By Zhou Xianxian and Yan Biyu

Dr. Sarah Platto is an Italian veterinarian expert on an imal behavior and welfare,serving as an assistant professor of animal behavior and welfare at Jianghan University. She came to China in 2007 and has been engaged in animal research ever since.

She loves being with animals and has developed an acute sense of what is going on in the minds of animals through their expressions and gestures. She believes that animals have a certain unique language and that humans share DNA with all other animals, so they are closely related to us. For the last two years on World Rabies Day, she has organized campaigns in Wuhan in response to the call of “Global Alliance for Rabies Control.” The campaign this year provided 150 rabies vaccines for free with the help of a pharmaceutical company called Boehringer Ingelheim Shanghai.

At present, as homeless cats and dogs are becoming a serious urban problem, we’ve had an interview with Dr. Sarah Platto, an Italian veterinarian behaviorist,in order to gain more insights from a professional perspective.

Why do we see so many homeless cats and dogs in cities?Over-breeding is the main reason. A female cat, for example,can give birth to anywhere from six tofifteen kittens a year,and a new kitten can mature and begin to reproduce within a year. In order to control them, the internationally recognized approach is to trap, neuter, and release them (TNR), which can control the number of stray cats and dogs, and create a relatively stable environment for them—to avoid fl eeing andfighting.

Another reason is that humans abandon pets. For this reason, Dr.Platto said that there should be comprehensive management measures to help mitigate this.In Italy, for example, every pet has a microchip implanted under their skin between their shoulder blades, which records the owner’s name and contact information. Abandoning pets is against the law in Italy and has legal liabilities.

As for the diseases stray animals carry, Dr. Platto said that rabies is the only infectious disease that can bring danger to human life, while other diseases do not cause serious harm to living creatures. The infection can spread from animals to humans, killing about 60,000 people worldwide each year.

She said that killing animals is definitely not an effective way to control rabies. In 2008, during a major outbreak of rabies on the island of Bali, the government killed nearly 200,000 dogs, but the local epidemic became more serious. Dr. Platto explained that a territory can only support a certain number of animals and the animals inside the territory form a well-controlled and managed group which doesn’t allow other animals to come in. Once some of the animals in the area are killed, other animals will come to compete for food. Such flows can lead tofights between animals, and thus rabies is more likely to spread.

The most effective way to control rabies is to give animals a rabies vaccine. People who have been bitten by cats and dogs need five more shots, even if they have been vaccinated. However, dogs and cats need to be vaccinated only once a year even if they get bit by an infected animal. In Italy, for example, between the 1960s and 1970s, the government used to organize vaccination campaigns every six months, which offered free vaccines for every pet owner and threw baits containing oral rabies vaccine to the streets or the wild for stray and wild animals.This has led to the extinction of rabies in Italy since the 1970s.

Generally speaking, cats and dogs do not attack humans for no reason. Although animals cannot express themselves in language, human beings can understand them by learning about and observing their behavior. “We should learn to identify their emotions: Under what circumstances can we be close to each other and under what circumstances it is best to keep our distance.”

Dr. Platto believes that cats and dogs have lived on earth as humans’ partners for thousands of years, and it is our duty to create an environment where humans can live in harmony with these animals.

薩拉，江漢大學(xué)生命科學(xué)學(xué)院教授，意大利動(dòng)物行為與福利學(xué)專家。2007年來(lái)到中國(guó)，在中國(guó)從事動(dòng)物研究已有十一年之久。

她喜歡和動(dòng)物相處，能夠從動(dòng)物的神情動(dòng)作中看懂它們的心思。她認(rèn)為，動(dòng)物有語(yǔ)言，人類和所有動(dòng)物都共享著或多或少的DNA，因此人類和動(dòng)物是緊密聯(lián)系在一起的。為響應(yīng)“全球狂犬病控制聯(lián)盟”的號(hào)召，近兩年的世界狂犬病日，她都在武漢舉辦了推廣活動(dòng)，免費(fèi)提供上百支狂犬病疫苗，希望為控制狂犬病做一些貢獻(xiàn)。

