By Caroline Knorr
Learning gender roles from movies and TV shows has real consequences on kids self-esteem and relationships.
孩子從影視節(jié)目中了解到的性別角色劃分確實(shí)會(huì)影響其自尊和人際關(guān)系。
Gender stereotypes are messing with your kid. Its not just one movie. Its not just one TV show. Its constant exposure to the same dated concepts in the media over and over, starting before preschool and lasting a lifetime—concepts like: Boys are smarter than girls; certain jobs are best for men and others for women; and even that girls are responsible for their own sexual assaults.
According to a recent report, which analyzed more than 150 articles, interviews, books, and other social-scientific research, gender stereotypes in movies and on TV shows are more than persistent; theyre incredibly effective at teaching kids what the culture expects of boys and girls. What makes these messages stick—and harder for parents to counteract2—is that theyre timed for the precise moment in kids development when theyre most receptive to their influence.
我們?nèi)粘S^看的電影和電視節(jié)目,嘻嘻哈哈,玩玩鬧鬧,看似無(wú)關(guān)意識(shí)形態(tài),實(shí)則傳達(dá)了制片人乃至整個(gè)社會(huì)認(rèn)為理所當(dāng)然的一些觀念。比如,溫柔細(xì)膩的男人會(huì)被稱為“娘娘腔”,大大咧咧的女人則被叫做“女漢子”。這樣的叫法背后,暗藏著一套“男人/女人原本應(yīng)該怎樣”的邏輯。而從小接受這種邏輯洗禮的孩子,在人生道路上往往會(huì)受其限制。這個(gè)時(shí)候,就需要明智的家長(zhǎng)予以指導(dǎo)了。
Think of preschoolers who are just beginning to identify as boys or girls. The characters they see on TV often have an obvious masculine or feminine appearance, such as a superheros big muscles or a princess long hair. These characteristics also are often associated with specific traits—for example, being strong and brave or fearful and meek3. Fast-forward to the tween and teen years, when characters begin to wrestle with relationships, life, and job prospects.4 That “strong and brave” superhero becomes aggressive and hostile. That “fearful and meek” princess becomes submissive5 and weak.
For young audiences who absorb ideas from the media on how to behave and what to become, these characterizations6 can lead to false assumptions and harmful conclusions. These oversimplified characterizations play out in many ways over and over. According to the report, a lifetime of viewing stereotypical media becomes so ingrained7 that it can ultimately affect kids career choices, self-worth, relationships, and ability to achieve their full potential.
And lots of parents are concerned about these issues, too. We polled nearly 1,000 parents across the country and found that they believe the media has a significant influence on their kids, from how girls should look and behave to how seeing violence can affect boys beliefs about themselves. Luckily, parents can assert control over the messages that Hollywood dishes out.8 Because, lets face it: Exaggerating the differences between boys and girls is just a ploy9 to keep audiences entertained. Its not what we really want our kids to emulate10.
While there are movies and TV shows that defy11 gender stereotypes—and Hollywood is making some progress on this front—youre not going to be able to prevent your kids from seeing everything that sends the wrong message. And your kids probably like a lot of media that reinforces stereotypes. Fortunately, the most powerful messages kids absorb are from you. When you actively role-model gender equality, speak out against stereotypes, and challenge outdated ideas, kids will hear that loud and clear.
Also, you have a lot of control over your kids media—mostly when theyre little, but even as they grow. Choose quality media that reflects your values, and talk to your kids about the movies and TV shows they watch. Use these age-based strategies—from toddlerhood12 to the teen years—to reach kids at the exact moment they need to hear them.
At this age, kids:
* Learn their gender identities (that theyre a boy or a girl).
* Learn stereotypes about activities, traits, toys, and skills associated with each gender.
* Begin gender-typed play (girls “clean the kitchen,” boys “mow the lawn”).
* Need to hear your input in specific, not abstract, terms.
At this age, kids:
* Attribute certain qualities to men and women—for example, that women are more emotional and affectionate and men are more ambitious and aggressive.13
* Associate specific occupations and academic subjects with each gender.
* Self-segregate14 based on gender—boys want to play with boys, and girls want to play with girls.
* Want some choice over what they watch but still respect parents input.
At this age, kids:
* Feel self-conscious about physical changes and feel pressure to conform to cultural gender norms.
* Are intolerant of cross-gender mannerisms15 and behaviors.
* Are concerned about dating potential.
* Want to pick their own shows—and theyre often shows intended for older kids.
* Are more interested in peers than parents.
At this age, kids:
* Mix with other genders and become more flexible about stereotypes.
* Become preoccupied with their future careers, as well as appearance.
