Miran Bezjak,Branislav Kocman,Stipislav Jadrijevi?,Hrvoje Ga?parovi?,Anna Mrzljak,Tajana Filipec Kani?aj,Darko Vujani?,Tomislav Bubalo,Danko Mikuli?

Miran Bezjak,Branislav Kocman,Stipislav Jadrijevi?,Tomislav Bubalo,Danko Mikuli?,Division of Abdominal Surgery and Organ Transplantation,Department of Surgery,University Hospital Merkur,Zagreb 10000,Croatia

Hrvoje Ga?parovi?,Division of Cardiology,Department of Internal Medicine,University Hospital Centre Zagreb,Zagreb 10000,Croatia

Anna Mrzljak,Tajana Filipec Kani?aj,Division of Gastroenterology,Department of Internal Medicine,University Hospital Merkur,Zagreb 10000,Croatia

Darko Vujani?,Division of Cardiology,Department of Internal Medicine,University Hospital Merkur,Zagreb 10000,Croatia

Abstract

Key words:Constrictive pericarditis;Liver transplantation;Refractory ascites;Case report

INTRODUCTION

Refractory ascites is a rare complication following orthotopic liver transplantation(OLT).It is defined as persistent ascites present for more than four weeks after a successful transplantation.It occurs in about 5% of patients after OLT and it is associated with reduced 1-year survival.Etiology may be diverse with the most common underlying causes being bacterial peritonitis,obstruction of portal or hepatic veins,graft rejection,and renal or cardiac dysfunction.Therapy depends on recognition and treatment of the underlying cause[1-4].Constrictive pericarditis is a condition characterized by clinical signs of chronic right-sided heart failure,including peripheral edema and liver congestion.In the advanced stages of the disease,hepatic congestion leads to formation of ascites,as well as liver fibrosis and cirrhosis(cardiac cirrhosis).In patients after OLT,cardiac etiology of ascites is easily overlooked and it requires a high degree of clinical suspicion[5-8].

The purpose of this case report is to summarize the cases of refractory ascites caused by constrictive pericarditis that have been published to date,to evaluate the results and analyze the approach in differential diagnosis.Also,we present an uncommon case where refractory ascites caused by constrictive pericarditis occured in patient with a transplanted liver.A Pubmed literature search was performed for studies dealing with refractory ascites caused by constrictive pericarditis published between 2000 and 2018.Key words used were constrictive pericarditis,refractory ascites,reccurent ascites,liver transplantation,ascitic fluid,pericardiectomy.Only studies published in English were analyzed.

CASE PRESENTATION

Chief complaints

A 55-year-old caucasian man underwent OLT for alcoholic cirrhosis.Prior to transplantation the patient only had a minimal amount of ascites.Apart from atrial fibrillation he had no other comorbidities.The transplant procedure and the early postoperative course were uneventful.The patient was discharged home on the 9thpost-operative day with normal liver function tests and in good general condition.Three months post transplantation he presented with prominent ascites resistant to conventional diuretic treatment.

History of present illness

All of the typical causes of post-transplant ascites were initially excluded.There were no signs of bacterial peritonitis,and paracentesis revealed ascitic fluid to be transudate.Doppler ultrasound and computed tomography were normal,showing patent anastomoses and no other morphological or vascular abnormalities.Liver biopsy showed no signs of graft failure or rejection.Liver function tests and other laboratory values were within normal limits.Apart from atrial fibrillation,there were no abnormalities in the cardiac status.Heart ultrasound showed mild mitral insufficiency with a slightly elevated pressure in the right ventricle.The ascites was explained by poorly regulated atrial fibrillation aggravated by mild anemia which upon correction improved slightly.

History of past illness

Apart from atrial fibrillation the patient had no significant past medical history prior to transplantation.

Personal and family history

The patient had no significant personal or family history.

內(nèi)部控制管理是實(shí)現(xiàn)國(guó)有企業(yè)健康穩(wěn)定發(fā)展的基礎(chǔ)，對(duì)國(guó)有企業(yè)實(shí)現(xiàn)有效的經(jīng)營(yíng)有著重要的意義。對(duì)此，就需要國(guó)有企業(yè)經(jīng)營(yíng)發(fā)展過(guò)程中，提高對(duì)內(nèi)部控制措施的使用，以此來(lái)提高對(duì)企業(yè)內(nèi)部控制管理的合理性，這就可以從以下幾方面進(jìn)行思考：

Physical examination upon admission

Eighteen months post transplantation he developed dyspnea with severe fatigue and peripheral edema with prominent ascites and a significant weight gain.The presenting signs of right-sided heart failure were highly suggestive of cardiac etiology.

