楊俊宴
章 飆
城市設計作為引導城市健康發(fā)展的重要手段之一,能改進人們生存空間的環(huán)境質量和生活質量[1],幫助復興城市經濟、彰顯城市文化[2],營造合理的社會環(huán)境與自由公平的社會秩序,并維護可持續(xù)發(fā)展的生態(tài)環(huán)境[3]。同時,在當下新型城鎮(zhèn)化發(fā)展過程中,能夠滿足提高城市空間精致化的要求[4],對促進城市高質量發(fā)展[5]起到十分關鍵的作用??v觀現(xiàn)代城市設計的發(fā)展歷程,其設計種類繁多、內容豐富,對象層次從宏觀到微觀均有囊括。根據主導價值取向的差異,可分為傳統(tǒng)城市設計、現(xiàn)代主義城市設計、綠色城市設計和數(shù)字化城市設計4代范型[6];而從技術方法的演變脈絡來看,城市設計在發(fā)展過程中出現(xiàn)了禮制導向、美學導向、現(xiàn)代主義、社會導向、生態(tài)導向以及數(shù)字化城市設計等主題性特征。綠色城市設計作為其中的重要板塊,主要是在傳統(tǒng)城市設計的基礎上注入生態(tài)學理論與分析方法,以達到城市可持續(xù)發(fā)展的規(guī)劃目標??傮w看來,生態(tài)導向的城市設計尋求的是構建人工環(huán)境與自然環(huán)境相協(xié)調的人居空間場所,對于城鎮(zhèn)環(huán)境建設的可持續(xù)發(fā)展具有重大的實踐指導作用[7],能夠有效改善城市生態(tài)環(huán)境質量、提高土地利用效益、美化城市空間景觀,以及提升能源使用效率等,因此基于生態(tài)優(yōu)先理念的綠色城市設計是當下中國城市設計實踐的四大趨勢之一[8]。
隨著中國城鎮(zhèn)化的飛速發(fā)展,環(huán)境污染、能源短缺、交通擁堵等城市問題紛至沓來,而引入生態(tài)學理念與方法的綠色城市設計能夠對上述問題做出有效應對,因此相關理論研究越來越受到重視。自20世紀80年代起步以來,我國的生態(tài)導向城市設計理論從最初簡單案例式的生態(tài)城市設計研究,到90年代中期全面提出綠色城市設計理論范式[9],再到21世紀的“4E”模式[10]和柔性設計模式[11]等理念的探索與嘗試,都極大地豐富了綠色城市設計的整體理論框架,并有效地指導了城市設計項目的實踐。但在綠色城市設計理論越來越完善、越來越受到關注的同時,相應的技術分析方法卻跟不上理論的發(fā)展速度。在當前我國大規(guī)模、高密度、快速化的城鎮(zhèn)化過程中,傳統(tǒng)的依靠主體決策的綠色城市設計技術方法已經難以形成有效支撐。隨著大數(shù)據時代的來臨,數(shù)字技術憑借其能滿足大尺度化、高顆?;⑷吮玖炕徒涷灹炕戎T多需求的特性,不僅能夠給予綠色城市設計以有效的技術支撐,同時也為其提供了全新的研究視角。
進入21世紀以來,隨著大數(shù)據分析對城市設計學科的滲透,生態(tài)導向的城市設計技術方法呈現(xiàn)出明顯的數(shù)字化傾向,在當下“萬物皆數(shù)”的信息時代,對多源大數(shù)據資源的采集與分析為諸多新技術方法的應用提供了有力支撐。在城市氣候環(huán)境優(yōu)化方面,出現(xiàn)了數(shù)字化技術的城市熱島效應模擬研究[12]、山地城市近地層風環(huán)境研究[13];在城市綠化景觀提升方面,進行了數(shù)字化景觀環(huán)境色彩構成研究[14]等。
總體來說,當前生態(tài)導向的數(shù)字化綠色城市設計方法存在以下幾點不足。
1)數(shù)字化技術分析水平仍有待加強。數(shù)字化技術的根本就是數(shù)據,對海量數(shù)據的采集、篩選、清洗、處理、分析和應用是一項技術方法應用的全路徑,現(xiàn)階段大數(shù)據以多種多樣的形式涌現(xiàn),如何對多樣化、多維度的數(shù)據進行分析利用仍有待探索,整體的分析水平也有待提升。
2)偏重個案實踐,缺乏共性技術的總結。雖然數(shù)字技術對傳統(tǒng)技術方法的滲透有快有慢,但整體來看,數(shù)字化技術方法體系架構較為完善,而現(xiàn)階段的研究與實踐仍以單一技術方法的個案探索為主,缺乏對技術方法的有效分類和共性技術的總結。
