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        旅游環(huán)境承載力研究綜述

        2019-08-02 09:48:26楊秀平翁鋼民
        旅游學(xué)刊 2019年4期

        楊秀平 翁鋼民

        [摘 要]旅游環(huán)境承載力的研究對(duì)加強(qiáng)旅游目的地的管理、提升目的地相關(guān)主體的滿意度、促進(jìn)目的地可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重要意義,旅游環(huán)境承載力問題的研究成為旅游管理領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn)。文章從旅游環(huán)境承載力的概念、指標(biāo)體系、計(jì)量模型、應(yīng)用研究和管理工具等5個(gè)方面梳理了近年來國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者的研究,提出旅游環(huán)境承載力問題的研究方向和側(cè)重點(diǎn),指出:(1)針對(duì)旅游相關(guān)主體偏好的區(qū)間性特征、界定基于多主體需求的旅游環(huán)境承載力概念體系,從旅游環(huán)境承載力的供給指標(biāo)與主體對(duì)旅游環(huán)境的需求要素角度構(gòu)建指標(biāo)體系;(2)提高旅游環(huán)境承載力計(jì)量模型的科學(xué)性與精確性,分析系統(tǒng)內(nèi)部與系統(tǒng)之間的動(dòng)態(tài)匹配機(jī)理、測(cè)度模型,模擬特定主體的行動(dòng)軌跡與旅游環(huán)境承載力的波動(dòng)軌跡;(3)結(jié)合時(shí)代特征,關(guān)注典型區(qū)域,并展開應(yīng)用研究;(4)對(duì)旅游環(huán)境可持續(xù)承載進(jìn)行優(yōu)化,分析可持續(xù)承載“潛力”轉(zhuǎn)化為可持續(xù)承載“實(shí)力”的系統(tǒng)性管理舉措。

        [關(guān)鍵詞】旅游環(huán)境承載力;旅游可持續(xù)發(fā)展;人一地關(guān)系;旅游影響

        [中圖分類號(hào)]F59

        [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼]A

        [文章編號(hào)]1002-5006(2019)04-0096-10

        Doi: 10.19765/j .cnki.1002-5006.2019.04.013

        引 言

        旅游承載力(tourism canying/bearing capacity)又被稱為旅游容量,當(dāng)今國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者關(guān)于此問題的研究多集中在旅游環(huán)境承載力、旅游環(huán)境容量方面[1],相關(guān)文章多發(fā)表在旅游、生態(tài)、環(huán)境、地理等主題的學(xué)術(shù)期刊,雖有學(xué)者質(zhì)疑兩者的差異,但多數(shù)學(xué)者堅(jiān)持旅游環(huán)境容量與旅游環(huán)境承載力是同義語。20世紀(jì)60年代,旅游環(huán)境承載力問題受到學(xué)者的關(guān)注;20世紀(jì)90年代后,隨著可持續(xù)發(fā)展理念研究的深入,旅游環(huán)境承載力相關(guān)問題逐漸成為旅游資源開發(fā)與規(guī)劃領(lǐng)域研究的熱點(diǎn)問題。旅游環(huán)境承載力相關(guān)問題的研究憑借其獨(dú)特的理論與廣闊的應(yīng)用前景,闡釋著“人一地”系統(tǒng)的相互作用機(jī)制以及人類活動(dòng)產(chǎn)生的生態(tài)與環(huán)境效益。

        21世紀(jì)旅游發(fā)展迅猛,旅游產(chǎn)業(yè)已成為部分國(guó)家或地區(qū)國(guó)民經(jīng)濟(jì)的戰(zhàn)略性支柱產(chǎn)業(yè);旅游者規(guī)??涨霸龃?,旅游活動(dòng)成為百姓常態(tài)化的生活方式。根據(jù)《世界旅游經(jīng)濟(jì)趨勢(shì)報(bào)告(2019)》的分析,2018年全年全球旅游總?cè)舜芜_(dá)121.0億人次,全球旅游總收入達(dá)5.34萬億美元,預(yù)計(jì)2019年全球旅游總收入將達(dá)到5.54萬億美元,相當(dāng)于全球GDP的6%,高于全球經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)速度;從我國(guó)來看,2018年國(guó)內(nèi)旅游為55.4億人次,中國(guó)公民出境旅游1.48億人次,入境游客1.42億人次,實(shí)現(xiàn)旅游收入約5.99萬億元,預(yù)計(jì)2019年國(guó)內(nèi)旅游人數(shù)60.6億人次,將實(shí)現(xiàn)旅游總收入6.52萬億元①。大眾旅游時(shí)代的到來,旅

