems inhabited by river otters, salamanders and brightly colored sunfish. The experience has been specifically designed to replicate the route taken by the neighboring Tennessee River, which flows from the Appalachian Mountains down to the Gulf of Mexico.

        The attraction, located in Chattanooga, was once the world’s largest freshwater aquarium, though it now pales in comparison to the gargantuan oceanariums of China and the Middle East.

        But the secret to good aquarium design is not all about size—it’s about telling a story, according to one of the architects behind the project.

        “The Tennessee Aquarium is really the story of the Tennessee River,” said Peter Sollogub, associate principal at the architecture firm CambridgeSeven, in a phone interview.

        “We look for stories that can take a collection of animals and orchestrate them into a larger experience. It’s like a film, a piece of music or a book—you progress through it and, when you leave, you feel as if you’ve gone on a comprehensible journey.”

        Curating experiences

        Having started out working on the New England Aquarium—a building now considered emblematic of Boston’s concrete architectural legacy—in the 1960s, Sollogub is a veteran in the aquarium world. He has since helped create public facilities across the US, as well as in Italy, Portugal and Japan.

        The first priority is always, he said, the fish themselves. But when it comes to visitors’ experiences, the design process revolves around how—and where—people encounter them. Most aquariums are built in a “l(fā)inear” way, meaning that visitors rarely deviate from a set path. So architects and designers instead see their role as curating a series of moments.

        “Take the splendor of jellyfish or the wonder of penguins—things that are spectacular unto themselves,” Sollogub said. “What we try to do is enhance them by developing encounters in which you pass through them, or see them swimming over and under you, or at different levels.”

        For architect James Hampton, whose firm James Hampton Design Partners specializes in public and private aquariums, a crucial element of design is what he calls the “wow factor.” This seems like an apt way to describe the walk-through tunnel at Dubai Mall’s 2.6-million-gallon aquarium—a project Hampton was involved in—a 157-foot-long passage with 270-degree views of fish in the surrounding water.

        “I tend to start with a ‘wow,’” he said in a phone interview. “It’s the midpoint that normally has the biggest quantity of water, usually a predator tank. Then at the end you might have a meet-and-greet opportunity—with an otter, for instance.”

        While Western countries have traditionally housed the largest and most elaborate aquariums, China and the Middle East are a growing force in the market, said Hampton, who has worked in both regions.

        In 2014, Chimelong Ocean Kingdom in China’s Guangdong province became the world’s largest aquarium, its 12.87 million gallons equivalent to almost 20 Olympic-sized swimming pools. Meanwhile, the Grandview Mall Aquarium, also in Guangzhou, holds the current record for the world’s largest aquarium window, with its 134 feet by 27 feet acrylic panel.

        But a “bigger is better” mentality, as Hampton puts it, is not necessarily conducive to good design.

        “A large exhibit won’t necessarily have (a high density of) fish in it, because the tank is so big,” he said. “When a client says to me ‘I want it bigger than x or y’s tank,’ I tend to tell them that—rather than saying it has to be a certain size—they need to ask what they want to exhibit.

        “You don’t need a tank that is too big, because (fish-like) sharks and gropers won’t necessarily be (visible) swimming in an exhibit that size.”

        Total immersion

        Creating naturalistic environments, whether through rocks or artificial coral, is central to the art of aquarium design. Keeping out sunlight is also a priority, as it can produce algae and unwanted reflections. These considerations not only provide marine life with more realistic habitats, but they encourage people to enter an all-important state of suspended disbelief.

        But, in recent decades, it has been the advanced engineering capabilities of clear acrylic—a material strong enough to withstand the water pressure produced by millions of gallons of water—that has set designers on a quest for total immersion.

        Since the first so-called “shark tunnel” was built in Auckland, New Zealand, in 1985, walk-throughs and large viewing screens have become an industry standard.

        “With the ‘old-style’ aquariums, visitors would pay their 10 dollars, have an hour or so looking through these ‘picture frames’ at the exhibits, and then they’d walk out,” Hampton said. “Generally, they’ve had a good experience, but now it’s much more immersive.