3)與實際需求脫節(jié),缺乏與設計方案的有效互動。部分數(shù)字化技術方法仍以研究為主,尚未大規(guī)模運用在實際項目的實踐過程中,少量的實際運用也以專題形式為主導,缺乏與設計方案的有效互動與深度介入,對設計的支撐力度偏弱。
圖1 多維需求的綠色城市設計數(shù)字化技術方法框架(作者繪)Fig.1 Digital technology system for green urban design with multidimensional demands
因此筆者在理論思考的基礎上,通過對近年來承擔的南京、鄭州、無錫、蕪湖和蚌埠等不同城市、不同類型實踐項目的總結歸納,對數(shù)字化綠色城市設計技術方法予以應用與驗證,在此方面積累了大量實踐經驗與有效數(shù)據,并在總結實踐反饋的同時,嘗試建立數(shù)字化綠色城市設計技術方法體系,并對其未來應用進行前瞻。
溯源現(xiàn)代綠色城市設計的根本出發(fā)點,無論當下面臨的新問題如何涌現(xiàn),其核心內容始終圍繞著提升城市品質、強化城市特色和優(yōu)化人居環(huán)境三大目標。數(shù)字化技術是在傳統(tǒng)生態(tài)健康導向城市設計技術方法基礎上的拓展與延伸,能夠讓設計師獲得多樣化的新數(shù)據與新方法,并以此為基礎做出更加理性的分析與判斷。數(shù)字化技術能更好地掌握人群需求并提供多樣化的空間場所,提升城市公共空間品質;能更全面地挖掘城市資源,從整體與節(jié)點上強化城市空間特色;能對城市環(huán)境數(shù)據進行采集、分析和模擬,最大限度地優(yōu)化人居環(huán)境質量。以上述三大核心目標為導向,建構多維需求的綠色城市設計數(shù)字化技術方法框架,并劃分安全、生態(tài)、健康3種維度(圖1)。
安全城市設計是以人的安全為目標主體,關注的是物質空間環(huán)境中的安全問題,基本內容主要包括心理安全、行為安全、防衛(wèi)安全和災害安全4個方面[15],通過城市設計技術方法的運用,優(yōu)化城市物質空間環(huán)境、降低城市公共空間的安全隱患。生態(tài)城市設計秉承整體優(yōu)先、生態(tài)優(yōu)先和可持續(xù)發(fā)展的準則[9],重點研究生態(tài)環(huán)境要素,如氣候、土壤、植被和水體等的組成、特征及其對城市空間形態(tài)要素的影響,形成生態(tài)導向的城市設計策略[16]。健康城市設計關注的重點在于如何打造健康的城市物質空間環(huán)境、如何改善城市居民的身體健康狀況。通過設計研究層面上有機的城市形態(tài)塑造、積極的市民行為引導,以及在實施策略層面建立有力的保障機制[17],尋求城市健康發(fā)展的有效途徑。因此可認為安全、生態(tài)、健康導向的城市設計在理論基礎、研究內容和技術方法等方面既緊密聯(lián)系,又各具特色(表1),三者共同構成了生態(tài)健康導向城市設計的框架體系。
表1 多維度綠色城市設計數(shù)字化技術方法類別Tab.1 Multi-dimensional green urban design digital technology category
隨著數(shù)字化采集技術的出現(xiàn),對特定城市空間數(shù)據(如山水格局、綠地系統(tǒng)、道路網絡、建筑群落等)的計算機全自動或半自動抓取成為現(xiàn)實,通過對海量數(shù)據的抓取構建數(shù)字化分析平臺,并對數(shù)據進行分層化處理,根據要素的影響力強弱對多因子進行賦權疊加,最終明確城市安全發(fā)展框架??傮w來說,安全范式可分為三方面:開發(fā)邊界控制、生態(tài)容量控制和雨洪安全。開發(fā)邊界與生態(tài)容量控制是從整體視角出發(fā),對城市或片區(qū)的開發(fā)建設進行全局把控;雨洪安全則是從防災減災的角度尋求對雨洪資源的管理與利用。
