林勝仙 吳艷琴 孔微微
[摘要] 目的 比較羅哌卡因與羅哌卡因聯(lián)合地塞米松用于硬膜外分娩鎮(zhèn)痛的療效。 方法 選取2017年8月~2018年8月于我院經(jīng)陰道分娩的初產(chǎn)婦60例,當產(chǎn)婦宮頸擴張≥4 cm,且變薄50%時被隨機分為兩組:A組(n=30)予硬膜外0.125%羅哌卡因,總體積為15 mL,B組(n=30)予硬膜外0.125%羅哌卡因聯(lián)合地塞米松4 mg,總體積15 mL。在首次要求止痛時,通過硬膜外導管給藥10 mL 0.125%羅哌卡因,每小時用8 mL 0.125%羅哌卡因進一步鎮(zhèn)痛。主要觀察指標是硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛時間,次要觀察指標包括:阻滯前和阻滯后15 min視覺模擬量表疼痛評分、使用羅哌卡因總量、Apgar評分、臍靜脈pH值、產(chǎn)婦滿意度和副作用。 結果 B組的平均鎮(zhèn)痛時間長于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。A組的羅哌卡因總需求量高于B組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。與阻滯前相比,阻滯后 A組和B組的VAS均低于阻滯前,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。B組T10平均感覺阻滯起效時間長于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。B組的最高感覺阻滯平均時間長于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。兩組在最高感覺阻滯水平上無統(tǒng)計學差異,兩組間無運動阻滯發(fā)生率。兩組在血流動力學、疼痛評分、新生兒結局、產(chǎn)婦滿意度和并發(fā)癥方面無統(tǒng)計學差異。結論 硬膜外羅哌卡因聯(lián)合地塞米松在治療分娩疼痛時延長硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛時間,血流動力學穩(wěn)定,母嬰不良反應有限。
[關鍵詞] 地塞米松;硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛;羅哌卡因;分娩鎮(zhèn)痛
[中圖分類號] R614 ? ? ? ? ?[文獻標識碼] B ? ? ? ? ?[文章編號] 1673-9701(2019)32-0111-04
Effect of ropivacaine combined with dexamethasone on epidural labor analgesia
LIN Shengxian1 ? WU Yanqin2 ? KONG Weiwei3
1.Department of Anesthesiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou ? 325000, China;
2.Department of Anesthesiology, Wenzhou People's Hospital in Zhejiang Province, Wenzhou ? 325000, China; 3.Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou ? 325000, China
[Abstract] Objective To compare the efficacy of ropivacaine and dexamethasone on epidural labor analgesia. Methods 60 primiparas who underwent vaginal delivery in our hospital from August 2017 to August 2018 were enrolled. They were randomly divided into two groups: group A(n=30) was treated with epidural 0.125% ropivacaine, total volume 15 mL and group B(n=30) was treated with epidural 0.125% ropivacaine plus dexamethasone 4 mg, total volume 15 mL. At the first request for analgesia, 10 mL of 0.125% ropivacaine was administered via an epidural catheter and further analgesia was achieved with 8 mL of 0.125% ropivacaine per hour. The primary outcome measure was epidural analgesia time. Secondary observations included visual analog scale pain score, total ropivacaine use, Apgar score, umbilical vein pH, maternal satisfaction and side effects at pre- and post-blocking 15 minutes. Results The mean analgesia time in group B was longer than that in group A, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The total demand for ropivacaine in group A was higher than that in group B, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). Compared with that before the block, the VAS of group A and group B was lower after block, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The onset time of T10 mean sensory block in group B was longer than that in group A, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). The mean time of maximum sensory block in group B was longer than that in group A, and the difference was statistically significant(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the level of maximum sensory block between the two groups, and there was no incidence of motor block in the two groups. There were no statistically significant differences in hemodynamics, pain scores, neonatal outcomes, maternal satisfaction and complications between the two groups. Conclusion Epidural dexamethasone combined with ropivacaine prolongs the time of epidural analgesia in the treatment of labor pain, with hemodynamic stability, and limited maternal and child adverse reactions.