        “When you walk into a cinema, you want to be wowed by the big screen and intense color right there in your face—and that’s what we try and do, with as much acrylic as possible, so you really feel the environment that you’re in.”

        Education through design

        With physical immersion reaching its limits, virtual reality and augmented reality are playing a growing role in modern aquariums. As well as offering visitors information about different species as they travel through the exhibits, technology opens the possibility of digitally displaying animals that are difficult or unethical to keep in captivity.

        “We’re using VR as well as augmentation on walls and projecting over panels,” Hampton said. “We can add 4K high-definition screens behind acrylic panels, so that when you first walk into a shark exhibit, it feels like there’s water in front of you (on the dry side).

        “When you look in the background, you see virtual sharks swimming. Push a button and it tells you how big, how much they eat, where they swim—it gives you detail about sharks that we can’t keep in captivity.”

        Both Hampton and Sollogub see these tools as a means to an end. The ultimate goal is to create an emotional connection between humankind and nature. This in turn, Sollogub said, informs the educative approach that underpins aquarium design.

        “The greatest part of working on aquariums is bringing guests to places they have never encountered before,” he said, recalling the satisfaction of seeing inner-city school children enraptured by a Baltimore aquarium he helped design. “They were as wide-eyed as you can imagine, and that’s really what it’s all about.

        “I think aquariums are education at it’s purest. You’re not telling people what to think, you’re allowing them to feel it and experience it—to become part of it.”

        田納西水族館內(nèi),游客們穿梭在各個(gè)變幻莫測(cè)的生態(tài)系統(tǒng)間,水獺、蠑螈和艷麗的太陽魚棲息其中。這是經(jīng)過特殊設(shè)計(jì)的,仿照了旁邊田納西河從阿巴拉契亞山奔流而下、最終匯入墨西哥灣的流經(jīng)路線。

        該景點(diǎn)地處查塔努加,曾是全球最大的淡水水族館,盡管現(xiàn)在和中國、中東的巨型海洋館相比是小巫見大巫。

        不過,按該館一位設(shè)計(jì)師的說法,設(shè)計(jì)好水族館,秘訣并不全在規(guī)模,而在講好一個(gè)故事。

        “田納西水族館其實(shí)就是田納西河的故事?!眲蚱呓芙ㄖ靖敝鞴鼙说谩に髀骞挪冀邮茈娫挷稍L時(shí)這樣說。

        “我們搜羅那些匯集各種動(dòng)物的故事,把它們精心編排,打造出更豐富的游客體驗(yàn)。就像一部電影、一首音樂,抑或一本書,讓人神隨景移,離開時(shí),也會(huì)感到仿佛經(jīng)歷了一段明明白白的旅程?!?/p>

        規(guī)劃游客體驗(yàn)

        上世紀(jì)60年代,索洛古布就開始設(shè)計(jì)新英格蘭水族館,是水族館界的行家里手,如今該館也被視為波士頓標(biāo)志性的現(xiàn)存混凝土建筑。在那之后,他又設(shè)計(jì)了美國、意大利、葡萄牙、日本等國的多處公共設(shè)施。

        他說,水族館設(shè)計(jì)首先要考慮的總是魚本身。至于游客體驗(yàn),設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)則要考慮游客與魚相遇的方式和位置。多數(shù)水族館都依照“線性”方式建造,也就是說,游客一般不會(huì)偏離既定的游覽路線。因此,建筑師和設(shè)計(jì)師們將自己視為一系列邂逅瞬間的規(guī)劃者。

        “就拿華麗的水母,或奇妙的企鵝來說吧,它們本身就很有看頭?!彼髀骞挪颊f道,“而我們所做的,就是創(chuàng)造邂逅的機(jī)會(huì),從而增強(qiáng)游客體驗(yàn)。游客們或與其擦身而過,或看著它們從自己頭頂或腳下游過,無論深水或淺水都能遇到?!?/p>

        建筑師詹姆斯·漢普頓的公司詹姆斯·漢普頓設(shè)計(jì)伙伴專攻公共和私人水族館設(shè)計(jì),他提到,設(shè)計(jì)中有一關(guān)鍵要素,叫作“讓人叫好的因素”。這恰好可以用來說明一個(gè)他曾參與的項(xiàng)目——迪拜購物中心內(nèi)的水族館觀光廊,該水族館容積達(dá)260萬加侖,觀光廊長157英尺,游客可270度觀察四周水域里的魚類。