首先通過對城市山水格局、水綠網絡和動植物資源等要素的梳理,采集相應的大數(shù)據資源,并對多元要素進行拆解,構建單影響因子群落;再通過對因子的單項分析,獲得單因子影響條件下的控制邊界;最后利用GIS數(shù)據分析平臺,對各單因子影響結果進行賦權疊加,得出最終的開發(fā)邊界與生態(tài)容量控制結果,進而有效指導后續(xù)城市設計工作的開展。在某總體城市設計實踐中,基于城市總體規(guī)劃中生態(tài)紅線、生境網絡、山水格局以及綠地系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃等多因子要素的疊加分析,最終劃定城市生態(tài)邊界,并對其進行分類保護與控制,主要分為重點生態(tài)保護邊界和一般生態(tài)保護邊界,嚴格保護城市生態(tài)空間。在某濱水地段城市設計項目中,同樣采用了基于GIS平臺的多因子疊加分析方法,對片區(qū)開發(fā)容量進行量化模擬。以街區(qū)作為研究單元,將會對城市空間容量產生影響的因素分成三大類,即服務支撐、交通支撐和資源支撐要素,并將其細分為城市中心因子、用地布局因子、道路交通因子、區(qū)域交通因子、綠地景觀因子和濱水景觀因子6個支撐因子,在GIS數(shù)據分析平臺中進行無權重疊加運算,從而得到片區(qū)空間容量的等級分區(qū)(圖2)。
圖2 多因子疊加模擬量化開發(fā)容量Fig.2 Multi-factor superposition simulation to quantify development capacity
圖3 城市生境網絡四要素規(guī)劃對策Fig.3 Four elements planning countermeasures for urban habitat network
在雨洪安全方面,主要通過對片區(qū)地表徑流和淹沒模型的分析,運用多情景模擬尋求城市發(fā)展的安全場景。采用文獻資料查閱、場地實測等方法,對目標范圍內整體環(huán)境高程、歷史水文數(shù)據、地形地貌和降雨數(shù)據等進行數(shù)字化采集。通過SRTM數(shù)據分析、GIS空間水文分析對地表徑流進行模擬,劃定片區(qū)排水分區(qū),進而明確潛在易澇區(qū)域;通過對不同水位條件下岸線淹沒情況進行模擬分析,判斷目標地區(qū)多情景安全格局,發(fā)現(xiàn)潛在的雨洪安全隱患,并指導后續(xù)的城市空間布局。如南方某環(huán)湖地區(qū)城市設計實踐中,現(xiàn)狀湖體水質良好且劃定為二級管控區(qū),在后續(xù)城市設計中須落實城市生態(tài)紅線、湖泊資源生態(tài)保護等政策管控要求,以實現(xiàn)環(huán)湖地區(qū)開發(fā)與湖體保護的有效平衡。如何在水環(huán)境如此敏感的區(qū)域進行城市開發(fā)建設?如何保證城市建設基礎上的生態(tài)安全?規(guī)劃通過大數(shù)據分析,模擬出地區(qū)潛在的安全隱患,并提出相應的規(guī)劃策略:梳──梳理場地高程,充分結合高程管理地表徑流;寬──受淹沒威脅區(qū)加寬濱水綠帶寬度,還河流以空間;蓄──低洼處建設綠色海綿設施,提升場地集水儲水能力,并將策略思路落實到最終的設計方案之中。
生態(tài)范式主要的技術方法包括:山水格局分析、生境網絡分析和水生態(tài)優(yōu)化等,通過對山水格局的數(shù)字化分析,有利于從整體把握城市的山水骨架,并結合都市骨架、人文骨架的分析研究,提煉城市空間特色,通過多要素管控進行空間落實。生境網絡是從保護生物多樣性的角度出發(fā),對城市生態(tài)公園、綠地等綠化開敞空間進行優(yōu)化調整的技術方法,其重點關注的是城市公園綠地的生態(tài)功能,而城市綠地系統(tǒng)規(guī)劃則更多關注公園綠地的游憩、生態(tài)、安全和經濟等多方面的綜合功效[18]。水生態(tài)優(yōu)化是以目標為導向,通過不同技術方法的應用達到保障水體生態(tài)的既定目標,并對城市空間布局形成指導與反饋。
