1 俯瞰/Overlook view

“保證環(huán)境可持續(xù)性”，包括改善衛(wèi)生設(shè)施，是聯(lián)合國提出的8個(gè)“千年發(fā)展目標(biāo)”之一。根據(jù)這一目標(biāo)，2000-2015年，不具備基本衛(wèi)生使用條件的人數(shù)應(yīng)減少50%。這一條件已被作為一項(xiàng)人權(quán)。世界各地目前約有25億人不具備這種條件，超過10億人（世界人口的15%）仍在戶外排便。不加控制的污水排放也會(huì)成為環(huán)境災(zāi)難，因?yàn)樗鼤?huì)損害人體健康（每年有17億人患腹瀉，76萬兒童死于霍亂、傷寒、肝炎等）。衛(wèi)生設(shè)備設(shè)施不足還會(huì)嚴(yán)重破壞經(jīng)濟(jì)（根據(jù)世界銀行的統(tǒng)計(jì)，在印度這一狀況每年要消耗國家530億美元，接近GDP的6%）。

越南各地學(xué)校缺少廁所或沒有干凈廁所的狀況隨處可見。目前88%的鄉(xiāng)村學(xué)校沒有達(dá)到越南衛(wèi)生部標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的廁所，25%完全沒有廁所。

高平省保樂村山羅社區(qū)的257戶1700人中，98%是少數(shù)民族赫蒙族和瑤族。作為極度貧困的地區(qū)，超過70%的人生活在貧困中，沒有電、基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施、道路、市場、通訊網(wǎng)絡(luò)……他們延續(xù)了山區(qū)游牧部落的遷徙文明，毀林開地，并繼承了落后的習(xí)俗，比如家中多生多育，卻很少有孩子能去上學(xué)。

山羅學(xué)校從幼兒園到中學(xué)共有485名學(xué)生，總校有10余個(gè)班，還有4個(gè)分校和若干教工宿舍。它們無一達(dá)到最低標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，尤其是衛(wèi)生和洗衣設(shè)施。

因此，一個(gè)包含廁所+盥洗區(qū)+綠植的空間對(duì)于越南廣大的鄉(xiāng)村地區(qū)、特別是此地的學(xué)校是迫在眉睫的。項(xiàng)目被命名為“綠廁所”，設(shè)計(jì)有3個(gè)目標(biāo)：快速施工、低成本和廣泛的適用性。

解決方案

以枝繁葉茂的大樹為下方和室內(nèi)空間遮陰的標(biāo)志性形象為靈感，“綠廁所”低調(diào)地融入潘伽達(dá)山腳下的小坡中。它四面及周圍的臺(tái)地花園中有一層茂密的植被（綠草和樹木）。這個(gè)植被層有助于調(diào)節(jié)室內(nèi)氣候，加固承重結(jié)構(gòu)，提供食物，同時(shí)營造出室內(nèi)外隱含的邊界。

“綠廁所”是由當(dāng)?shù)厝耍ń處?、學(xué)生、群眾）用當(dāng)?shù)夭牧希ㄖ?、磚、回收的下水道）以簡單的施工方法（挖填比1:1，手工方法：別卡、綁扎、懸掛）建造出來的。這就使建筑可以通過錨固和綁扎來抵抗自然災(zāi)害。項(xiàng)目完全采用自然通風(fēng)和采光。此外，我們還用了太陽能板供電，并對(duì)廢水和自來水進(jìn)行回收。

使用者可以從該項(xiàng)目與大自然和當(dāng)?shù)厣鐓^(qū)之間的交流中得到學(xué)習(xí)和教育。其施工方法可以成為有益的教材，比如地質(zhì)學(xué)和水文學(xué)（用水）、物理（光漫射）、空氣動(dòng)力學(xué)（通風(fēng)）、生物學(xué)（光合作用、植物栽培）、農(nóng)業(yè)……所有這些都會(huì)影響人們未來的行為，促進(jìn)當(dāng)?shù)厣鷳B(tài)平衡與穩(wěn)定經(jīng)濟(jì)的發(fā)展。

憑借廣泛的適用性，全國各地的人都可以在3周內(nèi)，自己用3000美元快速建成一座“綠廁所”。我們希望綠廁所能顯著改善越南的人權(quán)狀況。□（尚晉 譯）