* Want to learn gender-based expectations for how to behave in social communications.
* Choose what they want to watch and are willing to discuss abstract ideas (and dont want to be lectured to).
性別成見(jiàn)正在誤導(dǎo)孩子。產(chǎn)生這種影響的,不僅僅是一部電影或者一臺(tái)電視節(jié)目。孩子從學(xué)齡前起,就不停地接觸著媒體落后的觀念,一遍一遍受其感染,這種影響持續(xù)終生。這些觀念包括:男孩比女孩更聰明;不同的工作適合不同的性別;甚至還有,女孩要為自己受到性騷擾負(fù)責(zé)。
最近的一份調(diào)查報(bào)告分析了150多篇文章、訪談、圖書和其他社會(huì)科學(xué)研究,結(jié)果顯示,性別成見(jiàn)不僅長(zhǎng)期存在于影視節(jié)目中,而且在向孩子們傳達(dá)出文化對(duì)于男女的(不同)定位方面影響驚人。這些信息會(huì)在孩子的思維里留存下來(lái),父母很難改變,因?yàn)檫@段時(shí)間正好是孩子成長(zhǎng)過(guò)程中最易受其影響的時(shí)候。
一些學(xué)齡前兒童在剛開(kāi)始意識(shí)到自己是男孩還是女孩時(shí),在電視上看到的就是要么非常男性化要么非常女性化的角色:超級(jí)英雄渾身肌肉,公主則長(zhǎng)發(fā)飄飄。這些角色不僅在外貌上區(qū)別明顯,性格上也涇渭分明:要么強(qiáng)壯勇敢,要么怯弱溫順。等這些角色迅速長(zhǎng)到十幾歲,開(kāi)始處理人際關(guān)系、規(guī)劃生活和工作的發(fā)展方向時(shí),強(qiáng)壯勇敢的超級(jí)英雄就變得強(qiáng)勢(shì)、不好惹,而怯弱溫順的公主則愈發(fā)順從和軟弱。
小觀眾們通過(guò)媒體習(xí)得行為方式并形成自我期待,而媒體的這種人物塑造很容易讓人留下錯(cuò)誤的印象,得出有害的結(jié)論。這種過(guò)于簡(jiǎn)單化的人物塑造以各種不同的形式重復(fù)上演。前面提到的研究顯示,如果孩子一直收看這種帶有性別成見(jiàn)的媒體節(jié)目,便會(huì)形成根深蒂固的觀念,連職業(yè)選擇、自我價(jià)值、人際關(guān)系和潛能的發(fā)揮最終都會(huì)受到影響。
很多家長(zhǎng)對(duì)此也憂心忡忡。我們調(diào)查了美國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)近一千名家長(zhǎng),發(fā)現(xiàn)他們認(rèn)為媒體對(duì)孩子的影響很大——既教會(huì)女孩該如何打扮如何表現(xiàn),也讓觀看暴力情節(jié)的男孩對(duì)自己有了不同的看法。幸運(yùn)的是,對(duì)于好萊塢傳達(dá)出來(lái)的大量信息,父母是可以施加影響的。因?yàn)槲覀冎?,夸大男孩和女孩之間的差異只是媒體用來(lái)取悅觀眾的手段,我們并不希望孩子真的去效仿。
當(dāng)然也有挑戰(zhàn)固有性別成見(jiàn)的影視節(jié)目,好萊塢在這方面正在取得進(jìn)步,但你依然沒(méi)法保證孩子一點(diǎn)都不接觸錯(cuò)誤的信息。你的孩子也有可能偏偏喜歡那些強(qiáng)化性別成見(jiàn)的節(jié)目。所幸父母是孩子最強(qiáng)大的信息來(lái)源。當(dāng)你積極地表現(xiàn)出性別平等以示榜樣,對(duì)那些成見(jiàn)說(shuō)不,并挑戰(zhàn)過(guò)時(shí)的觀念時(shí),孩子也會(huì)清楚地明白你的立場(chǎng)。
不僅如此,你還可以控制孩子觀看的媒體節(jié)目,尤其是在他們比較小的時(shí)候,當(dāng)然長(zhǎng)大了也未嘗不可。選擇那些能反映出你價(jià)值觀的優(yōu)質(zhì)媒體,并且經(jīng)常和孩子討論他們觀看的影視節(jié)目。你可以采取不同的年齡策略——從幼年到青少年——來(lái)讓孩子在最正確的時(shí)機(jī)接收需要的信息。
在這一年齡段,孩子會(huì):
* 認(rèn)識(shí)到自己的性別(知道自己是男孩還是女孩)。
* 了解不同性別在行為、性格、玩具、技能上所對(duì)應(yīng)的成見(jiàn)。
* 在游戲中扮演不同性別角色(女孩“打掃廚房”,男孩“給草坪割草”)。
