1 外景/Exterior view

限制的風(fēng)景才是美景。建筑除了功能使用，還能帶給人美好的感覺；解決生理問題的建筑，也能帶來心理上的美好感受。

這個公廁項目位于湖北孝昌澴河邊，場地所在地花園鎮(zhèn)為了舉辦龍舟節(jié)大賽，要對場地現(xiàn)有周邊環(huán)境進行改造提升，包括新建廣場、棧道、公廁、碼頭平臺等。

現(xiàn)場多年生的松樹，密集高大，場地原來有一個農(nóng)村常見的簡易旱廁，衛(wèi)生狀況堪憂。建筑師在構(gòu)思初期，將保留松樹作為第一選擇，根據(jù)實測的場地樹木布置位置，設(shè)計了兩個半徑大小不同的環(huán)形建筑，巧妙地繞開了所有松樹。

這貼合建筑師一直堅持的“建筑和景觀一體化”實踐理念：在這個項目中，建筑與植物的相互交融，使得建筑仿佛已存在于場地很多年；而建筑成為松樹的載體，松樹林將建筑包圍。這是以景觀師的思維模式在思考建筑設(shè)計：建筑如同植物放大的容器，將植物等自然要素放在建筑等人工要素之前。

圓形建筑的布局，男女兩個公廁分列于入口廣場兩邊，女廁稍小，男廁稍大。

松樹林遮天蔽日，在頂部形成了建筑的第二層“大屋頂”，這讓松樹下室外和室內(nèi)的界線變得模糊。環(huán)形建筑內(nèi)院這種感覺尤其強烈，環(huán)形的清水混凝土頂帶給人只是屋檐的感覺，而松樹帶給人第二層自然屋頂?shù)母杏X。圓形內(nèi)院把人的視線引上天空，因為有了圓形的畫框，松樹這種再普通不過的樹木，變成了一幅生動的畫。

環(huán)形內(nèi)院的氣氛，更使人在上廁所的過程中有了一種放松。從外面的松樹天空，過渡到內(nèi)院被圓形裁剪過的天空，給人一種心理暗示：你是在室外上廁所，但你的隱私卻是得到保證的。這滿足一般人想在室外上廁所的沖動，又把最好的風(fēng)景送到你的眼前。上廁所的人，還有一個行為模式是沿著環(huán)形走廊走一圈才會離開。1.2m高半遮擋的環(huán)形花格子墻，滿足了這種探知和好奇的心理。選擇環(huán)形建筑內(nèi)院的原因，也是考慮到公廁的通風(fēng)實際功能，盡可能地增加開口面積，實現(xiàn)自然通風(fēng)換氣。

圓筒這樣規(guī)則幾何外觀的形體，在樹木自然散布狀態(tài)的松林中只出現(xiàn)了兩個。因為這種純粹幾何感，它與自然保持了適當(dāng)?shù)木嚯x，又有辨識度。圓形是設(shè)計師人為刻意的結(jié)果，被用在這個簡單項目上來驗證尺度和空間的關(guān)系，為將來的其他項目提供了原型的探索。

為了保證幾何體量的純粹性，建筑材料其內(nèi)墻、外墻都選擇了清水紅磚墻；這個也是考慮到當(dāng)?shù)厥┕り牭墓に囁?，保證項目施工有一定容錯性。事實證明這個選擇是對的，在趕工期階段，內(nèi)墻就不需要貼瓷磚，地面也用小青磚圍繞環(huán)形做弧度鋪設(shè)，它耐臟、吸水，也符合郊野公廁的衛(wèi)生管理粗放的實際需求。所有的混凝土澆筑后，只刷了清漆處理，這也是建筑師在過去的項目中試驗總結(jié)出的保護清水混凝土的土辦法。

男女廁的外墻上的標志，用紅磚砌筑突出墻面的“凸凹”兩字，算是建筑師開的一個小小的玩笑，其實也是結(jié)合磚本身的材質(zhì)砌筑特性而來的方案。紅磚的砌筑特性還體現(xiàn)在留孔的花格式砌法，容易創(chuàng)造出多變的光影，結(jié)合圓形洞口的光影使這個環(huán)形廁所在一天的陽光變化下，投影不斷發(fā)生變化，帶來了戲劇般的空間效果。在清水紅磚墻的立面，穿插砌筑了玻璃磚。在夜晚，公廁變得具有標示性，這一日常的公共建筑變得浪漫了?！酰ɡ顫?文）

項目信息/Credits and Data

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: 李濤/LI Tao

設(shè)計團隊/Design Team: 李龍，陸洲，申劍俠，董昊，祖麗君/LI Long, LU Zhou, SHEN Jianxia, DONG Hao, ZU Lijun

材料/Materials: 紅磚，混凝土/Bricks, concrete

建筑面積/Floor Area: 198m2

造價/Cost: 25萬人民幣/250,000 CNY

設(shè)計時間/Design Time: 2017

竣工時間/Completion Time: 2017

攝影/Photos: 李濤，李夢琳，申劍俠（航拍部分）/LI Tao, LI Menglin, SHEN Jianxia (aerial part)

2 鳥瞰/Aerial view

3 內(nèi)景/Interior view

4 鳥瞰/Aerial view

5 內(nèi)景/Interior view

A limited scenery is the true beautiful scenery.Architecture can bring the beautiful feeling in addition to function, which can solve physiological problems and breed wonderful psychological feelings.