"Ensure environmental sustainability"included improving sanitation facilities is one of the eight "Millennium Development Goals" by United Nations. According to that, from 2000 to 2015, the number of people without access to basic sanitation will decrease by 50%. The access has been recognised as a human right. All over the world currently there are about 2.5 billions people lacked of that access and more than a billion people(15% of the world population) are still defecating outdoors. The uncontrolled waste water discharge would also be an environmental disaster, because it harms human health (every year 1.7 billion people suffer from diarrhea and 760,000 children die of cholera, typhoid, hepatitis, etc.). Lacking sanitary equipment and facilities also cause economical damage tremendously (according to World Bank, in India that condition costs this country more than 53 billion USD every year, accounting for nearly 6% of its GDP).

In Vietnam, it is popular to see the lack of toilet or clean toilet in schools across the country.Currently 88% of schools in countryside have no toilet meeting criteria by the National Ministry of Health and a quarter of them have no toilet at all.

Son Lap Commune, Bao Lac, Cao Bang Province has 257 households/1,700 inhabitants with 98%of the minority ethnic H'Mong and Dao. As an extremely poor area with more than 70% of the population living in poverty, people have to live a life without electricity, infrastructure, road, market,telecommunication network... Following the shifting cultivation of wandering hill tribes, they have destroyed forests and keep backward habits such as having many children in a family, of whom only few could go to school.

Son Lap School has a total of 485 students from kindergarten to secondary levels with more than 10 classes at the main school, 4 branch schools and some staff housings. None of them meets the minimum standards, specifically in terms of sanitary and washing facilities.

2 外立面/Fa?ade

3 細(xì)部/Detail

Thus, a space including toilet + washing area + vegetation is very urgent to the school here in particular and in Vietnam countryside in general. Being named Toigetation, the project has been designed based on three objectives: quick construction, low cost and widely-applied ability.

Solution

Inspired by the iconic image of a large tree with wide canopy giving shade for the space below and within, Toigetation humbly blends into the slope at the foot of Phja Da Mount. It includes a thick layer of vegetation (trees and herbs) on its four sides and the surrounding terraced garden. The vegetation layer helps regulating indoor climate, reinforcing the load bearing structure, supplying food and at the same time creating an implied boundary between inside and outside.

Toigetation is created by local human resources(teachers, students, people) & local materials(bamboo, brick, reused sewers) with simple construction methods (dig/fill proportion of 1/1;handcraft methods: pin, tie, hang) which makes the structure anchored, tied to resist natural disasters.The project has fully natural ventilation and lighting.In addition, we also use solar panels for producing energy and reuse waste water and running water.

Users can learn and be educated from the dialogue between the project, nature and local community. The construction methods would be useful teaching materials such as Geology and Hydrology (water), Physics (light diffusion), Aerodynamics (ventilation), Biology(photosynthesis, vegetable planting), Agriculture...All of these will affect the future actions of the people, contributing to the development of the local ecological balance and stable economy.

With the ability of wide application, people from across the country can quickly build a Toigetation by themselves within 3 weeks with a cost of 3000 USD. We hope the Toigetation could considerably improve human rights in Vietnam.□

4 總平面/Site plan

5 示意/Diagram

6 細(xì)部詳圖/Detail

7 細(xì)部/Detail

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data

地點(diǎn)/Location: 越南高平省保樂村山羅社區(qū)山羅小學(xué)Son Lap school, Son Lap Commune, Bao Lac, Cao Bang Province,Vietnam

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: Doan Thanh Ha, Tran Ngoc Phuong

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: Luc Van Tu, Chu Kim Thinh, Nguyen Van Manh, Patricia Erimescu, Vo Quynh Thu, Nguyen Thi Xuyen, Chu Van Dong, Nguyen Hai Hue, Hoang Huu Nam

建筑顧問/Architectural Adviser: Dr. Nguyen Tri Thanh

施工/Construction: H&P建筑設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所與志愿者/H&P Architects and volunteers

竣工時(shí)間/Completion Time: 2014.12

攝影/Photos: Doan Thanh Ha

8 植被層/A thick layer of vegetation

9 細(xì)部/Detail

10 洗手池/Sink