* 需要你給出具體而不抽象的意見(jiàn)。
在這一年齡段,孩子會(huì):
* 賦予男人和女人不同的特質(zhì)。比如,女人更加情緒化、更有愛(ài)心,男人則更有抱負(fù)、更加積極進(jìn)取。
* 將不同的性別與不同的職業(yè)和學(xué)科聯(lián)系起來(lái)。
* 根據(jù)性別為自己劃分群體——男孩更愿意跟男孩玩,女孩更愿意跟女孩玩。
* 想自己決定看什么節(jié)目,但依然尊重家長(zhǎng)的意見(jiàn)。
在這一年齡段,孩子會(huì):
* 察覺(jué)出生理上的變化,對(duì)遵從文化中的性別規(guī)范感到有壓力。
* 受不了與性別不符的做法和行為。
* 考慮有沒(méi)有可能約會(huì)。
* 想自己挑選電視節(jié)目,并且喜歡看那些為年齡更大的孩子準(zhǔn)備的節(jié)目。
* 更加關(guān)注同伴,而非父母。
在這一年齡段,孩子會(huì):
* 與異性相處較好,不太看重性別成見(jiàn)。
* 將大部分精力放在外表和未來(lái)的事業(yè)上。
* 在社會(huì)交往中,想要知道如何表現(xiàn)出自己這個(gè)性別該有的樣子。
* 自己決定要看的節(jié)目,并且愿意談?wù)摮橄蟮母拍睿ǖ辉嘎?tīng)人說(shuō)教)。
1. mess with: 打擾,招惹。
2. counteract: 抵制,對(duì)抗。
3. meek: 溫順的,謙和的。
4. tween: 指年齡介于兒童(child)和青少年(teenager)之間的孩子,一般為 10—14歲;teen: 即teenager,指13—19歲的青少年;wrestle with: 努力解決,艱難對(duì)付;prospect: 前景,前途。
5. submissive: 順從的,服從的。
6. characterization: (電影、戲劇或書本中的)人物塑造。
7. ingrained: 根深蒂固的。
8. assert: 主張,堅(jiān)持;dish out:(尤指過(guò)分地)大量給予。
9. ploy: 計(jì)策,花招。
10. emulate: 效仿,模仿。
11. defy: 對(duì)抗,反抗。
12. toddlerhood: 處于幼童時(shí)期的孩子。toddler指處于學(xué)步期或剛學(xué)會(huì)走路的幼童。
13. attribute sth. to sb.: 認(rèn)為……具有(某一品質(zhì)或特征);affectionate: 充滿深情的,有感情的。
14. segregate: 分離,分開(kāi)。
∷秋葉 評(píng)
這個(gè)世界充滿著所謂“模式化”的形象,尤其是對(duì)于像異國(guó)或異性這樣的“他者”。例如,我們常說(shuō)法國(guó)人浪漫并喜愛(ài)葡萄酒,德國(guó)人嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)并喜愛(ài)啤酒,而英國(guó)人古板并喜愛(ài)下午茶;男性勇敢果斷,而女性溫柔善良,等等。其實(shí),這些成見(jiàn)就個(gè)體而言未必準(zhǔn)確,但它們卻很有效地成為了我們對(duì)于其他國(guó)家和民族的“社會(huì)集體想象物”,濃縮了我們對(duì)于他們的集體知識(shí)或認(rèn)識(shí)。所謂的“模式化”形象或“成見(jiàn)”,英文為stereotype,原指印刷業(yè)中使用的“鉛版”,后被轉(zhuǎn)借到思想領(lǐng)域,指稱那些一成不變的舊框框、老俗套。有人說(shuō),成見(jiàn)就是人們思想的現(xiàn)成模式,亦即人們對(duì)各類人物的先入之見(jiàn)。或者說(shuō),成見(jiàn)即我們頭腦中現(xiàn)存的形象。其實(shí),這種“先入之見(jiàn)”或“現(xiàn)存的形象”早自人類社會(huì)開(kāi)始即已存在,綿延上萬(wàn)年,至今仍在制約著我們對(duì)于世界的認(rèn)識(shí)?;蛘咭部梢哉f(shuō),我們就是在一定程度上通過(guò)這些“模式化”的形象來(lái)給現(xiàn)存世界賦予意義的。
在任何一個(gè)民族,關(guān)于男人、女人性別差異的模式化看法都是非常豐富的,而且根深蒂固,在很大程度上規(guī)范著不同性別的人在社會(huì)上的行為舉止。法國(guó)當(dāng)代女性主義批評(píng)家埃萊娜·西蘇(Hélène Cixous)在其論文《突圍》(“Sorties”)的篇首就羅列了男人和女人互為對(duì)立的性質(zhì):
Where is she?
