, rong ,

1. School of Economics, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China; 2. Hubei Rural Development Research Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou 434023, China

Abstract Based on the actual situation of Zhenjia Village, this paper analyzed the causes of poverty in Zhenjia Village, the successful experience of poverty alleviation under the "four in one" poverty alleviation program, and the seven poverty alleviation models that explore the "one model for one altitude". Besides, it came up with recommendations for promoting local precision poverty alleviation towards sustainable development and providing reference for poverty alleviation in other poverty-stricken areas.

Key words Precision poverty alleviation, Causes of poverty, Successful experience, Poverty alleviation

1 Introduction

In November 2013, when inspecting Xiangxi of Hunan Province, General Secretary Xi Jinping proposed the 16-word (Chinese words) policy of "seeking truth from facts, adapting to local conditions, classifying guidance, and precise poverty alleviation". In January 2014, the General Office of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China detailed the top-level design of the precise poverty alleviation work model and promoted the idea of "precise poverty alleviation". In November 2015, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a conference on poverty alleviation and issued theDecisionoftheCentralCommitteeoftheCommunistPartyofChinaonWinningthePovertyAlleviationThe implementation of this decision is the cornerstone of the 13thFive-YearPlanforPovertyAlleviation, and requires the whole party to concentrate on winning the poverty alleviation. Tough battles will be achieved by 2020 to build a well-off society in an all-round way.

As of November 2015, there are 56.3 million people living in poverty-stricken rural areas in China, 128 000 poverty-stricken villages and 832 poverty-stricken counties. The incidence of poverty in most western provinces is over 10%, and the incidence of poverty in the eight provinces is as high as 12.1%. This shows that the number of people living in poverty in China is huge, and the situation of getting rid of poverty is grim. Liu Yongfu, director of the State Council Office of Poverty Alleviation, once said that the poor population in China is not only large in scale, but also widely distributed and complicated. It is difficult to get rid of poverty. Professor Wang Sangui of the Institute of Poverty Alleviation at Renmin University of China said that in the process of precision poverty alleviation, organizational costs and administrative costs are much higher than regional poverty alleviation methods, which is one of the reasons why it is difficult to promote accurate poverty alleviation.

At present, many scholars are constantly studying the model of precise poverty alleviation and interpreting relevant poverty alleviation policies. Wang Guoyong[1]believed that the traditional "blood transfusion" poverty alleviation should be developed in the direction of "hematopoietic" poverty alleviation. Li Yurui[2]believed that China needs to further improve the industrial policy system, regional policy system and land policy system of the precise poverty alleviation region to focus on establishing and improving the transmission mechanism of regional poverty alleviation. Yang Yuanyuan[3]held that the construction of grassroots poverty alleviation teams will be accelerated and full-time poverty alleviation personnel will be introduced. Ge Zhijun[4]believes that the work of precision poverty alleviation should deal with the relationship between power and responsibility, policy flexibility and rigor. Zhuang Tianhui[5]proposed the five-in-one poverty management model of society, government, market and community, and improved the precision of poverty alleviation from the aspects of assessment and management.

2 Case analysis

Zhengjia Village is located in the provincial poverty-stricken village of Yichang City, Hubei Province, with a land area of 15.56 km2, an altitude of 800-1 400 m, 1 565.81 ha of land resources, 1 193.36 ha of forestry land, 116.01 ha of returning farmland to forests, and 213.60 ha of commonly used cultivated land, and 206.73 ha of dry land. There are 384 households with 1 279 people in five villager groups in the village. As of 2016, 181 households with 573 households have been established. Compared with other provincial-level poverty-stricken villages, the poverty-stricken population in Zhengjia Village accounts for 51.43% of the total population. The poverty-stricken population base is large and poverty alleviation is difficult to advance. Since October 2015, the Precision Poverty Alleviation Team of the Yangtze University and the Xingshan County Finance Bureau issued a red card and a yellow card to the villagers of Zhengjia Village according to the Hubei Provincial Poverty Alleviation Leading Group issued theOpinionsonStrengtheningPovertyAlleviationandDevelopmentFileEstablishmentDataManagement. The general households have three poverty levels to classify the poor and provide financial subsidies for livestock farming, vegetable cultivation, medical care, and education. Before 2016, the annual average net income of poor households in the village was 2 700 yuan, and the average annual net income of ordinary households was 3 000 yuan. In 2016, the average annual net income of poor households after poverty alleviation was 4 200 yuan, and the average annual net income of ordinary households was 4 500 yuan. The way farmers increase their incomes from the original single small-scale peasant economy to the existing cropping industry + aquaculture industry + e-commerce and other forms of poverty alleviation. Through the survey in Zhengjia Village, we analyzed the causes of poverty in the village, discussed the successful experience in the process of poverty alleviation and explored seven poverty alleviation models for reference.