        游者出游率的提升,導(dǎo)致旅游旺季客流的大規(guī)模集中,當(dāng)外界“刺激”(旅游環(huán)境需求量)超出旅游環(huán)境承載力時(shí),旅游環(huán)境系統(tǒng)將逐漸呈現(xiàn)逆向變化嘲。世界旅游組織指出,把旅游活動(dòng)限定在旅游環(huán)境承載力范圍內(nèi),是保證旅游目的地可持續(xù)發(fā)展的需要。在此背景下,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)旅游環(huán)境承載力的相關(guān)問題進(jìn)行著基礎(chǔ)性和前沿性研究、從事著本土化適應(yīng)性的嘗試,以期對(duì)民眾出行進(jìn)行合理引導(dǎo)。

        近年來,旅游環(huán)境承載力相關(guān)問題的研究逐步深入,文章從旅游環(huán)境承載力的概念、指標(biāo)體系、計(jì)量模型、應(yīng)用研究與管理工具5個(gè)角度對(duì)旅游環(huán)境承載力相關(guān)研究進(jìn)行梳理,提出今后旅游環(huán)境承載力研究的重點(diǎn)方向與研究?jī)?nèi)容,解決旅游發(fā)展中旅游者大量涌入導(dǎo)致旅游環(huán)境壓力增大的系列現(xiàn)實(shí)問題,為實(shí)現(xiàn)旅游目的地的可持續(xù)發(fā)展提供科學(xué)依據(jù)。

        1 旅游環(huán)境承載力概念的研究

        學(xué)者們對(duì)旅游環(huán)境承載力的探討圍繞“人一地”關(guān)系展開,以“地”為中心的理念認(rèn)為旅游環(huán)境承載力的研究重點(diǎn)考慮人類開展旅游活動(dòng)空間場(chǎng)所和地域背景下的基礎(chǔ)要素;以“人”為中心的理念認(rèn)為旅游環(huán)境承載力的研究應(yīng)關(guān)注以旅游者為代表的相關(guān)主體的感受。20世紀(jì)60-70年代,旅游環(huán)境承載力概念的探討側(cè)重于“使用量”[3]“利用強(qiáng)度”[4]與“旅游者滿意度”[5-6]等的定性分析;20世紀(jì)80-90年代以后,伴隨著國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)旅游環(huán)境承載力研究的起步,學(xué)者們?cè)谇捌凇笆褂昧俊薄袄脧?qiáng)度”[5,7-11]等相關(guān)研究的基礎(chǔ)上,熱衷于目的地旅游者數(shù)量極限值或臨界值的界定,旅游環(huán)境承載力研究的側(cè)重點(diǎn)集中在旅游者的“最大承載數(shù)量”[12-17],旅游環(huán)境承載力成為目的地旅游可持續(xù)發(fā)展的重要判據(jù)[15]。進(jìn)入21世紀(jì),旅游環(huán)境承載力的研究在強(qiáng)調(diào)其“增長(zhǎng)極限——旅游者最大承載數(shù)量”[18-19]“使用水平與利用強(qiáng)度”[20-22]的同時(shí),旅游環(huán)境相對(duì)承載力的研究有助于目的地旅游環(huán)境承載力問題的橫向比較[21];有學(xué)者提出在旅游發(fā)展中應(yīng)注重多主體對(duì)旅游環(huán)境需求與目的地旅游吸引物承載力之間的匹配、考慮相關(guān)主體利益的協(xié)調(diào)[22-24],部分學(xué)者把旅游影響研究納入旅游環(huán)境承載力的研究范疇[25-26],旅游環(huán)境可持續(xù)承載問題的研究體現(xiàn)了國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)旅游社會(huì)責(zé)任的認(rèn)同[27-29]。