        電話采訪中,他講道:“我一般會(huì)一開始就來個(gè)‘讓人叫好’的設(shè)計(jì),到了中間部分,水量往往最多,是捕食者的地盤,最后,游客也許有機(jī)會(huì)和水獺或其他動(dòng)物來個(gè)親密互動(dòng)?!?/p>

        漢普頓在中國和中東都工作過,他表示,盡管西方國家歷來擁有世界上最大且最為精妙的水族館,但中國和中東的市場(chǎng)競(jìng)爭力已愈發(fā)強(qiáng)勁。

        2014年,中國廣東長隆海洋王國成為世界上最大的水族館,容積達(dá)1287萬加侖,相當(dāng)于近20個(gè)奧運(yùn)規(guī)格的泳池。無獨(dú)有偶,同樣位于廣州的正佳極地海洋世界也保持著世界最大水族展示窗的紀(jì)錄,該展示窗長134英尺,寬27英尺,由丙烯酸板制成。

        但漢普頓指出,“越大越好”的想法未必有益于設(shè)計(jì)好作品。

        “大型展館里不一定有(密集分布的)魚,因?yàn)檎垢滋罅恕!彼f道,“要是客戶跟我說,‘我要比某某水族館的展缸還大’,我一般會(huì)告訴他們,與其對(duì)具體尺寸提要求,不如問問自己,到底想展出什么。

        “展缸用不著太大,因?yàn)椴灰欢ǎ茱@出)有(普通魚那般大小的)鯊魚和石斑魚在過大的展缸里游動(dòng)?!?/p>

        全沉浸感設(shè)計(jì)

        無論用自然巖石還是人工珊瑚,營造仿自然的環(huán)境都是水族館設(shè)計(jì)藝術(shù)的核心所在。隔絕陽光也是重點(diǎn),因?yàn)殛柟鈺?huì)招致藻類滋生和多余的反射。這些考量不僅為海洋生物提供了更真實(shí)自然的生存環(huán)境,還有助于參觀者游覽時(shí)進(jìn)入“寧信其真”的最佳狀態(tài)。

        但近幾十年來,透明丙烯酸(一種十分堅(jiān)固的材料,可承受數(shù)百萬加侖水產(chǎn)生的水壓)工程能力愈發(fā)先進(jìn),設(shè)計(jì)者便開始追求全浸入的設(shè)計(jì)。

        自1985年新西蘭奧克蘭建成首個(gè)所謂“鯊魚隧道”以來,觀光廊和大型觀景屏就成了業(yè)界標(biāo)配。

        “就‘老式’水族館來說,游客花10美元,透過這些‘畫框’看看展品,然后就走了,前后不過1小時(shí)?!睗h普頓說道,“總的來說,這種體驗(yàn)也不錯(cuò),但現(xiàn)今的體驗(yàn)則更身臨其境。

        “人們踏進(jìn)電影院,總希望受到眼前的巨大屏幕和強(qiáng)烈色彩的震撼,而這就是我們?cè)囍龅?,用盡可能多的丙烯酸材料,為游客營造身臨其境之感?!?/p>

        教育貫穿設(shè)計(jì)

        物理浸入程度達(dá)到極限后,虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)和增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)對(duì)現(xiàn)代水族館的作用就愈發(fā)重要。這種技術(shù)可以為參觀展館的游客提供不同生物品種的信息;另外,由于種種困難或道德規(guī)范的束縛,一些動(dòng)物無法人工飼養(yǎng),科學(xué)技術(shù)也使數(shù)字化動(dòng)物展出成為可能。

        漢普頓說:“如今,我們將虛擬現(xiàn)實(shí)和增強(qiáng)現(xiàn)實(shí)技術(shù)應(yīng)用到墻上,在丙烯酸板上進(jìn)行投影,還在其后加了4K分辨率的高清屏幕。這樣的話,人們一走進(jìn)鯊魚館,就能感到有水襲面而來(但實(shí)際上是沒有水的)。

