建筑設(shè)計(jì)：清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院

1 從嘉陵江上望建筑西側(cè)立面/Overview of the west fa?ade of the building on the Jialing River

四川廣元千佛崖摩崖造像始建于1700年前的北魏時(shí)期，由于風(fēng)化嚴(yán)重，2014年國(guó)家文物局審批通過(guò)了針對(duì)一小部分石窟的試驗(yàn)段工程，要求探索一種有效保護(hù)使其避免遭受風(fēng)雨侵蝕的方法。設(shè)計(jì)延續(xù)了四川地區(qū)為石窟建設(shè)窟檐的傳統(tǒng)，以監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)，利用現(xiàn)代建筑技術(shù)提供更有利于保護(hù)的物理環(huán)境，并使其融入整體景觀環(huán)境。

我們選擇建造一層可以均勻透氣的表皮，為石窟提供能呼吸的“皮膚”—瓦幕墻系統(tǒng)作為建筑的整體表皮—包括墻身和屋面，確保了空間的通透性。它首先遮擋了雨水和西曬的直射陽(yáng)光，并降低了經(jīng)過(guò)窟龕表面的風(fēng)速，于此同時(shí)，瓦幕墻系統(tǒng)形成的半室外空間又能使內(nèi)外空氣以恰當(dāng)?shù)乃俣鹊玫匠浞至魍?，解決了傳統(tǒng)窟檐因局部通風(fēng)不暢導(dǎo)致該部分長(zhǎng)期溫濕度過(guò)高造成殘損的問(wèn)題。為了保證夏季自然通風(fēng)，也根據(jù)通風(fēng)計(jì)算模型在西立面上開(kāi)設(shè)洞口，而建筑的南側(cè)全部敞開(kāi)。

為了最低限度干擾文物本體，建筑結(jié)構(gòu)生根于崖壁的平坎，靠懸臂系統(tǒng)形成保護(hù)棚罩，甚至不碰觸石窟所在的崖壁，同時(shí)為減少施工對(duì)石窟所在崖壁帶來(lái)的擾動(dòng)，采用了深18m的人工挖孔樁，作為懸臂的根基。

在建筑中設(shè)置了多媒體盒子，用多媒體手段同時(shí)近距離講解石窟的價(jià)值，也為未來(lái)更先進(jìn)的闡釋手段預(yù)留了可能性。

此工程是我國(guó)在石窟保護(hù)領(lǐng)域第一次嘗試采用綜合的現(xiàn)代建筑技術(shù)手段解決保護(hù)問(wèn)題，是一次很有挑戰(zhàn)性的嘗試。到目前為止，監(jiān)測(cè)數(shù)據(jù)表明這座建筑很有效地保護(hù)了石窟，同時(shí)它也為觀賞者提供了更多的角度，建筑本身也成為了一處有趣的景觀，吸引了很多年輕人來(lái)觀賞古老的摩崖造像。

The Thousand Buddha Cliff of Guangyuan,Sichuan Province dates back to about 1700 years ago in North Wei dynasty (4th Cn. AD). Due to the severe deterioration, the National Cultural Heritage Administration firstly approved an experimental project of conservation architecture to protect a small portion of the inscriptions in 2014, the aim of which was to explore an effective method to prevent the grottos from erosion by wind and rain.The project has inherited the tradition of building shelters for cliff inscriptions in Sichuan area, while the modern architectural technologies are applied,based on the analysis of monitoring data, to create a protective physical environment for the inscriptions,and to integrate the shelter into its historical landscape.

Moreover, a semi-transparent fabric of tilecurtain system is adopted as a breathable skin,both applied on the walls and the roof, to ensure permeability of the structure. The breathable skin keeps the rain and direct sunshine from the west side and reduces the velocity of the wind passing the surface. Meanwhile, the semi-outdoor space created by the tile-curtain system ensures the ventilation of air at a proper speed inside the structure, which solves the problem of traditional shelters causing damages due to the continuous high temperature and humidity in certain parts. The openings on the west fa?ade are designed to reinforce ventilation in summer according to the computer calculation model, and the south is completely kept open.

The structure is rooted in a platform on the cliffas to minimally interfere the cultural properties,and a cantilever system is constructed to support the protective shelter and keep it away from the cliff. At the same time, the 18-metre-deep manual excavated piles were adopted as the foundation of the cantilever to minimise its disturbance to the cliffduring construction.

A multimedia box is inserted to explain the significance of the cliff inscriptions in a close distance to the visitors and to provide a venue for more advanced interpretation methods possibly adopted in future.