        綜上,國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)旅游環(huán)境承載力概念的界定雖有所差異,但相關(guān)研究已達(dá)成4點(diǎn)共識(shí):第一,以可持續(xù)發(fā)展思想為指導(dǎo);第二,以探究旅游目的地開發(fā)限度為直接目的;第三,旅游目的地自然、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)等要素沒有遭到破壞;第四,注重旅游者滿意度的提升。可持續(xù)發(fā)展強(qiáng)調(diào)“惠眾”“公平”“可持續(xù)”,現(xiàn)有概念多圍繞旅游者這一主體展開,不利于和諧旅游環(huán)境的構(gòu)建。缺乏對(duì)相關(guān)主體旅游環(huán)境需求的考慮,導(dǎo)致研究成果難以有效地應(yīng)用到旅游目的地的管理實(shí)踐,在特定背景下旅游環(huán)境承載力研究對(duì)相關(guān)主體關(guān)注的缺位,將導(dǎo)致相關(guān)主體的利益被掠奪,導(dǎo)致目的地旅游開發(fā)的粗放性和旅游管理的短視性。

        2 旅游環(huán)境承載力指標(biāo)體系的研究

        旅游環(huán)境承載力測(cè)評(píng)指標(biāo)體系經(jīng)歷了從單指標(biāo)向多指標(biāo)的發(fā)展過程,旅游環(huán)境承載力研究的初始階段多選取以自然環(huán)境為主的旅游目的地,此時(shí)指標(biāo)體系的構(gòu)建多以單指標(biāo)為主,通過對(duì)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)[23,30-31]的追溯,單指標(biāo)的研究未構(gòu)成明確的發(fā)展階段且很快進(jìn)入指標(biāo)多元化階段。隨著研究視角、旅游目的地類型及其他因素的影響,指標(biāo)體系涵蓋了生態(tài)、經(jīng)濟(jì)、社會(huì)、文化等方面,指標(biāo)體系的多元化為其計(jì)量模型的豐富奠定了基礎(chǔ)。值得一提的是,在指標(biāo)體系構(gòu)建中,結(jié)合濱海旅游目的地[32-33]、國(guó)家公園[34-35]、島嶼型旅游目的地[36]、省域[37]、城市[25]、保護(hù)區(qū)[38]等特定地域背景,對(duì)指標(biāo)體系進(jìn)行了細(xì)化,如表1所示;相對(duì)旅游環(huán)境承載力指標(biāo)體系的提出[21],為區(qū)域旅游環(huán)境承載力的比較奠定了基礎(chǔ)。由此可見,基于不同的旅游目的地構(gòu)建差異化的旅游環(huán)境承載力指標(biāo)體系,并結(jié)合具體的旅游目的地進(jìn)行靈活調(diào)整,是今后旅游環(huán)境承載力指標(biāo)體系構(gòu)建的重點(diǎn)。

        3 旅游環(huán)境承載力計(jì)量模型的研究

        旅游環(huán)境承載力的評(píng)價(jià)方法具有多學(xué)科交叉的特點(diǎn),分為對(duì)旅游者的測(cè)算模型與對(duì)指標(biāo)體系的綜合計(jì)量模型。部分學(xué)者提出應(yīng)用“木桶原理”中的“短板理論”確定旅游環(huán)境承載力數(shù)值[39],在問卷調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上[40],結(jié)合周轉(zhuǎn)率提出面積法[13,41]、景點(diǎn)線路法[42]、設(shè)備設(shè)施法[43]等方法;進(jìn)入21世紀(jì),綜合指標(biāo)計(jì)量模型占據(jù)主導(dǎo)地位,比較有代表性的有線性規(guī)劃法[44-45]、層次分析法[17.46]、生態(tài)足跡法[47-48]、旅

        游情景法和脆弱性地圖法[49]、計(jì)算機(jī)仿真和系統(tǒng)動(dòng)力學(xué)模型[25,50]、模糊推理和灰色預(yù)測(cè)[51]、投入一產(chǎn)出分析[52]、地理信息技術(shù)[53]等,從旅游業(yè)的季節(jié)性變動(dòng)和旅游地生命周期角度,分析了旅游環(huán)境承載力的動(dòng)態(tài)變化,相關(guān)計(jì)量模型的比較見表2所示。