3 Causes of poverty

Through the survey in Zhengjia Village, we analyzed the causes of poverty from the following four aspects. First, the production technology is lacking, and the production materials are mainly planting and aquaculture. However, due to the lack of supporting production technology, the annual output of vegetables, medicinal materials and livestock is very low, and the sales channels of the products are single, and the vendors sell prices. Second, the lack of young labor and talents to settle in the village, 75% people are left-behind elderly, and 10% for 0-6 years old left-behind children, young laborers choose migrant work. In the village committee, there are four members of the village committee, one university student village official, one poverty alleviation special village official, and five villager leaders. Among them, there are one undergraduate graduate, one college graduate, one secondary school graduate, one high school graduate, and three junior high school graduates. There are 470 illiterate people below the poverty line, 283 elementary school education level, 139 junior high school education level, 37 high school education level, and five college education level. The education of the poor population is concentrated in the middle school, the education level is low, and the endogenous motivation is insufficient. Third, the traffic is inconvenient. Zhengjia Village is located at an altitude of 800-1 400 m. The construction cost of mountain roads is higher than that of plain roads. The construction of transportation infrastructure lags behind, resulting in higher transportation costs. Fourth, Zhengjia Village is rich in pyrite and limonite, walnuts, stalks, and huqu, but the above natural resources have not been converted into natural capital, and regional advantages have not been fully realized.

4 Successful experience in the practice of precision poverty alleviation

4.1VillagesandhouseholdsgettingridofpovertyIn the process of accurate poverty alleviation in Zhengjia Village, the Precision Poverty Alleviation Team of the Yangtze University and the Xingshan County Finance Bureau, together with the local town government and the village committee, have always promoted development, poverty alleviation and peasant well-off as the focus of poverty alleviation work according to local conditions. We carried out weekly poverty alleviation work conferences to develop poverty alleviation models, public infrastructure construction, humanities ethics, and medical security, and check the progress of poverty alleviation work arranged in each period, namely, network coverage, cement road coverage, and medical census coverage. As of the end of poverty alleviation work in 2016, there were 239 households with 80 households in Huangka, 301 households with 101 households in the red card, and 623 households with 241 households. The 2015-2017 medical census was carried out for a total of 12 times a year, and a total of 24 medical courses for chronic diseases have been opened. The pavement rate of the main line of the village is 100%, and the road coverage rate is 83%. In order to better solve practical problems, we coordinated the poverty alleviation team and the village group cadres, and divided into seven poverty alleviation teams to carry out accurate poverty alleviation work in their own areas, so as to understand the needs of villagers in their respective regions and do relevant work records. All these are aiming at helping households to get rid of poverty.

4.2ClearlysettingthewayoutDuring 2015 and 2016, the poverty alleviation teams at all levels visited a total of more than 200 poor households, focusing on red card and yellow card families. Taking Huangkahu Jianshengzhang as an example, with the help of Professor Zhou Wei from the Agricultural College of Yangtze University, tried to plant 0.2 ha of white peony tea. At the same time, the school provided a subsidy of 15 000 yuan/ha, used the mountainous altitude to breed wild bees, and participated in agricultural technology training classes in provinces, cities and towns to study and practice. By the end of 2016, Jianshengzhang’s per capita annual income exceeded 10 000 yuan and at the same time led local villagers to plant white peony tea, Quanhu and other medicinal materials. In addition, the poverty alleviation teams at all levels, in conjunction with the local village committee, convened more than 60 sessions of party members and cadres, people’s congresses, and villagers’ symposiums to listen to the will of the people. We have determined the goal of Fuminqiang Village, taking project construction as the carrier, improving infrastructure as the entry point, and developing leading industries as the main point, in order to stimulate the enthusiasm of the villagers to get rid of poverty and become rich, and fully implement infrastructure construction and environment. The four key projects of improvement, industrial development, poverty alleviation and support for poverty alleviation continued to be carried out.