        “人們看屏幕呈現(xiàn)的畫面時(shí),會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn)虛擬鯊魚游來游去。按個(gè)按鈕,就能知道鯊魚的大小、食量和活動(dòng)范圍,這樣即便水族館內(nèi)無法飼養(yǎng),人們也能知道那些鯊魚的具體信息?!?/p>

        在漢普頓和索洛古布看來,這些技術(shù)是為達(dá)成目標(biāo)而采取的手段,而終極目標(biāo)是創(chuàng)建人與自然間的情感紐帶。且正如索洛古布所說,這又反過來影響水族館設(shè)計(jì)所基于的教育理念。

        索洛古布曾參與設(shè)計(jì)巴爾的摩的一家水族館,并親眼見到市中心學(xué)校的孩子們參觀時(shí)看得入迷,回想起當(dāng)時(shí)那種心滿意足,他說道:“設(shè)計(jì)水族館最妙的,就是帶著參觀者去他們從沒去過的地方。”他進(jìn)一步描述,“孩子們眼睛瞪得滾圓,生怕錯(cuò)過一絲精彩,這才是最重要的。

        “我覺得水族館本質(zhì)上講就是一種教育方式,它不是告訴人們?cè)撊绾嗡伎迹亲屗麄內(nèi)ジ惺?,去體驗(yàn),與之融為一體。”

        猜你喜歡
        設(shè)計(jì)
        二十四節(jié)氣在平面廣告設(shè)計(jì)中的應(yīng)用
        何為設(shè)計(jì)的守護(hù)之道?
        《豐收的喜悅展示設(shè)計(jì)》
        流行色(2020年1期)2020-04-28 11:16:38
        基于PWM的伺服控制系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)
        電子制作(2019年19期)2019-11-23 08:41:36
        基于89C52的32只三色LED搖搖棒設(shè)計(jì)
        電子制作(2019年15期)2019-08-27 01:11:50
        基于ICL8038的波形發(fā)生器仿真設(shè)計(jì)
        電子制作(2019年7期)2019-04-25 13:18:16
        瞞天過海——仿生設(shè)計(jì)萌到家
        設(shè)計(jì)秀
        海峽姐妹(2017年7期)2017-07-31 19:08:17
        有種設(shè)計(jì)叫而專
        Coco薇(2017年5期)2017-06-05 08:53:16
        從平面設(shè)計(jì)到“設(shè)計(jì)健康”
        商周刊(2017年26期)2017-04-25 08:13:04
        一本久道高清视频在线观看| 国产亚洲精久久久久久无码苍井空| 92精品国产自产在线观看48页| 亚洲蜜臀av一区二区三区漫画| 国产成人av一区二区三区不卡| 中文字幕+乱码+中文字幕一区 | 含羞草亚洲AV无码久久精品| 中国少妇和黑人做爰视频| 开心激情视频亚洲老熟女| 中国人妻与老外黑人| 国产乱子伦精品免费无码专区 | 国产av无码专区亚洲av毛网站| 人妻无码中文专区久久五月婷 | 中文字幕精品无码一区二区| 国产欧美激情一区二区三区| 日本一区二区三区高清视| 强开少妇嫩苞又嫩又紧九色| 无码一区二区波多野结衣播放搜索| 欧美亚洲h在线一区二区| 亚洲不卡av一区二区三区四区| 情人伊人久久综合亚洲| 精品一区二区三区在线观看视频 | 国产av天堂成人网| 亚洲国产精品色一区二区| 中出人妻希奇杰卡西av| 无码人妻久久一区二区三区不卡| 一本无码人妻在中文字幕| 日韩一级精品亚洲一区二区精品| 亚洲国产婷婷香蕉久久久久久| 国外亚洲成av人片在线观看| 欧美综合图区亚洲综合图区| 91久久国产香蕉熟女线看| 精品国产av色一区二区深夜久久 | 免费无码中文字幕A级毛片| 亚洲一区二区三区在线激情| 国产对白国语对白| 国产香蕉一区二区三区在线视频| 视频一区视频二区亚洲免费观看| 成人影院视频在线免费观看| 中国农村妇女hdxxxx| 伊人亚洲综合网色AV另类|