[Key words] Dexamethasone; Epidural analgesia; Ropivacaine; Labor analgesia
隨著疼痛生理學和治療學知識的不斷更新以及產(chǎn)科麻醉的不斷發(fā)展,分娩鎮(zhèn)痛的質量得到了顯著提高[1]。硬膜外分娩鎮(zhèn)痛是目前臨床上應用最廣泛的分娩鎮(zhèn)痛方法,可以充分地減輕疼痛[2]。羅哌卡因是硬膜外分娩鎮(zhèn)痛中最常用的局部麻醉藥,具有良好的安全性。有研究表明,超聲引導下地塞米松聯(lián)合布比卡因肌間溝臂叢神經(jīng)阻滯可延長術后鎮(zhèn)痛時間[3]。地塞米松通過減少炎癥、阻斷傷害性C纖維的傳導以及阻止神經(jīng)的異位放電發(fā)揮作用[4]。一些研究表明硬膜外注射地塞米松不會出現(xiàn)相關并發(fā)癥[5,6],其安全性也已得到證實[7]。本實驗的目的是比較硬膜外單用羅哌卡因與羅哌卡因聯(lián)合地塞米松用于分娩鎮(zhèn)痛的療效。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2017年8月~2018年8月在我院分娩的初產(chǎn)婦60例,隨機分為A組和B組(n=30)。納入標準:①年齡18~35歲;②計劃正常陰道分娩者;③美國麻醉師協(xié)會(ASA)1或2級;④無椎管麻醉禁忌證。排除標準:①硬膜外失敗;②胎兒窘迫;③轉為剖宮產(chǎn);④患者中途拒絕。
1.2 方法
所有產(chǎn)婦入室后均常規(guī)建立靜脈通道,并滴注乳酸林格氏液作為液體補充。監(jiān)測產(chǎn)婦無創(chuàng)血壓、脈搏血氧、心電圖等。麻醉醫(yī)生在消毒鋪巾后,用2%的利多卡因進行局麻后,通過正中入路,用17 g穿刺針(Perfix,Braun,Germany)在L2/3或L3/4椎間隙行硬膜外穿刺,穿刺成功后留置硬膜外導管備用。產(chǎn)婦轉為仰臥位,子宮左側移位,以防止主動脈腔壓迫。A組:穿刺成功產(chǎn)婦仰臥位后給予硬膜外0.125%羅哌卡因(AstraZeneca AB,10 mL:75 mg),總體積15 mL(n=30),并用微泵8 mL/h 0.125%羅哌卡因進一步鎮(zhèn)痛。在產(chǎn)婦首次要求止痛時,通過硬膜外導管給予10 mL 0.125%羅哌卡因。再次出現(xiàn)疼痛時,通過硬膜外導管給予8 mL 0.125%羅哌卡因。B組:穿刺成功產(chǎn)婦仰臥位后給予硬膜外0.125%羅哌卡因聯(lián)合地塞米松(天津金耀,H12020515,1 mL:5 mg)4 mg,總體積15 mL(n=30)。并用微泵8 mL/h 0.125%羅哌卡因進一步鎮(zhèn)痛。在產(chǎn)婦首次要求止痛時,通過硬膜外導管給予10 mL 0.125%羅哌卡因。再次出現(xiàn)疼痛時,通過硬膜外導管給予8 mL 0.125%羅哌卡因。所有產(chǎn)婦均進行了隨訪和產(chǎn)程檢查,并對疼痛和血流動力學進行評估。當平均動脈血壓比基線降低>25%或心率<60用麻黃堿(東北制藥,H21022412,1 mL:30 mg)10 mg或阿托品(浙江瑞新,H33020465,1 mL:0.5 mg)0.6 mg靜脈推注。產(chǎn)科醫(yī)生定期監(jiān)測胎兒心率,并進行相應處理。
1.3 觀察指標
觀察并比較兩組鎮(zhèn)痛時間、產(chǎn)婦阻滯前和阻滯后15 min視覺模擬量表(VAS)(0=無疼痛,10=最嚴重疼痛)疼痛評分、使用羅哌卡因總量、新生兒結局(1、5 min的Apgar評分和臍靜脈血pH值)、產(chǎn)婦滿意度(非常滿意=3,滿意=2,一般=1,不滿意=0)、T10感覺阻滯起效時間、最高感覺阻滯水平、時間以及并發(fā)癥。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS22.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析。計數(shù)資料以[n(%)]表示,兩組間比較采用χ2檢驗或Fisher精確檢驗。計量資料以(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗或mann-whitney檢驗,P<0.05為差異具有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結果
2.1 兩組一般資料比較
本研究包括60例產(chǎn)婦,分A組和B組(n=30),兩組在年齡、孕周、體重指數(shù)、鎮(zhèn)痛前宮口擴張等方面比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),具有可比性。見表1。
表1 ? 兩組一般資料比較(x±s)
2.2 兩組鎮(zhèn)痛時間、羅哌卡因量、阻滯前后VAS評分、新生兒結局比較
B組的平均鎮(zhèn)痛時間長于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。B組的羅哌卡因總需求量低于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。與阻滯前相比,阻滯后A組和B組的VAS均低于阻滯前,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。兩組在臍靜脈pH值、Apgar評分方面比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組患者滿意度比較