通過對大型生態(tài)斑塊、綠化廊道、中小型城市公園等的動植物群落的數(shù)字化采集,運用文獻查閱、數(shù)據實測等方法對其現(xiàn)狀種類、生存環(huán)境、健康狀況和遷徙路徑等進行綜合研究,發(fā)現(xiàn)問題并對生境網絡進行優(yōu)化,以改善城市生態(tài)環(huán)境、提升城市生物多樣性。如在中部某城市的總體城市設計實踐中,通過對城市范圍內的山水格局、濕地公園和生態(tài)廊道等現(xiàn)狀情況的實地調研,結合文獻資料掌握城市鳥類棲息地現(xiàn)狀,對現(xiàn)狀生境網絡問題進行歸納總結。并以問題為導向,分別從生境網絡格局指數(shù)、生態(tài)敏感區(qū)保護2個維度建構生境網絡評價方法,進而對生境網絡及其四要素:核心保護區(qū)、生境斑塊、廊道結構和跳板結構的規(guī)劃布局做出指引與優(yōu)化(圖3)。
在水生態(tài)優(yōu)化方面,通過對現(xiàn)狀水體的數(shù)據采集,掌握水體水質狀況,并結合水質保護目標,運用納污能力與污染負荷計算分析、DHI MIKE模型模擬等相關技術手段,為水體周邊區(qū)域的用地布局、水系規(guī)劃等提供依據。如在南方某旅游度假區(qū)核心區(qū)及周邊地段城市設計實踐中,湖體作為旅游度假區(qū)的核心以及城市備用水源地保護區(qū),是生態(tài)敏感性較高的城市片區(qū),如何在保護水體的前提下進行城市開發(fā)建設?如何尋求生態(tài)保護與城市發(fā)展之間的平衡?首先通過對湖體及周邊河道的水樣進行現(xiàn)場采集、踏勘湖體生態(tài)與生物因子,掌握湖體及周邊水體的現(xiàn)狀水質,建構數(shù)字化分析平臺與生態(tài)健康評價指標體系,分別從水質特征、水文特征、物理形態(tài)結構、生態(tài)系統(tǒng)指標和湖濱景觀五大方面、17個評價指標對湖體進行賦權打分。其次結合現(xiàn)狀采集結果,對標湖體規(guī)劃控制目標,充分考慮未來周邊城市建設帶來的影響,運用DHI MIKE與ECO Lab軟件對湖體流場與水質進行模擬分析,對湖體環(huán)境容量與區(qū)域污染負荷進行分析測算。并將分析結果反饋至城市設計方案中,對片區(qū)總體開發(fā)量控制、生態(tài)水處理設施空間布局、濱水岸線規(guī)劃、雨污水收集處理,以及非點源污染處理等方面提出控制引導要求,以實現(xiàn)湖體水生態(tài)控制目標,提升片區(qū)物種多樣性。
健康范式主要包括物理環(huán)境模擬與優(yōu)化、植物群落優(yōu)化、綠色景觀視廊營造、山水感知度分析,以及綠地匹配度優(yōu)化等數(shù)字化技術方法。物理環(huán)境模擬與優(yōu)化主要是從微氣候環(huán)境提升的角度來優(yōu)化城市空間布局;綠色景觀視廊與山水感知度是從城市景觀營造的角度,對城市重要的山水景觀點、標志性節(jié)點進行空間布局引導;植物群落與綠地匹配度優(yōu)化是從生物多樣性、景觀風貌提升和綠地服務半徑等角度綜合考慮城市綠地的空間布局與植物配置。
圖4 基于Ecotect軟件的熱環(huán)境分析Fig.4 Heat environment analysis based on Ecotect
圖5 基于Phoenics軟件的風環(huán)境分析Fig.5 Wind environment analysis based on Phoenics
圖6 基于Cadna/A軟件的聲環(huán)境分析Fig.6 Sound environment analysis based on Cadna/A
圖7 安全策略──錢塘江不同水位下淹沒情況模擬分析Fig.7 Security strategy: simulation analysis of flooding situation at different water levels of Qiantang River
圖8 生態(tài)策略──規(guī)劃觀鳥基地空間布局Fig.8 Ecological strategy: space layout planning the of the bird-watching base