Activity/passivity,
Sun/Moon,
Culture/Nature,
Day/Night,
Father/Mother,
Head/heart,
Intelligible/sensitive,
Logos/Pathos.
Form, convex, step, advance, seed,
Progress.
Matter, concave, ground—which supports the step, receptacle.
Man
Woman
她的位置何在?
主動(dòng)/被動(dòng),
太陽(yáng)/月亮,
文化/自然,
白天/夜晚,
父親/母親,
頭腦/心靈,
睿智/敏感,
理性/感性。
形態(tài)、凸?fàn)?、步伐、前進(jìn)、種子,
進(jìn)步。
物質(zhì)、凹狀、大地——支撐著
步伐,容器。
男人
女人
顯然,在此男人是動(dòng),女人是靜;男人是外擴(kuò),女人是內(nèi)斂;男人領(lǐng)風(fēng)氣之先,而女人處于從屬地位。難怪差不多一百年前,著名的奧地利心理學(xué)家弗洛伊德(Sigmund Freud, 1856—1939)提出“女人是命中注定不完美的人(Woman is in fatality an imperfect man)”,亦即中國(guó)當(dāng)代作家張賢亮所謂的“男人的一半是女人”。弗洛伊德的論據(jù)有三:一、女性天生有解剖學(xué)上的缺陷;二、僅存在一種力比多(即性本能背后的潛在力量),而這本質(zhì)上是男性的;三、不管是男人還是女人,第一個(gè)愛(ài)的目標(biāo)都是母親,而只有對(duì)男人來(lái)說(shuō),愛(ài)異性才是“自然”的。男女生理上的差異可能會(huì)對(duì)其心理產(chǎn)生影響確實(shí)不假,但由此推導(dǎo)出女人命中注定干不了許多事情,只能死心塌地地處于從屬邊緣地位,顯然也不符合事實(shí)與邏輯,因?yàn)檫@些給女性貼上的“命運(yùn)(destiny)”“本質(zhì)(nature or essence)”的標(biāo)簽大多是一種“社會(huì)建構(gòu)(social construct)”,即本文開(kāi)頭所謂的“先入之見(jiàn)”的“模式化”形象。近一個(gè)世紀(jì)的社會(huì)發(fā)展也明確地告訴我們,這些關(guān)于男人與女人的“社會(huì)建構(gòu)”形象變動(dòng)不居,其差異性話語(yǔ)也隨之時(shí)有變化,任何相關(guān)的刻板觀念完全可能被修正甚至顛覆。在過(guò)去的幾十年間,男女兩性在職業(yè)、運(yùn)動(dòng)甚至穿著打扮等多個(gè)領(lǐng)域不斷地“跨界”即為最好的佐證。
我國(guó)實(shí)行社會(huì)主義制度后,一直高舉“婦女能頂半邊天”,即男女完全平等的旗幟。在那艱苦的歲月里,女性學(xué)著男性也從事諸如農(nóng)業(yè)、建筑業(yè)、制造業(yè)等重體力活,甚至跟男性一樣,寒冷季節(jié)里在戶外忍受著低溫,甚至直接跳進(jìn)水里作業(yè)。結(jié)果是,許多女性落下一身病,甚至終身不育!近些年,又常聽(tīng)到所謂的“女孩要富著養(yǎng)”“男人來(lái)自火星,女人來(lái)自金星”等話語(yǔ),似乎男女分屬兩個(gè)不相干的種類,這無(wú)疑是走向了另一個(gè)極端。在筆者看來(lái),在男女問(wèn)題上,非此即彼的絕對(duì)主義需要被拋棄,否則不管對(duì)于女性還是男性都是一種無(wú)法彌補(bǔ)的傷害;同樣,完全把他們畫上等號(hào)也不是理性的做法,因?yàn)楫吘箖烧卟还茉谏眢w還是精神上都有著各自的特點(diǎn),跨界與融合都需要把握分寸??傊信g摒棄傳統(tǒng)上的各種條條框框,同時(shí)各自也保持一定的特色,達(dá)成一定的分工協(xié)作,互為補(bǔ)充的同時(shí)又彼此欣賞,這才是兩性之間生物學(xué)與社會(huì)屬性上的差異所要求的。我們的世界精彩紛呈,其中一個(gè)重要原因是多樣性與“他者”的存在,正是它們給了這個(gè)世界生生不息的動(dòng)力與源泉!