黃偉嘉 劉玨

From kin to kindred， a character that connects people and brings them together

落地為兄弟，何必骨肉親

If 同志 （t5ngzh#， comrade） was the ubiquitous form of address in the revolutionary past—and has since been appropriated by the LGBT community—then 親 （q～n） may be the modern equivalent， at least among young urban women. Often used by Taobao merchants chatting with customers online， it is short for 親愛的 （q～n3i de）， or “dear， beloved， cherished.” In the UK or US， a similar term might be “l(fā)ove” or “hon” respectively—a platonic term of endearment， often used by coworkers or new acquaintances， to help close distances and facilitate communication.

The characters evolution followed a similar path as to how we form social connections in life： We are born with blood ties and， from there， make friends， and build various relationships. First and foremost， 親 refers to ones parents， or 雙親 （shu`ngqin）： 母親 （m^q～n， mother） and 父親 （f&qin;， father）. Confucianism views blood kinship as the foundation of society， and over the years， various adherents have promulgated exemplars of filial piety， but not all are exactly shining models to follow—one tale features a poverty-stricken couple， who plan to kill their son in order to save food for the husbands mother. Luckily， the child survives， as the gods instead reward the couples “virtue” with an urn full of gold.

Another story， thats thankfully more lighthearted， concerns an old man in his 70s， who often dressed flamboyantly and jauntily to appear young for his parents sake—so they could take their minds off their own age. The story coined the term 彩衣娛親 （c2iy～ y% q～n， wear colorful clothes to please parents， or simply， “to entertain ones parents”）.

Ones biological offspring and siblings are definitely 親， such as in 親兄弟 （q～nxi4ngd#， biological brothers）. To stress the biological bond， use 親生 （q～nsh8ng）， such as in 親生子女 （q～nsh8ng z@n））， biological children）. Similarly， biological parents are 親生父母 （q～nsh8ng f&m;^）， while adoptive parents are called 養(yǎng)父母 （y2ngf&m;^）.

Mostly referring to blood relations， 親 sometimes can also mean relations through marriage， as in 姻親 （y～nq～n） or “in-laws.” Though the phrase 相親 （xi`ngq～n） is roughly translated as “blind date” today， it actually started as an arranged meeting in which a mans parents would assess and hopefully approve a prospective wife for him.

In other phrases， 親 also refers to relatives in general， such as 親戚 （q～nqi， relatives）， 親屬 （q～nsh^， kinsfolk）， 親友 （q～ny6u， family and friends）. The warm and loving feelings one share with relatives are 親情 （q～nq！ng）. But sometimes， we also say 遠親不如近鄰 （yu2nq～n b&r;% j#nl！n， “a close neighbor means more than a distant relative”）， since ones neighbors may be better able to extend a helping hand in times of need， compared to distant kin.

To some， guanxi （關系， “connections” or “relationships”） is regarded as a “mysterious” Chinese cultural element， though， in fact， nepotism or favoritism are hardly phenomenon unique to China or Asia. Although there are elements of guanxi that are arguably exceptional， the term is rarely understood that way， and nor does guanxi always guarantee special treatment， such as in the phrase 六親不認 （li& q～n b% r-n， “refused to acknowledge ones closest relatives”）， which means the person does not play favorites with anyone.

Another folk saying goes， 親兄弟，明算賬 （q～nxi4ngd#， m！ng su3nzh3ng， “even between biological brothers， financial matters should be settled clearly”）. A fair and impartial attitude is always to be encouraged in matters of justice， as the phrase 大義滅親 （d3 y# mi- q～n， “punish ones own relatives in the cause of justice”） describes.

Of course， in real life， its often the case that 任人唯親 （r-n r9n w9i q～n， “appoint people by favoritism”）， but there also exists its equal and opposite， at least in ancient history： According to a legend of the Spring and Autumn period （770 BCE – 476 BCE）， when the lord of the Jin state asked his official Qi Huangyang to propose a candidate for provincial chief， Qi recommended someone who was his enemy. The lord later asked him to find a general for the army， and Qi recommended his own son. In both cases， Qi explained： “You asked for an appropriate candidate for the position， which has nothing to do with whether they are my enemy or my son.” The tale give rise to the phrase 舉賢不避親仇 （j^ xi1n b% b# q～n ch5u）， which means “recommend whoever is capable， family or foe.”

Later， 親 came to mean people who are close to you， but not necessarily related by blood， such as in 親如手足 （q～n r% sh6u z%， “as dear as a brother”）， and 親近 （q～nj#n， “be close to”）. It is also used to describe sentimental feelings， as in 親熱 （q～nr-， affectionate） and 親切 （q～nqi-， warm and kindly）. Along the same lines， as a verb， 親means “kiss，” short for 親吻 （q～nw0n）. For instance， 她親了小貓一下。（T` q～n le xi2om`o y！xi3. “She gave the kitty a kiss.”）

Finally， 親 can also refer to oneself， meaning “personally， in person，” as in 親自 （q～nz#）. For example， 這是他的親身經歷。（Zh- sh# t` de q～nsh8n j～ngl#. “This event was his personal experience”）.

Whether its family or friends， 親 is about those who are， in some way， close to you. Hopefully， the meaning of this character will keep expanding， because， in the end， we are all in this life together.