        現(xiàn)有旅游環(huán)境承載力計(jì)量模型的研究成果關(guān)注精確數(shù)值的限定;部分學(xué)者嘗試尋找其波動(dòng)范圍,但受單一主體需求的影響,閾值隨著外界條件的改變而調(diào)整,承載力隨著技術(shù)、參數(shù)、產(chǎn)品和消費(fèi)的結(jié)構(gòu)而變動(dòng)[49]。在“管理目標(biāo)”或“理想狀況”的具體標(biāo)準(zhǔn)缺位的情況下,盡管旅游環(huán)境承載力相關(guān)問題的研究強(qiáng)調(diào)科學(xué)性、客觀性,但其計(jì)量模型卻融入了一定的主觀性因素;對(duì)旅游環(huán)境需求主體考慮單一,影響計(jì)量方法的準(zhǔn)確性。旅游環(huán)境供給方表示旅游環(huán)境的容納能力,旅游環(huán)境的需求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和需求量造成對(duì)旅游環(huán)境的壓力,計(jì)量模型的研究需要綜合考慮旅游環(huán)境的供給方和多主體對(duì)旅游環(huán)境的需求狀況。從現(xiàn)有國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)旅游環(huán)境承載力計(jì)量模型的分析看,亟須對(duì)旅游環(huán)境需求主體進(jìn)行合理界定,結(jié)合地域背景分析旅游環(huán)境的供給能力,量化分析差異情景下的決策者偏好。上述問題的成功解決是量化方法應(yīng)用的前提。

        4 旅游環(huán)境承載力的應(yīng)用研究

        國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)旅游環(huán)境承載力的研究與不同類型的旅游目的地結(jié)合,使應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的選取呈現(xiàn)了“點(diǎn)、線、面”的特點(diǎn),并出現(xiàn)了向特定區(qū)域擴(kuò)展的趨勢(shì)?;诓煌难芯恳暯浅休d力理論得以廣泛應(yīng)用,學(xué)者們通過限制旅游者流量和流向來保護(hù)自然資源、保障旅游者的體驗(yàn)和經(jīng)歷[54]。但在實(shí)踐環(huán)節(jié),旅游環(huán)境承載力的研究多通過一些可以量化的指標(biāo),突出其在旅游規(guī)劃中的“數(shù)字”特征。國(guó)內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)旅游環(huán)境承載力的應(yīng)用研究始于旅游區(qū)(點(diǎn)),學(xué)者結(jié)合海濱沙灘[32-33,43,53]、島嶼[36,46]、山體巖石[39,55]、洞穴[49]、主題公園與國(guó)家公園[24,56]、沙漠[57]等特定旅游資源特征進(jìn)行分析,在實(shí)地調(diào)研的基礎(chǔ)上獲得一手?jǐn)?shù)據(jù)資料,旅游者測(cè)算評(píng)價(jià)法成為特定空間、游道、設(shè)備設(shè)施承載力的主要測(cè)算方法;研究對(duì)象拓展到單體旅游城市[25,58],接著延伸到特定區(qū)域[59-62]。旅游城市與特定區(qū)域旅游環(huán)境承載力的研究多基于統(tǒng)計(jì)年鑒等獲取數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行測(cè)算。探討量化方法在不同地域背景下的適應(yīng)性,不斷地提升研究成果的理論化程度、從本土特征的研究中探索并構(gòu)建本土化的學(xué)科基礎(chǔ)理論。但特定區(qū)域旅游環(huán)境可持續(xù)承載的量化研究較少,削弱了應(yīng)用研究的系統(tǒng)性。

        5 旅游環(huán)境承載力管理工具的研究

        因國(guó)情的差異,國(guó)內(nèi)外管理工具的發(fā)展路徑相差很大。國(guó)外學(xué)者呼吁制定國(guó)家法律保證管理工具作用的發(fā)揮,國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者更多強(qiáng)調(diào)旅游目的地改進(jìn)性的管理舉措。國(guó)外常見的管理工具有可接受改變的極限理論(limits of acceptable change,LAC)、旅游者體驗(yàn)和資源保護(hù)理論(visitor experience andresource protection,VERP)、旅游者活動(dòng)管理程序(visitor activities management process, VAMP)、旅游者影響管理(visitor impact management,VIM)、游憩機(jī)會(huì)譜系(recreation opportunity spectrum,ROS)、最優(yōu)化旅游管理模型(tourism optimizationmanagement model,TOMM)等;針對(duì)國(guó)外學(xué)者提出的管理工具[63],張驍鳴進(jìn)行了其適應(yīng)范圍的對(duì)比研究[64];Navarro提出應(yīng)用較為廣泛的驅(qū)動(dòng)力一壓力一狀態(tài)一影響一響應(yīng)模型(driving force-pressure- state-