物理環(huán)境模擬與優(yōu)化主要采取模擬與實測相結合的方法,運用衛(wèi)星遙感技術、Phoenics流體計算軟件、SoundPlan軟件等對城市或片區(qū)的熱環(huán)境(圖4)、風環(huán)境(圖5)和聲環(huán)境(圖6)進行全范圍模擬,分析現(xiàn)狀存在的問題,進而提出物理環(huán)境提升策略和空間形態(tài)管制措施,同時在方案比選階段對多個方案進行驗證和反饋,積極應用于方案深度設計與優(yōu)化階段。以聲環(huán)境分析為例,解析數(shù)字化模擬的工作流程。城市中聲環(huán)境影響最大的是交通噪聲,城市聲環(huán)境模擬分析技術即通過對城市噪聲進行實測和模擬,對城市中噪聲敏感區(qū)進行聲學仿真。首先是對空間格柵樣本點現(xiàn)狀數(shù)據進行實際測度,并將實測數(shù)據與模擬數(shù)據進行校核;其次,將實測數(shù)據進行整理并錄入Cadna/A軟件中,在輸入建筑、道路、軌道、三維視角等一系列參數(shù)后,對地塊進行整體噪聲環(huán)境模擬計算;最后依據國家及各城市的噪音控制標準進行噪聲分區(qū)。通過聲環(huán)境的模擬分析,能夠更加直觀、清晰地了解整個設計地塊的噪聲值分布,進而在設計過程中輔助地塊環(huán)境空間優(yōu)化,營造交通寧靜區(qū),控制交通嘈雜區(qū);同時也能客觀評判設計方案的聲環(huán)境模擬情況,進而優(yōu)化調整方案布局。
植物群落優(yōu)化首先通過樣方法、文獻資料法等手段獲取片區(qū)植物群落類型、結構與特征等現(xiàn)狀基礎數(shù)據,采用橫縱向矩陣對比分析法發(fā)現(xiàn)現(xiàn)狀植被群落配置的主要問題,再以問題為導向制定相應的生態(tài)優(yōu)化和美化策略,有效指導植物種類配置、空間布局等規(guī)劃內容。如某濱河地區(qū)城市設計中,需要對沿河區(qū)域的植被群落進行調查與提升,以達到具有較高知名度的森林生態(tài)城市的規(guī)劃目標。通過選取90個樣方點,對面積3.6萬m2范圍內的約900株植物進行現(xiàn)場調研。調研的空間范圍主要包括兩大塊:沿河區(qū)域,以及具有良好地域自然本底的對標區(qū)域。選取一處最能體現(xiàn)本土植被群落特征的自然區(qū)域作為比較對象,以確定規(guī)劃區(qū)域在植被配置方面的問題與短板。經過數(shù)據采集和對比分析,得出以下問題:部分種類與其植物區(qū)系不符、植物數(shù)量搭配失衡、季相變化片段化、植物種類單調、多樣化指數(shù)低,以及植物文化主題不突出等。結合規(guī)劃目標,提出適當增加植物種類、提高多樣性指數(shù);增加彩葉植物種類,銜接不同季相、延長季相變化;拓展香味樹種數(shù)量與種類;增加代表地域植被文化特征的樹種數(shù)量;大量增加水生植物群落及其多樣性等規(guī)劃策略,并將規(guī)劃策略與城市設計空間布局相結合等應對措施。
在杭州錢塘江兩岸景觀提升工程規(guī)劃實踐中,通過多元綠色城市設計數(shù)字化技術方法的運用,全面分析了城市山水格局、生境網絡、微氣候環(huán)境、水岸生態(tài)、空間特色營造和風貌意向等內容,并在規(guī)劃設計階段有針對性地進行優(yōu)化提升,實現(xiàn)了數(shù)字化技術方法簇群的聚合應用。作為濱江地區(qū)的城市設計實踐,雨洪安全是須首要考慮的內容。研究表明,錢塘江水災害風險與沿江兩岸高程、降雨以及潮汐等情況有著密切聯(lián)系。通過對降雨頻率與月降雨量及錢塘江月水位變化情況等要素的疊加分析,采用計算機模擬技術對沿江兩岸在3.8、5.0、6.0m 3種水位狀況下的淹沒情況(在不考慮江堤的前提下)進行模擬(圖7),對可能受淹沒區(qū)域進行重點設計與監(jiān)控。
從城市整體角度看,錢塘江具有重要的生態(tài)價值,其不僅是城市重要的生態(tài)廊道,也是多個物種的天然棲息地,運用“核斑廊島”技術方法對錢塘江沿江區(qū)域生境網絡進行研究,并分別針對四大要素提出相應的優(yōu)化策略:提升核心保護區(qū)、打通生境斑塊、延續(xù)生態(tài)廊道、增添跳板結構。依據鳥類習性,規(guī)劃將沿江兩岸的觀鳥基地劃分為4種類型:城市園林型、河流濕地型、河漫灘濕地型和農田居民區(qū)型,結合現(xiàn)狀鳥類棲息地調查和地形地貌特征,共規(guī)劃14個觀鳥基地,展示地區(qū)物種多樣性(圖8)。