4.3ProvidingpoorpeoplewhattheyneedZhengjia Village is divided into five village groups. The altitudes are different. It is difficult to form a unified industrial model for the high mountains and high mountains (800-1 400 m). According to different actual conditions and existing industrial models, poverty alleviation teams and village group cadres at all levels decided to support the development of villagers with vegetables, medicines and livestock. For example, Huang Dawei, a red card holder at an altitude of 800 m, is an example. Because he hurt his legs and feet when doing migrant work, he is now feeding chicken at home. However, due to lack of feeding techniques, the annual output value is heavy. The resident poverty alleviation team organized the technical staff of the rural teacher training center to provide technical guidance, and contacted the two lake markets and supermarkets to connect chicken and eggs to broaden their sales routes. For the poor households at 1 400 m, they will be relocated and supplemented with production skills training to implement the reemployment model. In the absence of corresponding production technology, the village poverty alleviation team joined the experts of the Agricultural Technology Service Center to carry out pig breeding, tea planting, Chinese medicine planting, animal and poultry disease prevention and control technology more than 1 500 times, and distributed more than 1 000 promotional materials. In the absence of production funds, the poverty alleviation teams at all levels actively contacted the Shuiyuesi Town Agricultural Commercial Bank to provide loans to more than 50 poor households, totaling more than 1.2 million yuan. In order to broaden its sales path, in addition to the sales model of introducing enterprises and e-commerce, the Logistics Service Group of Yangtze University established a docking base for agricultural schools to directly sell vegetables grown by farmers into the canteens of Yangtze University and the two lake markets.

4.4BreakingtheproblemoftransportationIn order to better help the poor households get rid of poverty and get rich, the poverty alleviation team invested in helping a group of ladder rocks to build a stone road with a width of 3.3 m and a length of 1.4 km. Solved the difficulty of traveling for 11 villagers on the mountain. At the same time, the task force also helped poor households to build three flue-cured tobacco houses, investing 100 000 yuan to support one, three, and five groups to build industrial roads, and to develop 12 ha of vegetables and 7.33 ha of tobacco.In the past two years, the poverty alleviation teams at all levels have helped Zhengjiatun Village to carry out land exploration, house road design, transform the village committee, and carry out spiritual civilization and joint construction with Zhengjia Village, support the village to strengthen rural party building, cultural construction, and improve office conditions. Besides, they invested 16 000 yuan for Zhengjia Village to subscribe to party newspapers and party magazines. As of 2016, all levels of poverty alleviation teams have collected more than 180 000 yuan of donations for Zhengjia Village, and raised more than 500 donated materials and provided more than 1.3 million yuan.

4.5Effectivefour-in-oneworkingmethodSince 2015, the "four-in-one" approach to poverty alleviation has been implemented. The village has a total of 3 200 live pigs, 14 000 land cages, 3 410 Shuanglian chickens, 800 bees, 31.40 ha of medicinal herbs and 20.13 ha of vegetables, 7 ha of tobacco leaves, 30.47 ha of walnut old garden, 21 relocated houses, 4.8 km of road hardening, 1 500 m of newly built flood ditches, four newly cultivated farmers’ professional cooperatives, 100% of health management files, 100% health checkup rate, and the rate of contracted service for family doctors was 95%, and the per capita income of each household was 1 860 yuan. Two new leading industries and six new infrastructures were added, and the satisfaction of the masses reached 98%.

5 Exploration of precise poverty alleviation model

The precise poverty alleviation model of "one model for one altitude" carries out accurate poverty alleviation on the basis of understanding the causes of poverty, the altitude and poverty alleviation demand of poor households in mountainous areas. Flexible combination of various poverty alleviation modes such as planting, aquaculture, production technology training and introduction of e-commerce, and exploring the precise poverty alleviation mode that 7 poor households in mountainous areas need (Table 1).

Table1Explorationofprecisepovertyalleviationmode

ElevationPoverty alleviation model800-1 000 m(i) Poverty-stricken household rating credit + infrastructure construction + poultry farming + vegetable medicinal planting + production technology training(ii) Skills training + employment(iii) Poor household rating credit + infrastructure construction + medicinal planting + skills training + e-commerce(iv) Medical security + government support1000-1 400 m(i) Poverty-stricken household rating credit + infrastructure construction + wild mountain bee breeding + breeding technology training + e-commerce(ii) Infrastructure construction + off-site relocation + skills training + migrant workers(iii) Farmers professional cooperatives + agricultural technology training + resident poverty alleviation team + e-commerce(iv) Medical security + government support

5.1Poverty-strickenhouseholdratingcredit+infrastructureconstruction+poultryfarming+vegetablemedicinalplanting+productiontechnologytrainingThis model is aimed at poor households with low altitudes and certain arable land and livestock production data, and a large population of households who are willing to learn new production techniques. First, the poverty alleviation teams at all levels in the village, in conjunction with the local rural commercial banks, comprehensively inspected the credit loans and the government subsidized interest policies to solve the problem of "difficult loans and expensive loans" for poor households. The second is to help poor households build sheds and expand the scale of livestock and poultry farming[6]. Third, poor households set up public facilities such as boutique gardens and canal irrigation, and cooperated with local agricultural technology service departments and universities to carry out production technology training lectures to expand the scale of cultivation of fine vegetables and herbs.