Imaging examinations

Cardiac catheterisation revealed slightly elevated pressures in all four chambers and equalization of diastolic chamber pressures also known as the square root sign.This is the typical presentation of constrictive pericarditis and computed tomography showed excessive pericardial calcifications(Figures 1 and 2).The patient underwent an open pericardiectomy.The procedure was complicated by acute kidney injury which required intermittent hemodialysis.This was followed by improvement of the patient’s general condition as well as of his renal function.There were no other complications related to the procedure.Following pericardiectomy,ascites improved dramatically with complete regression of all symptoms.On the follow-up the patient remained symptom-free with no signs of recurrent ascites and with normal function of the liver graft.

FINAL DIAGNOSIS

Constrictive pericarditis.

TREATMENT

Total pericardiectomy.

OUTCOME AND FOLLOW-UP

After total pericardiectomy ascites improved dramatically with complete regression of all symptoms.On the follow-up the patient remained symptom-free with no signs of recurrent ascites and with normal function of the liver graft.

Refractory ascites after OLT is a rare complication occurring in about 5% of patients and it is usually a complication of the transplant procedure.The difficulties in the differential diagnosis of refractory ascites have been described and a delay in diagnosis is common[6-10].Most common underlying causes are bacterial or fungal peritonitis,obstruction of the portal or hepatic veins and graft rejection.Patients withrefractory ascites after liver transplantation often have prolonged hospital stay and reduced 1-year survival.The treatment should be directed at the cause of ascites[1,2].In cases without an obvious cause of ascites,splenic artery embolization has been described as a good therapeutic measure improving intrahepatic hemodynamics after liver transplantation[2].Constrictive pericarditis is a rare cause of refractory ascites after liver transplantation.There are also several case reports describing constrictive pericarditis after renal transplantation leading both to graft dysfunction and liver disease[11].This disease of the pericardium was described as concretio cordis over 300 years ago and it is characterized by fibrosis and thickening of the pericardial wall and calcifications of the pericardium[5].Due to the heart constriction,diastolic filling is impaired.The myocardium is not affected and early diastolic filling of the ventricle is normal,however,at one point the thickened pericardium prevents the ventricle from further expansion and restricts the cardiac blood flow.Disturbance of the blood flow leads to equalization of pressures in the right and left ventricles and higher pressure exerted on the interventricular septum,thus increasing the pressure in the splanchnic system.This explains the common clinical phenomenon,Kussmaul's sign,inspiratory distention of jugular veins.The most common etiology of constrictive pericarditis includes heart surgery,radiation therapy and idiopathic pericarditis.Tuberculosis remains an important etiological factor in undeveloped countries.Clinical presentation of the illness is characterized by the signs of right-sided heart failure,peripheral edema and hepatic congestion.In advanced stages,hepatic congestion can progress into fibrosis and cirrhosis,also known as cardiac cirrhosis,manifesting with edema and jaundice.Severe muscle wasting and cachexia are also described[5-7].In some studies,ascites was present in 45% of patients with constrictive pericarditis[5].Differential diagnosis includes right-sided heart failure due to restrictive cardiomyopathy,inferior vena cava obstruction,tricuspid valve dysfunction,hepatic diseases,abdominal malignancies and some rare causes such as right atrial myxoma[5,6].Analysis of the ascites may be helpful,with a unique pattern associated with constrictive pericarditis.Relatively high serum-ascitic fluid albumin gradient(SAAG)above 1.1 g/dL and total protein concentration greater than 2.5 g/dL makes it an exudate with high SAAG.Such levels of total protein count are also typical of other postsinusoidal causes of ascites,in comparison with cirrhotic ascites which is usually a transudate with lower total protein count and high SAAG[12,13].Echocardiography is the initial imaging method.The criteria pointing to the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis include thickened pericardium,inspiratory shift of interventricular septum to the left described as “septal bounce“ due to pressure changes in the heart,non-collapsing inferior vena cava and reduced diastolic filling.Cardiac catheterization is considered the gold standard in the diagnosis of constrictive pericarditis.Simultaneous catheterization of both ventricles shows equalization of diastolic chamber pressures[5-8].Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging are useful non-invasive diagnostic tools with excellent sensitivity(88%)and specificity(100%).They allow for direct visualization of the pericardial thickening and calcifications[7].Pericardiectomy is the treatment of choice for symptomatic and severe constrictive pericarditis with surgical mortality of 6% and 7-year survival of about 88%[14,15].

Figure 1 Heart catheterization with the view of the thickened pericardium.

CONCLUSION

Refractory ascites is a rare complication occurring after liver transplantation.Etiologyis diverse,and if typical causes related to the transplantation are excluded,more uncommon reasons need to be considered.Constrictive pericarditis is a common cause of refractory ascites,however,only rarely described after liver transplantation.Good outcome of total pericardiectomy in the presented case underlines the importance of a correct and timely diagnosis.

Figure 2 Computed tomography of the heart with excessive pericardial calcifications.