在物理環(huán)境控制體系方面,主要對風環(huán)境、熱環(huán)境與噪聲環(huán)境進行了模擬分析,并制定相應對策來提升錢塘江沿線地區(qū)的微氣候環(huán)境。以風環(huán)境分析為例,通過運用Phoenics流體計算軟件,明確錢塘江兩岸存在的弱風段、強風區(qū)、靜風區(qū)以及漩渦風區(qū),并根據每段相應的風環(huán)境特征提出針對性的規(guī)劃策略,重點構建沿江多層級通風廊道。規(guī)劃順應城市主導風向建構一級通風廊道,基于切割城市熱場、促進空氣內部流通的原則建構二級、三級通風廊道(圖9)。
在錢塘江的項目實踐中,通過對擁有安全、生態(tài)、健康策略的數(shù)字化技術方法的多維分析與聚合應用,為最終的城市設計方案提供了有力的研究支撐,對方案的空間結構、平面布局、功能組團和景觀體系等方面均有較強的指導價值,最終形成“定江灣、聯(lián)古今、顯山水”的空間營造策略,以及多組團、有機網絡的整體空間形態(tài)(圖10)。
隨著信息化技術的不斷滲入,綠色城市設計技術方法也呈現(xiàn)出明顯的數(shù)字化趨勢,筆者通過對近年來開展的規(guī)劃設計實踐的分析總結,從中凝練出安全、生態(tài)、健康三大技術范式,并詳細闡述了各范式所對應的數(shù)字化技術方法,旨在完善綠色城市設計的技術方法體系。多源大數(shù)據的支撐為規(guī)劃實踐提供了大量新的數(shù)據基礎與分析方法,促使規(guī)劃設計能夠沿著更加理性的思路完成推演,但總體來說,數(shù)字化技術仍是對既有綠色城市設計技術方法框架的補充與完善。通過對數(shù)字化技術方法的總結,試圖從中發(fā)現(xiàn)未來數(shù)字化技術發(fā)展的趨勢與方向,也為推動數(shù)字化方法的實踐應用提供一定參考。
圖9 健康策略──錢塘江沿江地區(qū)風環(huán)境規(guī)劃引導Fig.9 Health strategy: planning guide of wind environment for the surrounding areas of Qiantang River
圖10 杭州錢塘江兩岸景觀提升工程規(guī)劃設計總平面圖Fig.10 General plan of the planning of the landscape optimization project on riversides of Qiantang River in Hangzhou
注:文中圖片除注明外,均引自楊俊宴工作室既有已完成項目成果文本。
YANG Junyan, ZHANG Biao
1 New Trend of Digitalization in Green Urban Design
As one of the important means to guide the development of cities, urban design be divided into four generations of traditional urban design,modern urban design, green urban design and digital urban design, from the point of different dominant values.Green urban design, which is one of the four major practice trends in urban design in China, injects ecological theory and analysis methods on the basis of traditional urban design, in order to achieve the goal of sustainable urban development.