5.2Skillstraining+employmentThis model is aimed at families with a certain scale of production materials and aspiring young migrant workers. The village committee and the village poverty alleviation team organized a computer-based lecture to learn computer knowledge and contact e-commerce culture. They encouraged those young migrant workers to participate in various skills training seminars held in provincial and municipal townships. In addition, the team strengthened the study of e-commerce professional knowledge, attracted foreign investment, and enriched the sales model of products, carried out skills training seminars to enhance the skills of the young workforce and help them achieve near-term careers and stable employment.

5.3Poverty-strickenhouseholdratingcredit+infrastructureconstruction+medicinalplanting+skillstraining+e-commerceThis model is aimed at poor households with a large amount of cultivated land, a large population, rich experience in growing medicinal materials, and less poultry production materials. First, it solved the problem of the cost of medicines, in addition to the credit and lending by the rural commercial banks and the government’s interest subsidy, the precision poverty alleviation teams at all levels helped the poor households to contact the manufacturers to provide excellent seedlings, and secondly to detect and survey the water and soil, and choose suitable planting[7]. Second, the government and poor households jointly purchased mechanized equipment to increase the scale of medicinal materials. Third, joint local agricultural technology training centers and institutions of higher learning, experts were invited to the village, to the field, to the household for guidance and training in planting and breeding skills. Fourth, the introduction of e-commerce to develop e-commerce business through the well-known platforms such as Jingdong, Suning, Tmall,etc. This way can reduce the cost of pre-advertising investment, and also sell products, and broaden the original sales channels.

5.4MedicalsecuritygovernmentsupportThis model is aimed at households with no viability, no children, no low-income, and households with no source of income, as well as five-guarantee households. These poor households have difficulty in getting rid of poverty themselves and must guarantee their basic living standards through medical security and state support funds.

5.5Poorhouseholdratingcredit+infrastructureconstruction+wildbeebreeding+breedingtechnologytraining+e-commerceThis model is aimed at poor households with less cultivated land, a small population, and a labor force that can only meet the needs of their own families and cannot do migrant work[8]. The first is to help them build bee barrels and expand their farming scale. Second, the joint agricultural sector department carried out training seminars on aquaculture, adhered to the poverty alleviation and wisdom, ensured that the training did not go through the scene, informed the poor households of the current beekeeping form, market prospects and relevant national support policies, and strived to professionalize the beekeeping industry, branding, and unification. Third, on the basis of financial support from the government and banks, the poverty alleviation teams at all levels use the preferential policies of the national poverty alleviation policy to negotiate with local food companies, supermarkets, hospitals, and pharmacies to broaden the sales path of honey and form the pillar of poverty alleviation model.

5.6Infrastructureconstruction+off-siterelocation+skillstraining+goingoutThis model is aimed at poor households with less cultivated land, large population, and want to get rid of poverty through their own land after relocation. The biggest problem encountered in the current relocation is that the area of cultivated land is less than before, and it is difficult for poor households to get rid of the thoughts of the previous small-scale peasant economy and reluctant to relocate in different places. First, build the corresponding houses, and do a good job of people’s livelihood, such as electricity, water, and network[9]. Second, allocate land in accordance with national laws to solve the problem of family food and clothing. The third is to carry out relevant skills training and recommend long-term stable employment in the third service industry in provinces, cities and counties. Fourth, supplement by the construction of poultry housing, to help left-behind members to carry out poultry livestock breeding within their capabilities.

5.7Farmers’professionalcooperatives+agriculturaltechnologytraining+residents’povertyalleviationtaskforce+E-commerceThis model is aimed at parents’ arable land and the development of existing planting and breeding to a certain size of poor households. First, gather funds, select leaders, form rules and regulations for cooperatives, and clearly define the division of labor. Second, the director of the Farmers’ Professional Cooperatives participated in the relevant skills training conducted by the provincial and municipal agricultural sector departments not less than four times a year. Third, the chairman of the Board of Directors strengthened contact with the precision team in the village, explored a new model for cooperatives to get rid of poverty, rationally quantify shares, and ensure farmers’ dividends at the end of the year. The fourth is to introduce e-commerce, adapt to local conditions, build a regional e-commerce platform, gradually cultivate the e-commerce awareness of farmers, cultivate e-commerce technical talents, and break the passive sales model of existing products.

