As a contribution toward preparing the United States for a future in which Artificial Intelligence （AI） plays a growing role， we survey the current state of AI， its existing and potential applications， and the questions that are raised for society and public policy by progress in AI. We also make recommendations for specific further actions by Federal agencies and other actors. A companion document called the National Artificial Intelligence Research and Development Strategic Plan lays out a strategic plan for Federally-funded research and development in AI.

Applications of AI for Public Good

One area of great optimism about AI and machine learning is their potential to improve people's lives by helping to solve some of the world's greatest challenges and inefficiencies. The effectiveness of government itself is being increased as agencies build their capacity to use AI to carry out their missions more quickly， responsively， and efficiently.

AI and Regulation

AI has applications in many products， such as cars and aircraft， which are subject to regulation designed to protect the public from harm and ensure fairness in economic competition. In general， the approach to regulation of AI-enabled products to protect public safety should be informed by assessment of the aspects of risk that the addition of AI may reduce alongside the aspects of risk that it may increase.

Research and Workforce

Government also has an important role to play in the advancement of AI through research and development and the growth of a skilled， diverse workforce. The plan discusses the role of Federal RD， identifies areas of opportunity， and recommends ways to coordinate RD to maximize benefit and build a highly-trained workforce.

Given the strategic importance of AI， moreover， it is appropriate for the Federal Government to monitor developments in the field worldwide in order to get early warning of important changes arising elsewhere in case these require changes in U.S. policy.

Economic Impacts of AI

AI's central economic effect in the short term will be the automation of tasks that could not be automated before. This will likely increase productivity and create wealth， but it may also affect particular types of jobs in different ways， reducing demand for certain skills that can be automated while increasing demand for other skills that are complementary to AI.

Fairness， Safety， and Governance

As AI technologies move toward broader deployment， technical experts， policy analysts， and ethicists have raised concerns about unintended consequences of widespread adoption. Use of AI to control physical-world equipment leads to concerns about safety， especially as systems are exposed to the full complexity of the human environment. Ethical training for AI practitioners is a necessary part of the solution. Ethics can help practitioners understand their responsibilities to all stakeholders， but ethical training should be augmented with technical methods for putting good intentions into practice by doing the technical work needed to prevent unacceptable outcomes.

Global Considerations and Security

AI poses policy questions across a range of areas in international relations and security. Today's AI has important applications in cybersecurity， and is expected to play an increasing role for both defensive and offensive cyber measures.

Developing and studying machine intelligence can help us better understand and appreciate our human intelligence. Used thoughtfully， AI can augment our intelligence， helping us chart a better and wiser path forward.

譯文

為了幫助美國為未來做好準(zhǔn)備，讓人工智能（AI）發(fā)揮越來越大的作用，我們調(diào)查了AI的現(xiàn)狀、現(xiàn)有和潛在的應(yīng)用，以及AI的進(jìn)步給社會和公共政策帶來的問題。我們還就聯(lián)邦機構(gòu)和其他行為者進(jìn)一步的具體行動提出建議。一份名為《國家人工智能研究和發(fā)展戰(zhàn)略計劃》的配套文件為人工智能的聯(lián)邦資助研究和發(fā)展制定了戰(zhàn)略計劃。

人工智能在公益事業(yè)中的應(yīng)用

對人工智能和機器學(xué)習(xí)非常樂觀的一個領(lǐng)域是，它們有潛力通過幫助解決世界上最大的挑戰(zhàn)和效率低下的問題來改善人們的生活。隨著各機構(gòu)建立了運用人工智能的能力，能夠更快、更迅速、更高效地執(zhí)行任務(wù)，政府自身的效率也在提高。

人工智能與監(jiān)管

人工智能在汽車和飛機等許多產(chǎn)品上都有應(yīng)用，這些產(chǎn)品都受到旨在保護(hù)公眾免受傷害和確保經(jīng)濟競爭公平的監(jiān)管。一般來說，為了保護(hù)公共安全而對人工智能產(chǎn)品進(jìn)行監(jiān)管的方法，應(yīng)該通過評估人工智能的添加可能減少的風(fēng)險和可能增加的風(fēng)險兩個方面來告知。

人工智能研究與勞動力

構(gòu)成

政府在人工智能的研究和發(fā)展以及培養(yǎng)有技能、多樣化的勞動力來推動人工智能方面發(fā)揮著重要作用。該計劃討論了聯(lián)邦研發(fā)部門的作用，確定了機會領(lǐng)域，并提出了協(xié)調(diào)研發(fā)部門以實現(xiàn)效益最大化和建立一支訓(xùn)練有素的員工隊伍的方法。

此外，鑒于人工智能的戰(zhàn)略重要性，聯(lián)邦政府應(yīng)該監(jiān)測世界范圍內(nèi)這一領(lǐng)域的發(fā)展，以便在其他地方出現(xiàn)重大變化時獲得預(yù)警，以防這些變化引發(fā)美國政策發(fā)生變化。

人工智能對經(jīng)濟的影響

人工智能的核心經(jīng)濟效應(yīng)在短期內(nèi)將是使以前無法實現(xiàn)自動化的任務(wù)變?yōu)樽詣踊＿@可能會提高生產(chǎn)率，創(chuàng)造財富，但也可能以不同的方式影響特定類型的工作，減少對某些可以自動化的技能的需求，同時增加對其他與人工智能互補的技能的需求。

公平、人類安全與控制

隨著人工智能技術(shù)更廣泛的部署發(fā)展，技術(shù)專家、政策分析師和倫理學(xué)家對廣泛采用人工智能的意外后果提出了擔(dān)憂。使用人工智能來控制物理世界的設(shè)備會引起人們對安全的關(guān)注，尤其是當(dāng)系統(tǒng)暴露在人類環(huán)境的全部復(fù)雜性中時。對人工智能從業(yè)者的道德培訓(xùn)是解決方案的必要部分。倫理可以幫助從業(yè)者理解他們對所有利益相關(guān)者的責(zé)任，但是倫理培訓(xùn)應(yīng)該通過技術(shù)方法來加強，通過做必要的技術(shù)工作來防止不可接受的結(jié)果。

全球化考量與安全

人工智能在國際關(guān)系和安全領(lǐng)域提出了一系列政策問題。如今，人工智能在網(wǎng)絡(luò)安全領(lǐng)域有著重要的應(yīng)用，預(yù)計將在防御和攻擊網(wǎng)絡(luò)措施方面發(fā)揮越來越大的作用。

開發(fā)和研究機器智能可以幫助我們更好地理解和欣賞我們的人類智能。經(jīng)過深思熟慮，人工智能可以增強我們的智力，幫助我們找到一條更好、更明智的前進(jìn)道路。