目前，在流浪貓狗成為嚴(yán)肅的城市問(wèn)題之時(shí)，我們采訪了意大利動(dòng)物行為學(xué)專家莎拉·普拉托。

為什么我們能在城市里看到那么多的流浪貓狗呢？過(guò)度繁殖是主要原因。以貓為例，一只母貓一年就能生下6到15只小貓，新生的小貓一年內(nèi)就可以發(fā)育成熟開(kāi)始生育。對(duì)此，國(guó)際上公認(rèn)的辦法是對(duì)流浪動(dòng)物進(jìn)行捉捕、絕育、放歸，這樣不僅可以控制流浪貓狗的數(shù)目，也可以為它們創(chuàng)造一個(gè)相對(duì)穩(wěn)定的環(huán)境——避免流動(dòng)和爭(zhēng)斗。

另外一個(gè)原因是人類對(duì)寵物的遺棄。為此莎拉說(shuō)，對(duì)寵物應(yīng)該有完備的管理措施。薩拉以意大利為例：每一個(gè)寵物會(huì)在后頸部皮下植入芯片，記錄著主人的姓名和聯(lián)系方式，遺棄寵物會(huì)被追究法律責(zé)任。

對(duì)于流浪動(dòng)物帶來(lái)的疾病問(wèn)題，莎拉表示狂犬病是唯一會(huì)給人類帶來(lái)生命危險(xiǎn)的傳染病，其他疾病對(duì)人類并無(wú)嚴(yán)重傷害。這種傳染病可以從動(dòng)物傳染到人類，導(dǎo)致每年全球大約有六萬(wàn)人死亡。

她說(shuō)，殺死動(dòng)物絕對(duì)不是控制狂犬病的有效辦法。在2008年，巴厘島狂犬病爆發(fā)，政府殺死了近20萬(wàn)只狗，當(dāng)?shù)氐囊咔榉炊鼑?yán)重了。莎拉解釋到，流浪動(dòng)物會(huì)在一定的區(qū)域內(nèi)組成團(tuán)體，團(tuán)體的數(shù)量由該區(qū)域的食物資源而決定。一旦該區(qū)域的動(dòng)物被殺掉一部分，就會(huì)有其他地方的動(dòng)物過(guò)來(lái)爭(zhēng)奪食物。這樣的流動(dòng)會(huì)帶來(lái)動(dòng)物團(tuán)體之間的爭(zhēng)斗，狂犬病更容易擴(kuò)散。

控制狂犬病最有效的辦法是給動(dòng)物們注射狂犬病疫苗，即從源頭上解決問(wèn)題。被貓狗咬傷的人，即便曾有疫苗的注射經(jīng)歷，仍需再次注射五只疫苗。不過(guò)，給貓狗注射的疫苗可以擁有更長(zhǎng)的有效期。仍以意大利為例：上世紀(jì)60至70年代之間，政府每半年為貓狗們注射一次疫苗，并投擲裝有可食用疫苗的食物在街頭。這使得狂犬病病例逐漸在意大利銷聲匿跡。

通常來(lái)說(shuō)，貓狗們不會(huì)隨便攻擊人類。動(dòng)物不會(huì)用人的語(yǔ)言來(lái)表達(dá)自己，而人卻可以通過(guò)學(xué)習(xí)相關(guān)的知識(shí)去理解它們?！拔覀儜?yīng)該學(xué)會(huì)辨認(rèn)它們的情緒：什么情況下可以親近，什么情況下最好保持距離?！?/p>

莎拉認(rèn)為，貓狗們作為人類的伙伴共同生存了上千年，我們有責(zé)任創(chuàng)造一個(gè)人和貓狗能夠和諧共處的環(huán)境。