        impact-response,DPSIR),指出旅游者的到來對(duì)旅游目地的轉(zhuǎn)變具有驅(qū)動(dòng)性,表現(xiàn)為旅游者的涌入對(duì)旅游目的地產(chǎn)生“人”的壓力,壓力促使旅游目的地系統(tǒng)發(fā)生改變,對(duì)旅游目的地產(chǎn)生影響,導(dǎo)致旅游目的地主動(dòng)與被動(dòng)的響應(yīng)[38],見圖1所示。國(guó)內(nèi),清華大學(xué)對(duì)LAC理論及衍生工具進(jìn)行了相關(guān)研究;但在我國(guó)特殊國(guó)情下,受復(fù)雜性、長(zhǎng)周期、高花費(fèi)等影響,學(xué)者們多結(jié)合特定的旅游目的地,從經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)、管理學(xué)、地理學(xué)等角度提出的具體管理舉措,且多注重定性分析;部分學(xué)者圍繞旅游環(huán)境承載力預(yù)警系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行研究,提出了預(yù)控管理舉措[57],為國(guó)內(nèi)管理工具的研究開辟了新的路徑。

        旅游環(huán)境承載力的研究強(qiáng)調(diào)“測(cè)定——評(píng)價(jià)——管理舉措”的系統(tǒng)性。國(guó)外,管理工具提供的理論框架在旅游目的地廣泛應(yīng)用,鑒于旅游承載力應(yīng)用領(lǐng)域的特殊性,此類管理工具在方法的非定量性、分析的嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)性上有待商榷;國(guó)內(nèi)學(xué)者對(duì)管理工具的研究多表現(xiàn)為“套路式”的相關(guān)舉措,旅游目的地實(shí)質(zhì)性的系統(tǒng)管理相對(duì)較少。未來研究?jī)A向于在理解旅游環(huán)境承載力內(nèi)涵的基礎(chǔ)上,尋找較為合理的管理工具,從而達(dá)到有效調(diào)控的目的。

        6 旅游環(huán)境承載力相關(guān)問題的研究展望

        上述成果豐富了旅游環(huán)境承載力研究的相關(guān)理論,增強(qiáng)了人們對(duì)旅游環(huán)境系統(tǒng)的關(guān)照程度,擴(kuò)大了旅游環(huán)境承載力理論的應(yīng)用范圍;更重要的是,為旅游環(huán)境承載力的深入研究奠定了堅(jiān)實(shí)的基礎(chǔ)。針對(duì)已有研究成果存在的不足,文章提出了4點(diǎn)展望。

        6.1深入研究旅游環(huán)境承載力的概念和指標(biāo)體系

        基于“人”偏好的區(qū)間性特征,本文認(rèn)為對(duì)旅游環(huán)境承載力概念界定,采用“可接受范圍”更合理,建議從旅游相關(guān)利益主體理論出發(fā),構(gòu)建基于多主體需求的旅游環(huán)境承載力概念體系。在文獻(xiàn)研究和專家調(diào)查的基礎(chǔ)上,根據(jù)旅游目的地生命周期理論,探究旅游目的地不同發(fā)展階段旅游環(huán)境需求主體的構(gòu)成并分析多主體的需求特征;在主動(dòng)性、重要性、緊急性等維度上分析多主體對(duì)旅游環(huán)境系統(tǒng)施壓存在差異,借助量化方法對(duì)多主體進(jìn)行分析,把多主體細(xì)分為核心主體、蟄伏主體和邊緣主體,重點(diǎn)考慮核心主體對(duì)旅游環(huán)境的需求。對(duì)多主體進(jìn)行合理分區(qū)并確定其優(yōu)先級(jí)是對(duì)旅游環(huán)境承載

