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Institute of Land & Resources and Sustainable Development, Yunnan University of Finance and Economics, Kunming 650221, China

1 Introduction

The problem of poverty has been a difficult problem in the development of the world. At present, China’s economy has entered a new normal, and with the approach of building a well-off society in 2020, the cause of poverty alleviation in China has entered the most arduous period. Poverty is a long-term complex problem, involving many reasons, including rural population quality, land system, social capital, natural resource endowment and other factors[1]. As the most basic and important means of production in rural areas, land has the trinity attributes of resources, assets and capital, which plays a sustainable and fundamental role in promoting regional development and eliminating poverty[2]. The development of rural society intensifies the degree of differentiation of farmers in China, and the problems faced by different types of poor farmers are not the same. Under the guidance of the concept of targeted poverty alleviation, how to ensure the poor farmers to benefit from the implementation of the agricultural industry policy for poverty alleviation through rational farmland circulation and management so that they can get rid of poverty completely, has an important impact on the work of poverty alleviation in various regions[3].

With years of practice and theoretical research, various regions form different patterns of agricultural land circulation in view of regional characteristics. Guangdong Nanhai model, for instance, is a typical land share cooperation system, and the premise of its implementation is clear property rights. The farmers take the contracted land management right as the share for joint operation, and realize the large-scale agricultural management, but this kind of cooperation organization has low efficiency because of too many shareholders[4]. Some places have formed the land market model under the promotion of the government. This model uses the intermediary organization as a bridge, the intermediary organization is generally the rural farmland circulation service organization in counties, townships and villages established by the village committee or the government[5]. The intermediary organizations provide information for farmers and agribusiness units or large growers, and the two sides reach an agreement through consultation to realize the transfer of agricultural land. This model hands over autonomy to farmers and forms an open and transparent circulation market[6]. However, due to the preliminary exploration stage, there are also many problems in market construction, such as short-term lease which is not conducive to the stable development of agriculture, and complete dependence on the market which is not conducive to the protection of cultivated land, threatening national food security[7]. Therefore, on the basis of the registration and certification of the right to rural land, the state has also issued a number of relevant policies to address the above problems, to encourage the transfer of contracted land management rights, but it is required to adhere to the use of rural land for agriculture, respect the will of farmers and safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of farmers[8].

2 BasicsituationofMopiVillage

Mopi Village is located in the west of Xinping County, 19 km from the county seat. There are 11 villager groups, 388 households and 1 590 people in the village, with Yi people accounting for 99.2% of the population. In 2013, Mopi Village was identified as a provincial poor village, with 160 households and 611 villagers registered. In 2016, 109 households with 395 persons were designated as poor (4 households with 13 people in Azhe Xiaozhai villager group; 9 households with 33 people in Azhe Dazhai villager group; 9 households with 28 people in Mopi Xiaozhai villager group; 16 households with 57 people in Mopi Dazhai villager group; 3 households with 9 people in Niheida villager group; 1 household with 2 people in Qudazuo villager group; 10 households with 38 people in Guoqiu Mozu; 2 households with 6 people in Luolizuo villager group; 23 households with 95 people in Baike villager group; 26 households with 103 people in Shamida villager group; 3 households with 11 people in Xincun villager group).

Before 2014, the main economic source of the people in Mopi Village was planting sugarcane, the average income per mu was only 1 600 yuan, and the rural land was operated by scattered farmers, with low efficiency. The infrastructure was backward, the industry was simple, and the development of the rural economy and the income growth of the masses were slow. How to get rid of poverty and promote the farmers to increase their income and become rich has always been the top priority of the township party committee government and the "two village committees".

In 2014, under the care and support of Xinping County Party Committee and County People’s Government, the township party committee led the village party branch to actively cope with the adverse situation of the decline of the sugar cane industry, introduced Chu orange enterprise through inviting investment, and made a major adjustment in the industrial structure, taking a road of exploring the integration of the development of the plateau characteristic agriculture and the ecological resources.

Mopi Village’s rural land circulation project started in March 2014, and a transfer contract was signed and one-time payment of the first five-year rent was made in April. The project involves 208 households, 6 village groups, with a total area of 290.447 ha (minimum 0.333 ha, maximum 4.533 ha, average more than 1.333 ha per household). Rental period is 30 years, the rent standard is 12 00 yuan for tableland per ha per year, and 6 000-9 000 yuan for the slope of less than 20 degrees per ha per year, an average of 10 950 yuan per ha per year.