6 Recommendations for precision poverty alleviation

In 2016, Zhengjia Village, under the leadership of the poverty alleviation team at all levels, used the four-in-one poverty alleviation program to formally lift the poverty out of the village. In the survey in Zhengjia Village, we found that the nine-year compulsory teacher system and the medical chronic disease treatment system need to be further improved.

6.1ImprovingthepublichealthservicesystemaccordingtolocalconditionsAt present, there are 14 public health service systems in China. We carried out a survey in Zhengjia Village. It was found that the village-level medical clinic has established a chronic disease card for the elderly with chronic diseases of 40-65 years old and above, and 300 yuan for outpatient medical treatment for the red card family. Exempt the poverty-stricken households from the cost of 500 yuan. Du Haicheng, a village-level medical staff, visited the chronic patients four times a week, and gave lectures on chronic diseases such as diabetes and high blood pressure more than six times a year. In response to the special circumstances of poor areas, the vaccination of children aged 0-6, the management of chronically ill patients over 35 years of age, and the maternal health management system are tailored to local conditions, and a public health service system suitable for the region is developed. In order to better strengthen the construction of the rural public service system, it is recommended to first strengthen the re-education of the in-service village doctors, strictly enforce the village medical admission system, improve the comprehensive quality of the in-service village doctors, and build a three-level health care network for the health of rural residents, so as to guarantee levels. Second, it is recommended to raise farmers’ awareness of hygiene, remove old concepts of treatment, set up health bulletin boards, issue health brochures, and conduct health lectures, to imperceptibly affect farmers’ awareness of self-sanitary protection. Third, the urban health service system is backed by the rural areas, and the city’s top three doctors are connected to the poverty-stricken villages at all levels to regularly carry out large-scale diagnosis and treatment meetings for children, pregnant women and chronic diseases, reduce the incidence of chronic diseases in rural areas, prevent poverty due to illness, and return to poverty due to illness.

6.2Bringingintoplaytheroleofthe"FirstSecretary"inthevillageandpromotingthedevelopmentofthenewcountrysideOutstanding young cadres in the "First Secretary" selection system in the village docked poverty-stricken villages at all levels, used advanced management methods, strengthened the construction of rural grassroots teams, and promoted the construction of public facilities such as mountain road hardening rate, street lamp laying rate, medical and health protection[10]. It is recommended to guide the mountain people to form the existing vegetable and medicinal planting industry, wild bees, poultry and livestock breeding industry into a scale and brand effect, and become a pillar industry with local characteristics. The "First Secretary" of the village excavated the internal strength of the village and cultivated new villagers with ideas, knowledge, ability, knowledge and courage, and allowed each villager to develop his own strengths and realize his life ambitions, to ensure that the "First Secretary" will follow others after leaving office to jointly promote the sustainable and healthy development of the rural economy. At the same time, the "First Secretary" of the village led the local village cadres to actively cultivate emerging industries, and combined with the local mountainous characteristics to develop tourism and leisure industry, and build new economic growth points.

6.3HelpingthepoorandimprovingtheruralteachersystemShuiyuesi Town Center School is the only nine-year compulsory education school in the study area. The school teachers are aged from 25 to 30 years old, two from 30 to 40 years old, 50 from 40 years old, and graduated from undergraduate level. There are 22 people graduated from colleges and universities, and three graduated from technical secondary schools. In the past five years, the high school enrollment rate of students has reached 6%, and the vocational high school enrollment rate has reached 94%. The full-time teachers have low education level and the teachers are old. Faced with the above situation, it is recommended to first rotate the city’s quality teachers to inject fresh vitality into the rural education system, strengthen the learning and exchanges between teachers, and continuously improve the teaching quality and overall quality of the rural teacher system. Second, it is recommended to provide the original teachers with incentive and compensation mechanisms, accommodation and accommodation reduction, improve salary and accommodation conditions of teachers of master’s degree or above, provide more opportunities for out-of-town exchanges, thus improving the modern teaching level of rural teachers. Third, it is recommended to encourage social capital to participate in the process of compulsory education and poverty alleviation to improve the campus environment, update teaching equipment, reduce the gap between urban and rural nine-year compulsory education, and promote the healthy development of rural compulsory education.