Since the 1980s, green urban design theory in China has evolved from the initial simple casebased study to the mid-1990s' comprehensive theory paradigm, and then to the 21stcentury's"4E" model and the flexible design.These concepts have greatly enriched the theoretical system and effectively guided the practical projects, but the corresponding analysis technology can't keep up with the theory.With the emergence of big data, digital technology provides not only effective technical support but also a new perspective on research.However,the current digital technology of green urban design still has some shortcomings.
Therefore, based on the theoretical thinking and the practical projects, the authors have applied and verified the digital technology of green urban design, accumulated a large amount of practical experience and effective data, summed up the practical feedback, trying to establish a digital green urban design technology system.
2 Green Urban Design Digital Technology with Multidimensional Demands
Digital technology enables designers to obtain diversified new data and new methods for rational analysis and judgment.It can improve the quality of urban public space, strengthen urban spatial characteristics and maximize the quality of the living environment.Guided by these objectives, the article constructs a multi-dimensional green urban design digital technology system, and divides it into three dimensions of safety, ecology and health.
Safety urban design, focusing on safety issues in the material space environment includes the content of psychological safety, behavioral safety,defense safety and disaster safety.Ecological urban design with the criteria of sustainable development,focuses on the elements of ecological environment,forming an ecological oriented strategy.Health urban design attaches a great importance on the design of organic urban form, active guidance of citizen behavior at the research level, and the establishment of a strong guarantee mechanism at the implementation strategy level.Therefore, it can be considered that the safety, ecology and health urban design are closely related but different in terms of theoretical basis, research content and technical methods, which together constitute the system of green urban design.
3 Safety Paradigm: Ensuring the Foundation of Urban Safety Development
With the advent of digital acquisition technology, automatic or semi-automatic capture of specific urban spatial data has become a reality,and through the capture of massive data, digital analysis platforms have been built.Based on these platforms the data is layered, and the multi-factors are weighted and superimposed according to the strength of influence, and finally the system of urban safety development is clarified.In general,the safety paradigm can be divided into three aspects: development boundary control, ecological capacity control and rainfall flood safety.
Firstly, through the clearing of urban landscape pattern, water and green network,animal and plant resources, the corresponding big data resources are collected, and the multiple elements are disassembled to construct a single impact factor community.Then, through the single factor analysis, the control boundary under the influence of the single factor is obtained.Finally, the GIS data analysis is used to weight and overlay the results of each single factor, and the final results of development boundary and ecological capacity control are obtained.
In terms of rainfall flood safety, the multiscenario simulation is used to seek the safety scene of urban development through the analysis of the surface runoff and submergence models in the area.Through SRTM data analysis and GIS spatial hydrology analysis for the collected digital data, the surface runoff is simulated, the drainage area is defined, and then the potential flood area is identified.Through the simulation analysis of the shoreline flooding conditions under different water levels, the multi-scenario safety pattern in the target area is judged, potential rainfall flood hazards are discovered.
4 Ecological Paradigm: Constructing the Pattern of Urban Friendly Development
The main technology of the ecological paradigm includes landscape pattern analysis,habitat network analysis and water ecological optimization.The landscape pattern analysis is beneficial to grasp the urban landscape framework from the whole and combine the analysis of urban framework and humanistic framework, refining the urban spatial characteristics, and implementing the space through multi-factor management.Habitat network analysis is a kind of technology for optimizing and adjusting greening open spaces.Water ecological optimization applies different technology to achieve the established goals of ensuring water ecology, and to form guidance and feedback on urban spatial layout.
Through the digital collection of animal and plant communities using literature review,data measurement and other methods to comprehensively study the current status, living environment, health status and migration path,problems can be identified and the habitat network can be optimized to improve the urban ecological environment and enhance urban biodiversity.