3 MainpracticesoflandcirculationinMopiVillage

3.1LeadingroleoforganizationwiththemassesasthemainbodyIn the process of promoting the transfer of land management rights in Mopi Village, the Mopi Village’s grass-roots party organization and the majority of party members actively play a leading role, do the ideological work for the masses in the village, unify the ideological understanding of the masses, give play to the main role of the masses, and promote the smooth implementation of the project. Over the past two months, party members and cadres have carried out over 500 door-to-door services. After the masses get real benefit in the land circulation, the degree of trust and support to the party organization is higher and higher, and the role of the party organization is fully embodied.

3.2IntroductionoftheleadingenterprisestodriveindustrialdevelopmentIn order to change the situation of poverty and backwardness in Mopi Village and find a new way to get rid of poverty and become rich, Pingdian Township introduced Chu orange planting project through inviting investment in 2014, and built the largest standardized planting base of Wo orange in the county. It has made great adjustment in the industrial structure, explored a way to integrate the development of plateau characteristic agriculture with ecological resources, and created a typical model of leading enterprises to drive the development of rural areas.

3.3OrderlytransferoflandandrealizationofscaleoperationBy attracting investment, Mopi Village takes industrial structure adjustment as the main line and focus on revitalizing rural land resources, carry out selective integration of low-output, low-efficiency land in the village, and accelerate the pace of the transfer of contractual management rights. Mopi Village completed the land circulation area of 290.447 ha for Yunnan Chuancheng Fruit Co. Ltd. and Xinping Lizhi Fruit Co. Ltd., involving 6 villager groups, 208 households. After land circulation, the enterprise develops according to the principle of unified planning, unified development, unified production, unified management and unified operation, realizes modern management, large-scale development and intensive management, thus becoming the typical example with the biggest area of continuous circulation, the most remarkable benefit and the fastest improvement of village infrastructure in Xinping County in 2014.

4 EffectsoflandcirculationinMopiVillage

4.1GettingridofpovertyandpushingforwardthePartybuildingatthegrass-rootslevelatthesametimeThe General Party Branch of Mopi Village organically combines the working mechanisms of the Party’s mass line education practice activities, the management of the point-based system, the poverty alleviation linkage and the industry support by the Party members. And all Party members and cadres have been convened in a timely manner to set up a team to serve the people, publicize the content of the project, the prospects for development and the material benefits brought to the masses, help the masses to figure out the economic account, and guide the masses to unify their thinking. Over the past two months, the People’s Service Team has carried out more than 500 door-to-door services, which has gathered the consensus of the broad masses of the people and effectively promoted the smooth implementation of the project.

4.2Safeguardingfarmers’interestsandincreasingfarmers’incomeIn order to ensure that the interests of the masses will not be lost, Mopi Village and the enterprise start cooperative negotiations to explore successful experience of the rural land circulation. The first is the establishment of land circulation rent growth mechanism. Land circulation rent is paid every five years, and the circulation rent will increase by 10% per ha every five years starting from the second five years. The second is the establishment of large park and small owner model. After the farmers transfer the land to the enterprise, the enterprise divides the land with about 0.733 ha as one unit to the farmers for management, and gives the benefit safeguard, thus farmers becomes the industrial workers. The third is the establishment of employment security mechanism. Enterprises must give priority to the use of local labor, and the village groups organize the masses to participate in enterprise construction in an orderly manner in the form of "professional groups", to achieve local transfer of rural labor force. After the implementation of land circulation, the income source of the masses has changed from single sugarcane planting to "land circulation + management + labor". The 208 households are involved in the transfer of land in the year to realize income of 43 000 yuan per household, an increase of 21 000 yuan compared with the previous transfer. The fourth is the establishment of benefit-sharing mechanism. In the fourth to fifth years after transplanting, the income of the farmer is changed into "management and protection fee + commission", and the commission is given to the farmer according to the price of not less than 0.85 yuan per kilogram, and it is gradually increased according to the trend of the market. From the sixth year when the citrus fruit enters into the peak period, the income of farmers is changed into commission based on output+ circulation income+ labor income, and it is expected that the annual income of each household will reach more than 70 000 yuan.