The public toilets project is located near Huan river, Huayuan Town, Xiaochang City, Hubei Province. In order to hold the Dragon Boat Festival Competition, the existing surrounding environment of this site should be upgraded, including new square, Boardwalk, public toilet, wharf platform, etc.

There are large expanses of perennial pine trees on the original site, but only one dry latrine with poor sanitation condition, which is common in Chinese rural areas. The architect decided to take preserving these pine trees as the first choice.Thus, two annular buildings of different sizes were designed, and all the pine trees were skillfully bypassed according to the measured location of these pine trees. This perfectly fits in the concept of "blending of architecture and landscape" that the architect has always insisted on. In this project,the integration of architecture and plants makes these two buildings seem to exist on the site for many years. The buildings are regarded as two large containers of the pine trees, and the pine forest surrounds them. Natural elements such as plants takes precedence, followed by artificial elements such as construction. This is how the architect uses the mode of thinking landscape to design buildings.

The building has a circular layout with men and women's public toilets arranged on both sides of the entrance square. The women's toilets are slightly smaller than the men's room .

Covering the sun, the pine forest forms a second "roof" of the building and all the activities are guided under the pine trees, which makes the boundary between the outdoors and indoor blurred.This feeling is particularly strong when people are in the building. The round inner courtyard directs view sight to the sky, and the shape of it makes it a perfect circular frame, which makes these common pine trees a vivid picture.

From the outside sky filled with the pine trees to the rounded sky cut by the circular inner courtyard,this courtyard builds an interesting atmosphere,which makes people feel relax during using toilets.It gives people a psychological hint: they are in the outdoor toilet, but their privacy is still guaranteed.This will satisfy the impulse of most people who want to go to toilets outdoors, while seeing the best scenery. There is another behavior pattern of these people which is, they intend to will walk around the corridor before leaving. This 1.2-metre-high wall with semi-blocked-flower lattice meet their psychological needs of exploration and curiosity. The reason for the shape of the courtyard is that the actual function of the toilets was taken into account. The architect try to increase opening area and to achieve natural ventilation as much as possible.

There only two cylinders, the regular geometries,in the pine forest. Pure geometry brings it self recognition while it keeps a proper distance from nature. This geometry is designed intentional by the architect, who regards this project as an experiment to verify the sense of scale and spatial sense of the"round" building, as well as to provide a prototype exploration for other projects in the future.

The architect chose red brick as the building material in order to ensure the purity of the geometric volume and error tolerance considering construction technology of local building workers.It is proved to be right eventually: walls will not need to be decorated with tiles on the deadline; dirt resistance and water absorption of it makes it easy to manage after being put into use. All concrete was varnished after being cast.

The logo, "concave-convex" in Chinese, of men's toilets and women's on the external wall was also made by red brick and the idea of it was inspire by the characteristics of brick. These special characteristics of it are also used to build holes like flower puzzle,in order to create variable light and shadows, which creates dramatic and dynamic space effect combined with shadow of circular inner courtyard. Glass bricks were also used intermixed in the external wall to make these two building more significant and romantic. □ (Translated by ZHANG Liuyang)

6 總平面/Site plan

7 男廁所平面/Plan of men's toilet

8 女廁所平面/Plan of women's toilet

評論

鐘惠城：用圓環(huán)作為廁所的空間形式是有趣的，但純粹的形體，尤其是圓形，對人的行為和心理有著很大的影響，當(dāng)這個空間被用作廁所時，關(guān)系就更復(fù)雜了。因此，我很好奇，實際的如廁體驗與空間在心理上會建立怎樣的聯(lián)系？遺憾未能看到更多建筑內(nèi)部的照片，只能通過平面圖去想象了。

Comments

ZHONG Huicheng: It is interesting that architect uses a ring as form of the toilet, pure shape, especially circle, brings huge impact to people's behavior and mentality, it is even more complicated when this space is used as a restroom. Therefore, I am curious about the mental relationship between the toilet experience and the space. It is regret that I could not see more interior photos of the building, I have to imagine based on the plan.

彭小松：該項目積極回應(yīng)鄉(xiāng)村建設(shè)的實際條件，以在地工藝打造品質(zhì)生活，用純粹的幾何空間切合生態(tài)微觀環(huán)境。簡潔的建筑形體形成了有儀式感的空間序列，內(nèi)外意向各有千秋；對場地內(nèi)松樹植被的謹慎考量與避讓，使得廁所建筑能夠完美結(jié)合并融入到周邊環(huán)境中，成為公共生活的美麗背景和有力支撐。同時，設(shè)計體現(xiàn)出對砌體結(jié)構(gòu)及其紋理的把控，并能有針對性地利用和引導(dǎo)周邊景觀，以影響內(nèi)部環(huán)形區(qū)域的空間體驗，形成特別而富于詩意的建構(gòu)表達。（肖靖 校）

PENG Xiaosong: The project responds to the actual conditions of rural construction with a positive attitude. It creates life styles with qualities by using local crafts and ecological microenvironment in form of pure geometry. The simple architectural forms render a spatial sequence of ritual, marrying both internal and external intentions. After carefully considering the possibility of not interfering with pines in the site, it perfectly integrates the toilet with surroundings and then provides a beautiful and supportive backdrop for public life. At the same time, the design masters the masonry structure and texture, and strategically takes advantage of and conducts the surrounding landscape into the spatial experience of the inner circle. It represents a unique and poetic expression of tectonics.(Translated by HAN Li, proofread by XIAO Jing)