In the aspect of water ecological optimization, firstly, through the data collection of the current water body, the water quality status is grasped, and then combined with the protection target, the pollution control load calculation, DHI MIKE model simulation and other related technology is used to provide basis for land layout and water system planning.
5 Health Paradigm: Improving the System of Urban Beautiful Development
The health paradigm includes physical environment simulation and optimization, plant community optimization, green landscape view gallery construction, mountain and water perception analysis, and green space suitability optimization and other digital technology methods.The physical environment simulation and optimization is to optimize the urban spatial layout from the perspective of microclimate environment improvement; the green landscape view gallery and the mountain and water landscape perception are to guide the spatial layout of important urban landscape points and landmarks from the perspective of urban landscape construction;the optimization of plant community and green space suitability is to consider the spatial layout and plant configuration of urban green space from the perspectives of biodiversity, landscape improvement and green space service radius.
Physical environment simulation and optimization, combining simulation and measurement, uses satellite remote sensing technology, Phoenics fluid calculation software and SoundPlan software to perform a fullscale simulation of thermal environment, wind environment and acoustic environment.Then it analyzes the existing problems, proposes physical environment improvement strategies and spatial form control measures, and verifies and feeds back multiple scenarios in the program comparison phase.
Plant community optimization is firstly to obtain the basic data of plant community types,structures and characteristics.And then it finds the main problems of the current vegetation community by the method named horizontal and vertical matrix comparison analysis and afterwards the problem-oriented development of the corresponding ecological optimization and beautification strategies are carried out, which effectively guides the planning.
6 Ecological Urban Design Demonstration:Hangzhou Qiantang River
In the planning of landscape optimization project on riversides of Qiantang River in Hangzhou, through the aggregation application of digital technology in green urban design,the urban landscape pattern, habitat network,microclimate environment, waterfront ecology,spatial characteristics and style intentions were comprehensively analyzed and optimized.
As an urban design in the riverside area,rainfall flood safety is a top priority.Due to the fact that the risk of water disasters is closely related to elevations, rainfall, tidal and other conditions,the computer simulation technology is used to simulate the flooding situation under different water levels, in order to focus on the design and monitoring of areas that may be flooded.From the perspective of ecology, the "core,plaque, corridor and island" technology is used to research the habitat network and propose corresponding optimization strategies for the four major elements: enhance the core protection zone, open up habitat patches, continue the ecological corridor, and add springboard structure.According to the habits of birds, the planning sets up 14 bird-watching bases of four types to show regional species diversity.In the control system of physical environment, the wind,heat and noise environment were simulated and analyzed, and corresponding countermeasures were formulated to improve the microclimate environment.For instance, based on the wind environment analysis, the plan proposes targeted strategy to construct the multi-level ventilation corridors along the river.
In the project of Qiantang River, with the strategies of safety, ecology and health, the multidimensional analysis and aggregation application of digital technology strongly guide the final design in terms of the spatial structure, plan layout, functional group and landscape system,and finally form the space construction strategy as well as the overall spatial form.
7 Conclusion
With the continuous infiltration of information technology, the green urban design technology also shows a clear digital trend.The authors analyze and summarize the planning and design carried out in recent years, condense the three technical paradigms of safety, ecology and health, and elaborate the digital technology corresponding to each paradigm, aiming at perfecting the technology system of green urban design.Through the summary of digital technology, the paper tries to find out the trend and direction of digital technology development in the future, and provides some reference for the practical application.
(Editor / LIU Xinya)
Biography:
YANG Junyan, male, born in 1976 in Wuji of Jiangsu Province, Ph.D., Professor, and Doctoral Supervisor of School of Architecture of Southeast University, Associate Dean of Smart City Research Institute of Southeast University, Member of the Urban Design Academic Committee of China Urban Planning Association, research area: digital urban design (Nanjing 210096)
ZHANG Biao, male, born in 1986 in Fuzhou of Jiangxi Province, Ph.D.candidate of School of Architecture of Southeast University,research area: ecological landscape oriented urban design (Nanjing 210096)