4.3IntegratingresourcesandbreakingthroughthebottleneckofindustrialdevelopmentMopi Village actively contacts with enterprises, integrates the advantages of the resources of enterprises, seizes the opportunity to accelerate the construction of village infrastructure, thus achieving agricultural support from enterprises. After entering Mopi Village, the enterprise invests 45 million yuan in the project area, renovates and extends 13 reservoirs of 500-1 000 m3, builds one reservoir of 30 000 m3, sets up 100.5 km water diversion pipe network, and strengthens 2 reservoirs. It has invested 11 million yuan in the rehabilitation of sloping farmland, a small reservoir is expected to be built with an investment of 63 million yuan, and hardens 17.2 km long and 4.5 m wide village roads with an investment of 13.8 million yuan, covering 9 villagers’ groups. These infrastructure inputs have laid a solid foundation for the development of modern agriculture.

4.4AprofoundshiftintheconsciousnessofthemassesWith the entry, development and construction of Chu orange enterprise, farmers actively participate in management, and their ideological consciousness has obviously changed. This effectively destroys the smallholder consciousness among the masses, raises the scientific and technological consciousness of the transformation from low-tech content production to high-tech content production, promotes the management consciousness of the transition from extensive management to fine management, establishes the market idea and brand consciousness, and plays a driving role in changing farming consciousness and developing modern agriculture for the surrounding farmers.

4.5DevelopingprojecttospeedupthepovertyalleviationinpoorvillagesThe successful landing and further development of the land circulation project in Mopi Village has accelerated the pace of the village getting out of poverty. In the past three years, the vast number of farmers have actively adapted to and integrated into the enterprise management model, and their production and management consciousness has greatly changed. The management concepts of intensification, industrialization and modernization have been gradually established, and new rural areas, new farmers and new development have gradually emerged, and the pace of poverty-stricken people getting rid of poverty and getting rich has obviously accelerated. After the transfer of the land management right, the farmers in Mopi Village purchased 28 new cars for farming and 32 new cars for daily use, built 37 new anti-seismic residential houses, so that the living environment of the village was gradually improved. In 2015, the number of poverty-stricken households in Mopi Village decreased by 41, involving 216 people. In 2016, the 98 poor households and 364 poor people registered were lifted out of poverty and backwardness as scheduled.

5 ProblemsinthelandcirculationofMopiVillage

5.1UnclearlandownershipwhichiseasytocausethedisputesIn the process of land circulation, "clear property rights, use control, economy and intensification, strict management" is an important requirement, and unclear land ownership will easily cause unnecessary disputes. This will lead to resistance of farmers to land transfer, which is not conducive to the development of land transfer, and is also a threat to farmers’ land property rights. Further strengthening the land right certification in Mopi Village can better safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of farmers in Mopi village, promote the development of rural economy, and give full play to the value of rural land.

5.2InadequatelegalandsocialsecuritysystemChina lacks the special laws and regulations about the land circulation, although it has issued some laws and regulations and policy documents about the rural land circulation, such asLandManagementLaw,PropertyLawandRuralLandContractLaw, it has not issued the special land circulation laws. The property right of Mopi Village in land circulation is fuzzy and lacks the integrity, the ownership main body is not clear, and the land circulation scope, price, circulation form and circulation means have not the concrete implementation rules. The existence of these problems increases the transaction costs of land circulation, and directly or indirectly damages the interests of farmers.

5.3InsufficientunderstandingoflandcirculationamongfarmersIn Mopi Village, part of the villagers and even village cadres lack understanding of land circulation, and do not realize that land circulation is an important measure to deepen rural reform, get rid of poverty and speed up the process of agricultural modernization. Especially some farmers who go out to work rely heavily on the land, even if the land in their homes is abandoned, they do not want to transfer the land out. This kind of narrow-minded backward thinking has become a major obstacle to the rural land circulation.

5.4RestrictionbylandsystemAs far as the current land system is concerned, the land management right owned by the farmers in Mopi Village lacks explicit mortgage and lease right, and there is no registration system for the change of the land management right, so the security and flexibility of the transfer market of the land management right are not guaranteed.

5.5LackofintermediariesinlandcirculationThe intermediary organization of land circulation is not perfect, and the local intermediary service agencies for land circulation have not yet been established. Even if other areas have established the intermediary service organizations of land circulation, few of them operate strictly according to the market economy rule, so that the land circulation information dissemination is obstructed, and there is information asymmetry between the two sides of the circulation, which is not advantageous to revitalizing the land circulation market, and affects the optimization and reasonable flow of production factors in the land circulation.

