張英梅
內(nèi)容摘要:漢初至漢文帝七年,諸侯王十月朔上計(jì),其后改為正月朔;大朝賀期間,叔孫通制度的文武朝位分類法改為“京師”、“諸夏”先內(nèi)后外的分類方法;郡國(guó)上計(jì)吏員因需參加朝賀、上計(jì)儀式,故需要學(xué)習(xí)朝賀禮儀,漢朝禮儀適用范圍并非僅限宮廷。
關(guān)鍵詞:朝儀;上計(jì);漢文帝;漢朝
中圖分類號(hào):K877.5;K892.96? 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A? 文章編號(hào):1000-4106(2019)03-0104-06
Abstract: In the seventh year of Emperor Hanwens reign, the government of the Han Dynasty decided to change the date for beginning the work for the Shangji(a set of procedures for reporting and making account books of households and taxes)from the first day of the tenth month of the lunar year to the first day of the first month of the lunar year. In the annual court celebration period when the ministers went to court, the positions for both military and civil officials originating with Shusun Tong was also replaced by a new order in which officials were classified beginning with those from the capital, followed by vassal states. For this reason, the officials responsible for Shangji in the vassal states who were now to join the court celebration or shangji ceremony had to learn the etiquette necessary for attending audiences with the Emperor, meaning that Han dynasty court procedures were no longer only applicable to members of the imperial court.
Keywords: Chaoyi; Shangji; Emperor Hanwen; Han dynasty
有關(guān)漢朝禮儀改革的時(shí)間問(wèn)題,司馬遷在《史記·禮書》中說(shuō):“太初之元改正朔,易服色,封太山,定宗廟百官之儀,以為典常,垂之于后云。”[1]可見(jiàn)他認(rèn)為漢朝禮儀改革始于武帝?!妒酚洝ざY書》又曰:
至于高祖,光有四海,叔孫通頗有所增益減損,大抵皆襲秦故……孝文即位,有司議欲定儀禮,孝文好道家之學(xué),以為繁禮飾貌,無(wú)益于治,躬化謂何耳,故罷去之。[1]1159-1160
司馬遷認(rèn)為漢文帝因喜好道家清凈無(wú)為之術(shù),而對(duì)儀禮改革持否定態(tài)度?!稘h書·賈誼傳》曰:
(賈)誼以為漢興二十余年,天下和洽,宜當(dāng)改正朔,易服色制度,定官名,興禮樂(lè)。乃草具其儀法,色上黃,數(shù)用五,為官名悉更,奏之。文帝謙讓未皇也。[2]
班固亦認(rèn)為漢文帝并未采取賈誼的儀禮改革建議?!妒酚洝し舛U書》曰:
(十六年)黃龍見(jiàn)成紀(jì)。文帝乃召公孫臣,拜為博士,與諸生草改歷服色事……(十七年)文帝怠于改正朔服色神明之事。[1]1381-1383
司馬遷認(rèn)為漢文帝十六年(前164),曾發(fā)動(dòng)儀禮改革,但此事旋即因新垣平之事戛然而止。然而東漢末年的經(jīng)學(xué)家趙岐在《孟子題辭》中說(shuō):
孝文皇帝欲廣游學(xué)之路,《論語(yǔ)》《孝經(jīng)》《孟子》《爾雅》皆置博士。后罷傳記博士,獨(dú)立《五經(jīng)》而已。[3]
據(jù)趙岐所言,文帝時(shí)漢朝已開始大量啟用儒生。不過(guò),學(xué)者普遍認(rèn)為漢初至太初元年,漢朝沿用秦朝儀禮,并多據(jù)“文帝博士七十余人,為待詔博士”[4]中的“待詔博士”來(lái)解釋《史記》《漢書》與《孟子題辭》之間的矛盾,認(rèn)為漢文帝所置儒學(xué)博士為待詔博士,故對(duì)漢朝禮儀改革影響極為有限。此觀點(diǎn)是否符合史情?隨著簡(jiǎn)牘材料的出土,此問(wèn)題恐需商討。
一 漢初上計(jì)時(shí)間考
《肩水金關(guān)漢簡(jiǎn)(四)》中有一枚漢文帝前元七年(前173)《朝儀》詔書{1},內(nèi)容涉及漢初樂(lè)制、朝賀、上計(jì)等問(wèn)題,對(duì)于認(rèn)識(shí)漢文帝禮儀改革及西漢朝賀、上計(jì)制度等具有重要意義。漢初以十月為歲首[2]71,2128?,F(xiàn)在結(jié)合張家山247號(hào)漢墓《歷譜》可知漢初雖以十月為歲始,但十月并不稱正月,正月特指一月。結(jié)合《肩簡(jiǎn)》可知漢初十月朝獻(xiàn)的意義并非僅限于“行朝歲之禮”,尚有其他政治意義?,F(xiàn)將《肩簡(jiǎn)》抄錄如下:
·樂(lè)府卿言:齋□后殿中□□以不行……迫時(shí)入行親以為□常。諸侯王謁拜,正月朝賀及上計(jì),飭鐘張?zhí)?,從?lè)人及興、卒。制曰:可。孝文皇帝七年九月乙未下。73EJT37:1573
簡(jiǎn)文“孝文皇帝”中的“孝文”為謚號(hào),可知《肩簡(jiǎn)》是一條追述詔書。漢文帝在位凡23年:前元16年,后元7年。其中前元、后元年號(hào)為后世所加,當(dāng)時(shí)并無(wú)此稱,所以,漢文帝在位期間先后出現(xiàn)了兩個(gè)“七年”紀(jì)年。因漢文帝崩于后元七年六月,上述詔書頒布于七年九月,可知該詔書為前元七年(前173)九月詔書。
因漢初十月不稱正月,正月是指一月,故《肩簡(jiǎn)》“正月朝賀”指“一月” 朝賀。漢武帝太初元年(前96)行太初歷之前,漢朝以十月為歲首。如果按顏師古所言諸侯群臣十月朝賀是為了行朝歲禮[2]2128,那么,漢文帝令諸侯王正月朝賀,其目的何在?