A組和B組在滿意度方面比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),見表3。
2.4 兩組感覺阻滯的特征比較
B組平均T10感覺阻滯起效時間長于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。B組的最高感覺阻滯平均時間長于A組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。兩組在最高感覺阻滯水平上無統(tǒng)計學差異(P>0.05),兩組間無運動阻滯發(fā)生率。見表4。
2.5 兩組并發(fā)癥比較
A組和B組在并發(fā)癥方面比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05),見表5。
3 討論
分娩時強烈疼痛不僅會使孕產(chǎn)婦出現(xiàn)焦慮、恐懼心理,還可能影響產(chǎn)程進展,增加剖宮產(chǎn)風險,因此,分娩鎮(zhèn)痛已經(jīng)成為臨床工作的重點。為了延長鎮(zhèn)痛時間,我們通過在局麻藥中加入佐劑來延長鎮(zhèn)痛持續(xù)時間。臨床上已經(jīng)使用幾種佐劑,如阿片類藥物、可樂定和維拉帕米,但是它們存在效果不確切或明顯副作用等問題[8-10]。Mirzai H等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)硬膜外皮質類固醇聯(lián)合布比卡因可增強腰椎間盤手術術后鎮(zhèn)痛作用。
目前關于皮質類固醇減輕疼痛的機制尚不十分清楚,當機體受到急性疼痛刺激時,椎管內(nèi)的前列腺素生成增加,從而產(chǎn)生“痛覺敏化”現(xiàn)象。而皮質類固醇可以通過抑制磷脂酶A2和環(huán)加氧酶-2的表達以減少前列腺素的生成,從而減輕“痛覺敏化”[12]。有研究報道,神經(jīng)外膜注射皮質類固醇能增強術后鎮(zhèn)痛效果,它們通過減少炎癥和阻斷傷害性C纖維的傳導以及阻止C纖維神經(jīng)的異位放電來減輕疼痛[13]。由于這種作用是可逆的,因此類固醇可能對細胞膜有直接作用,類固醇可以通過改變可興奮細胞中鉀通道的功能來引起這種效應[14]。此外,有人認為糖皮質激素可以直接與細胞內(nèi)糖皮質激素受體結合,通過基因轉錄直接影響特定蛋白質的合成,從而干擾疼痛信號的傳導。
目前尚未有研究確定硬膜外地塞米松用于術后鎮(zhèn)痛的最佳劑量。本研究中地塞米松使用的劑量是4 mg,此劑量對成人是相對安全的[15]。本研究結果顯示B組的平均鎮(zhèn)痛時間長于A組,B組的羅哌卡因總需求量明顯少于A組,結果表明硬膜外給予地塞米松可明顯增強羅哌卡因的鎮(zhèn)痛作用,延長分娩鎮(zhèn)痛持續(xù)時間,減少羅哌卡因總需求量。本研究結果與Khafagy等[16]的研究結果一致,其研究硬膜外布比卡因中加入地塞米松或芬太尼對術后鎮(zhèn)痛效果的影響,結果表明地塞米松組和芬太尼組延長術后鎮(zhèn)痛時間,減少阿片類藥物的需求。Thomas等[17]的研究表明術前硬膜外給予地塞米松5 mg可減少術后疼痛和阿片類的需求。El-Feky EM等[18]的研究比較了芬太尼、右美托咪定和地塞米松作為布比卡因佐劑用于骶管阻滯鎮(zhèn)痛,研究結果表明與單純局麻藥或芬太尼相比,在術后延長疼痛緩解時間上,骶管麻醉布比卡因中加入右美托咪定和地塞米松效果較好,與芬太尼相比,右美托咪定和地塞米松的副作用更小。此外,在Kirksey等[19]的對佐劑相關的隨機對照試驗和meta分析進行系統(tǒng)回顧的研究中得出結論,一些藥物如丁丙諾啡、可樂定、地塞米松、鎂等可增強神經(jīng)阻滯的局部麻醉效果。但是,一些研究結果與前面的發(fā)現(xiàn)相反,Lotfinia等[20]研究表明硬膜外注射甲基強的松龍或布比卡因不能緩解腰椎間盤切除術后背部和神經(jīng)根的疼痛。Abdel-Aleem等[21]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)硬膜外8 mg地塞米松聯(lián)合布比卡因對剖宮產(chǎn)患者VAS評分和術后阿片類藥物的消耗沒有影響。但是,Hefni AF等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)硬膜外給予高劑量的地塞米松比低劑量的地塞米松能更有效地控制中度到重度疼痛。Liu等[23]對7項隨機對照試驗進行了meta分析,比較低濃度布比卡因硬膜外輸注與注射阿片類對產(chǎn)婦剖腹產(chǎn)率的影響,結果表明使用低濃度布比卡因注射硬膜外鎮(zhèn)痛沒有增加剖腹產(chǎn)的風險,且疼痛緩解效果更好。本研究中兩組在新生兒結局、患者滿意度以及惡心、嘔吐和顫抖等并發(fā)癥方面差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,表明羅哌卡因聯(lián)合地塞米松硬膜外分娩鎮(zhèn)痛對新生兒和產(chǎn)婦的不良反應有限。
綜上所述,本研究結果表明羅哌卡因聯(lián)合地塞米松硬膜外分娩鎮(zhèn)痛能延長鎮(zhèn)痛時間,減少羅哌卡因用量,且母嬰不良反應有限,值得臨床參考和借鑒。
本研究的局限性在于硬膜外地塞米松的劑量及其在分娩過程中的給藥時間需要進一步研究,從而在局麻藥累積劑量較低的情況下,達到最佳的分娩鎮(zhèn)痛。產(chǎn)后鎮(zhèn)痛是地塞米松的另一個優(yōu)勢,但這超出了本研究的范圍。在未來的研究中,可以對更多的患者進行更加深入的研究。
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(收稿日期:2019-07-15)