5.6SomerisksintheprocessofcirculationThe risk of land circulation includes the natural risk and market risk of agricultural production and operation. The agricultural products planted in Mopi Village still have the problems of low benefit and large price fluctuation. In addition, there is no local market supervision and social security mechanism for rural land circulation, which seriously restricts the formation and development of rural land circulation market in China.

6 RecommendationsforfurtherperfectinglandcirculationinMopiVillage

6.1StrengtheninglandregistrationandcertificationStrengthening the registration and certification of the land right in Mopi Village, giving the farmers the right of land contract, the right of distributing the collective income and the right of using the homestead, will help the farmers to share the value-added income of the land, safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of the farmers, and accelerate the prosperity and development of the rural economy. As far as the registered household in Mopi Village is concerned, the land registration and certification brings them the hope of getting rid of poverty. The farmers can transfer or invest their land under the premise of respecting the collective ownership of rural land, which not only increases the income of the farmers, but also promotes the innovation of land circulation mode and activates the market of land circulation.

6.2ImprovingruralfinancialservicesWith the land circulation of Mopi Village, the economic vitality of Mopi Village has increased, modern agriculture has been further developed, and the income of villagers has been significantly increased, thus accelerating the pace of poverty alleviation. However, the imperfect financial service system in Mopi Village is still an important factor to restrict the development of rural economy. Increase in the number of rural economic entities, and improvement of the specialization and scale of agricultural production, has increased Mopi Village’s demand for financial services significantly. Therefore, it is necessary to perfect the rural financial service system, improve the service level of rural financial institutions, and give play to the role of financial service, which is helpful for the village to get rid of poverty and promote the development and prosperity of economy.

6.3ChangingthetraditionalconceptoffarmersWith the rapid economic development, traditional agriculture is facing severe challenges, such as the contradiction between modern intensive agriculture and small-scale management of farmers under the household contract responsibility system, the contradiction between large-scale socialized production and small-scale production, and the contradiction between market allocation of land resources and average contracted land resources. Based on this, the village cadres of Mopi Village should proceed from the angle of serving the villagers, and publicize the relevant laws, regulations and policies of land circulation so as to change the villagers’ traditional concept of production and management. It is important to strengthen the guidance to the work of land circulation, and carry out the work of land circulation through multiple channels and forms, to ensure the land circulation to be carried out in a healthy and orderly way, to combine the land circulation with the adjustment of agricultural structure, which is beneficial to the optimal allocation of production factors and to the development of agricultural industrialization.

6.4StrengtheningthesafeguardsystemtoensuretheregulationofcirculationThe security system of land circulation involves price security, food security, financial support security, circulation risk security and the construction of rural social security system. Strengthening the security system for Mopi Village’s land circulation can effectively avoid or reduce the risk of farmers, solve the worries of village residents, weaken the social insurance and welfare property of land, and provide a good environment for land circulation. In the land circulation of Mopi Village, it is also necessary to ensure that the process of land circulation is regulated, including strengthening the legal protection of written contracts, strengthening control over land use and strengthening the supervision of land circulation projects; strictly prohibit changing land use, strictly prohibit the use of land for projects that violate industrial and supply policies; strictly implement the lawful, compensatory and voluntary principles and fair and reasonable land pricing principles, actively handle and solve disputes over land circulation, and effectively protect the rights and interests of farmers.

6.5EstablishinglandcirculationserviceplatformIt is necessary to set up the platform of collecting and distributing the information of land circulation in the local area. (i) We should establish the land circulation transaction service platform, and set up four-level (city, county, township, village) land management rights transaction platform, to provide information, services, coordination, management and review services. (ii) We should establish a land circulation regulatory platform, focus on monitoring the true wishes of farmers in land circulation, whether there is a change in the use of cultivated land for commercial development, and strictly stop violations of the legitimate rights and interests of farmers. (iii) We should establish the land circulation investment platform and include land circulation projects in the unified investment platform of the whole county. The investment platform is responsible for integrating the information of land to be circulated, carrying out special promotion and investment invitation according to the target market, guiding the major growers and farmers’ cooperative organizations to actively participate in the land circulation, introducing leading enterprises and investors into the land circulation market, and forming a rational land circulation pattern.

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