        是核心主體)偏好的目標(biāo)間的相互重要性關(guān)系,根據(jù)目標(biāo)區(qū)間的偏好區(qū)域,利用進(jìn)化優(yōu)化算法尋優(yōu),進(jìn)一步比較具有相同序值的進(jìn)化個(gè)體的性能,指導(dǎo)算法向決策者的偏好區(qū)域搜索;最后,探討特定“情景”下決策者偏好與相關(guān)主體偏好的變動(dòng),動(dòng)態(tài)調(diào)整管理工具設(shè)定目標(biāo)區(qū)間和參數(shù)值,以形成調(diào)控旅游目的地承載狀況、挖掘旅游目的地可持續(xù)承載的潛力、優(yōu)化其可持續(xù)承載路徑、分析其可持續(xù)承載“潛力”轉(zhuǎn)化為可持續(xù)承載“實(shí)力”舉措的系統(tǒng)性研究框架。對(duì)旅游目的地合理規(guī)劃的基礎(chǔ)上,積極引導(dǎo)旅游環(huán)境施壓主體的行為路徑轉(zhuǎn)變,通過對(duì)旅游環(huán)境系統(tǒng)施壓主體需求的重新規(guī)劃,解決多主體旅游環(huán)境承載狀況時(shí)空錯(cuò)位問題,實(shí)現(xiàn)區(qū)域或單體旅游目的地各旅游區(qū)(點(diǎn))及區(qū)內(nèi)節(jié)點(diǎn)的協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展,在保障旅游環(huán)境可持續(xù)承載的前提下,提升旅游目的地的綜合效益,打造其整體旅游形象,實(shí)現(xiàn)旅游環(huán)境需求主體流量的增加和路徑的延長(zhǎng)。

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        A Review of Studies on Tourism Environment Carrying Capacity

        YANG Xiuping1,2, WENG Gangmin2

        (1. School ofEconomy and Management. Lanzhou University of Technology. Lanzhou 730050, China;

        2. School ofEconomy and Management. Yanshan University. Qinhuangda0 066040, China)

        Abstract: In recent years, with the rapid development of tourism and the changes in tourism demandaround the world, the environmental problems created by that industry have attracted widespreadattention. In China, the concept of tourism environment carrying capacity has become an importantbasis for formulating tourism destination planning and development policies for the tourism industry.Evaluating tourism environment carrying capacity is of great significance in the following areas:improving management in tourism destinations; enhancing satisfaction among visitors with respect totourism destinations; and promoting the sustainable development of tourism destinations. Accordingly,studies about tourism environment carrying capacity have become an area of particular interest in thefield of tourism management. In this paper, we review studies by Chinese and overseas scholarsfocused on tourism environment carrying capacity that have been published in recent years. We do sowith respect to the following five areas: the concept of tourism environment carrying capacity itself; therelated index system; measurement models; empirical research findings; and management tools. In thisstudy, we were able to identify the achievements and shortcomings of previous research into tourismenvironment carrying capacity. We also made suggestions about possible future research directionsregarding tourism environmental carrying capacity. Several conclusions emerged from the presentstudy. (1) It is necessary to conduct a deep analysis of the concept and index system of tourismenvironment carrying capacity. In view of the interval characteristics of preferences among tourismstakeholders, we defined the concept of tourism environment carrying capacity based on stakeholders'demand characteristics concerning the tourism environment system. We constructed an index systemfor tourism environment carrying capacity by adopting the perspectives of both the supply and demandfor the tourism environment system among stakeholders according to specific geographic backgrounds.(2) To enrich the econometric model analysis of tourism environment carrying capacity towardachieving harmonious development of the tourism environment system, it is essential to undertake thefollowing: focus on cross- disciplinary research; improve the scientificity and accuracy of theeconometric model; analyze the dynamic matching mechanism of the supply and demand system forthe tourism environment; create a measurement model and optimization path between that system andrelated subsystems; and simulate the action track of specific actors (for example, tourists and residents)and the fluctuating track of tourism environment carrying capacity. (3) On the basis of dynamicsimulation and optimization of changes in tourism environment carrying capacity, it is necessary toanalyze the principles and laws of spatial symmetry and nonequilibrium or polarization. In specificregions, it is requisite to examine the influence of spatial and temporal order change on tourismenvironmental carrying capacity. An emphasis should be placed on empirical research into tourismenvironment carrying capacity in tourism destinations; such research should be time sensitive and covera number of regions. (4) This paper investigates the management tools for tourism environmentcarrying capacity. It demonstrates how that capacity can be optimized to achieve sustainabledevelopment of the tourism environment system under different scenarios. This study analyzes theresearch framework for systematic management measures toward achieving sustainable carrying capacity.

        Keywords: tourism environment carrying capacity; sustainable tourism; human-environment integration;tourism impact

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