3 總平面/Site plan

4 剖面/Section

5 建筑平面/Floor plan

項(xiàng)目信息/Credits and Data:

客戶(hù)/Client: 廣元千佛崖石刻藝術(shù)博物館/The Museum of Qianfoya Cliff Inscriptions

主創(chuàng)建筑師/Principal Architect: 崔光海/CUI Guanghai

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Project Team: 安心默，揭小鳳，伍凱凱，李京，馬智剛，汪靜，劉力紅/Andrea Gianotti, JIE Xiaofeng, WU Kaikai, LI Jing, MA Zhigang, WANG Jing,LIU Lihong

建筑面積/Floor Area: 410m2

造價(jià)/Cost: 18.8M CNY

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 2014-2016

竣工時(shí)間/Completion Time: 2016.12.03

繪圖/Drawings: 清華大學(xué)建筑設(shè)計(jì)研究院有限公司

攝影/Photos: 五季/WU Ji

This project is the first attempt to provide a solution to protecting cliff inscriptions by adopting a comprehensive method of modern architecture and its technologies in the professional field of conservation in China, which is most challenging.As far as the monitoring statics show, the structure is quite effective in its purpose of protection. It also provides better and more views for people to appreciate the heritage, and has become an enjoyable scenery itself that attracts many visitors of younger generation to benefit from the ancient cliff inscriptions admiration.

6 細(xì)部/Details

7 細(xì)部/Details

8 建筑西立面/West fa?ade

9 瓦幕墻系統(tǒng)形成柔和的光影效果/Tile curtain wall system forms soft shadow effect

10 植入室內(nèi)用于講解的多媒體盒子/Multimedia box implanted indoors for interpretation

評(píng)論

燕達(dá)：摩崖造像多露天且易受惡劣氣候條件影響，而往往由于地理位置的原因又難做保護(hù)。該保護(hù)工程以傳統(tǒng)的屋面材料瓦片為基本元素，搭建得到的瓦片墻既保證了一定的遮光性能，同時(shí)又保證了一定的照度，不影響摩崖造像的正常參觀活動(dòng)，且由于瓦片墻特殊的結(jié)構(gòu)紋理為整個(gè)空間帶來(lái)了新的光環(huán)境的可能性和趣味性。另外，這種半室外空間既解決了石刻易受風(fēng)吹雨淋的問(wèn)題，又通過(guò)模擬計(jì)算的結(jié)果特別地開(kāi)設(shè)洞口，從而不影響空間內(nèi)正常的自然通風(fēng)。為摩崖石刻保護(hù)工程的設(shè)計(jì)提供了一種新的可能性。

肖毅強(qiáng)：石崖上簡(jiǎn)潔的建筑形體讓人印象深刻。作為一個(gè)功能性較強(qiáng)的構(gòu)筑物，設(shè)計(jì)很好地滿(mǎn)足了要求。構(gòu)筑物在不同的界面上采取了不同的策略，上部屋面可以遮雨透光，而垂直立面的通透處理如同為后面石崖上的佛像罩上面紗。構(gòu)筑的平臺(tái)和多媒體盒子滿(mǎn)足了公眾介入文物保護(hù)活動(dòng)的需要。瓦片這一鄉(xiāng)土材料的運(yùn)用，體現(xiàn)了對(duì)國(guó)情下手工藝文化的認(rèn)同。瓦與土、石等場(chǎng)地材料取得了天然的親近感。從正立面表皮上看，無(wú)法確定開(kāi)辟的洞口位置和數(shù)量與后面石像窟是否有什么關(guān)系；而構(gòu)筑物的結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)也存在著其他更為恰當(dāng)?shù)目赡苄浴ｏ@然，如何節(jié)制地操作設(shè)計(jì)，而不是做過(guò)了墮入“手法主義”，本項(xiàng)目做出了很好的嘗試。

11 建筑結(jié)構(gòu)不觸碰崖面以實(shí)現(xiàn)最小干預(yù)/Prevent the building structure from touching cliffsurface with minimum intervention

Comments

YAN Da:Bas-reliefs on precipices are mostly open-air and vulnerable to harsh weather conditions. However, these sculptures are usually difficult to protect due to their geographical locations. Traditional roofing tiles are taken as fundamental elements in this preservation project. By setting up the tiled wall, it is possible to ensure a certain shading effect and enough illumination at the same time, without affecting the regular visits of the bas-reliefs on precipices. The tile wall brings new possibilities and more interestingness of the entire space's lighting environment for the sake of its special structural texture. In addition, this semi-outdoor space not only solves the problem that the stone carving is susceptible to wind and rain but also keeps normal natural ventilation in the space by setting openings intentionally according to the result of the simulation calculation. This shows a new possibility for the design of preservation projects of bas-reliefs on precipices.(Translated by CHEN Xi)

XIAO Yiqiang:The simplistic architectural form over the cliff is impressing. The design served the purpose for the structure to be strong in functionality. The structure adopted different strategies on various interfaces. The upper roof protects the grottos from rain and sun, while the ventilating design of the vertical fa?ade acts as a veil to the inscriptions. The constructed platform and the multimedia box meet the needs of the public for participating in the protection of cultural heritage. The use of tiles,a local material, acknowledged the culture of handicraft in China. Tiles are naturally and closely related to soil and stone, which can be found on the site. However, it is hard to tell whether the position and number of openings on the front fa?ade are related to the grottos behind. And it is also possible for the structure to be expressed in other more appropriate ways. Evidently, this project made a good experiment in designing with temperance, instead of falling into the trap of "mannerism". (Translated by WANG Xinxin)