江林娟 陳春華 顏旭 楊世民
摘 要:干旱脅迫是嚴重影響全球作物生產(chǎn)的非生物脅迫之一,研究植物耐旱機制已成為一個重要領域。水通道蛋白是一類特異、高效轉運水及其它小分子底物的膜通道蛋白,在植物中具有豐富的亞型,參與調(diào)節(jié)植物的水分吸收和運輸。近10年來,水通道蛋白在植物不同生理過程中的作用,一直受到研究人員的關注,特別是在非生物脅迫方面,而研究表明水通道蛋白在干旱脅迫下對植物的耐旱性起著至關重要的作用,能維持細胞水分穩(wěn)態(tài)和調(diào)控環(huán)境脅迫快速響應。水通道蛋白在植物耐旱過程中的調(diào)控機制及功能較復雜,而關于其應答機制和不同亞型功能性研究的報道甚少。該文綜述了植物水通道蛋白的分類、結構、表達調(diào)控和活性調(diào)節(jié),分別從植物水通道蛋白響應干旱表達調(diào)控機制、水通道蛋白基因表達的時空特異性、水通道蛋白基因的表達與蛋白豐度,水通道蛋白基因的耐旱轉化四個方面闡明干旱脅迫下植物水通道蛋白的表達,重點闡述其參與植物干旱脅迫應答的作用機制,并提出水通道蛋白研究的主要方向。
關鍵詞:水通道蛋白,干旱脅迫,功能,水分平衡,調(diào)控機制
中圖分類號:Q945.78
文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1000-3142(2018)05-0672-09
Abstract:As the whole growth process of plants is closely related to water conduction in plants,drought stress is one of the abiotic stresses severely affecting global crop production,and it is necessary to study drought tolerance mechanism of plants. Aquaporins (AQPs),major intrinsic proteins (MIPs) present in plasma and intracellular membranes,are ubiquitously present in all kingdoms of life,and show their highest diversities in plants. Their roles in facilitating the transport of small neutral molecules across cell membranes in higher plants are now well established. Rich in subfamilies,AQPs regulate water absorption and transport in plants and count much in maintaining water balance in plants. During the recent decade,researchers have focused on the role of AQPs in different physiological processes of plants,especially in abiotic stress. According to the previous research,AQPs are critical for drought tolerance of plants under drought stress. The regulation via AQPs is reported as an important way for plants to keep cell water stable and maintain rapid response to environmental stresses. Numerous studies have identified AQPs as important targets for improving plant performance under drought stress. However,the regulation mechanism and function of AQPs are quite complicated in the process of drought tolerance. In addition,the response mechanism and the function of different subfamilies have rarely been reported. In this review,we provide a brief synopsis of the classification,structure,expression and activity regulation of AQP superfamily across the green plants. Specifically,the expression of AQPs under drought stress is expounded from the following four aspects:The expression regulation mechanism of response to drought,the temporal and spatial specificity,the gene expression and protein abundance,and the gene transformation for drought tolerance. Numerous studies of plant AQPs under osmotic stress conditions have revealed their importance in regulating plant stress responses. With emphasis placed on the mechanism of AQPs involved in response to drought stress in plants,the author tentatively proposed a main research direction. Responsive mechanism of AQPs in plants exposing to drought stress should be further investigated in the coming exploration to provide scientific supports and molecular materials for application of AQPs in molecular breeding.
Key words:aquaporin,drought stress,function,water balance,regulation mechanism
干旱脅迫是導致作物減產(chǎn)的非生物脅迫之一,通常干旱等各種逆境脅迫會使植物水分失衡而導致逆境傷害,因此逆境脅迫下植物維持水分平衡的機理一直是抗逆研究的熱點。水通道蛋白(aquaporins,AQPs),又稱水孔蛋白,主要的內(nèi)在蛋白(major intrinsic proteins,MIPs),位于細胞膜上的一類膜通道蛋白(26~34 kDa),具有底物特異雙向通透能力,能通透水、不帶電小分子(硅酸、尿素、甘油、硼酸)或氣體(CO2、氨氣)等。Maurel et al(1993)從擬南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)中分離出第1個植物水通道蛋白,并證明其轉運水分的功能。在共質(zhì)體途徑,水分通過細胞質(zhì)和細胞膜進入細胞。流經(jīng)根中的水有70%~90%是通過細胞膜上的AQPs來傳輸?shù)模˙arrowclough et al,2000)。在1MPa壓力下,AQPs每秒能運輸109個水分子(Fujiyoshi et al,2002)。AQPs能依賴滲透勢高效介導水分跨膜轉運,是細胞內(nèi)和細胞間水分運輸?shù)闹饕ǖ?,在維持細胞滲透平衡和調(diào)節(jié)植物生理過程中發(fā)揮重要作用(Maurel et al,2008)。
本研究從分類、結構、表達調(diào)控與活性調(diào)節(jié)及干旱脅迫下植物AQPs的表達四個方面詳細介紹植物AQPs。此外,還重點概述了與AQPs相關的植物干旱脅迫應答機制的最新研究進展,并探討了一些轉AQPs基因植物的抗旱試驗結果。
1 植物AQPs分類
迄今已發(fā)現(xiàn)100多種AQPs(Srivastava et al,2016),根據(jù)AQPs序列同源性、亞細胞定位及結構特征,可歸納為七類:質(zhì)膜內(nèi)在蛋白PIPs(plasma membrane intrinsic proteins)、液泡膜內(nèi)在蛋白TIPs(tonoplast intrinsic proteins)、類NOD26膜內(nèi)在蛋白NIPs(nodulin 26-like intrinsic proteins)、小分子堿性膜內(nèi)在蛋白SIPs(small basic intrinsic proteins)、類GlpF膜內(nèi)在蛋白GIPs(glycerol facilitator-like intrinsic proteins)(Gustavsson et al,2005)、混合內(nèi)在蛋白HIPs(hybrid intrinsic proteins)及X內(nèi)在蛋白XIPs(uncategorized X intrinsic proteins)(Danielson & Johanson,2008; Javot,2002; Siefritz et al,2002)。目前除苔蘚和卷柏外,其它植物的AQPs都無GIPs,苔蘚和卷柏存在GIPs是否與其喜歡生長在潮濕環(huán)境有關,可進一步研究。某些雙子葉植物、原核生物及真菌存在XIPs,但在高等植物中至今未發(fā)現(xiàn)HIPs(表1)。植物AQPs(XIPs、HIPs和GIPs)在系統(tǒng)進化過程中丟失,需進一步通過序列分析及鑒定XIPs、HIPs和GIPs功能,為系統(tǒng)研究AQPs的生物多樣性及進化過程提供依據(jù)。
2 植物AQPs結構特點
AQPs的一級結構包含6個α跨膜螺旋(TM1-TM6),且有5個環(huán)(LA-LE)相連,其中有2個胞內(nèi)環(huán)(LB、LD)和3個胞外環(huán)(LA、LC、LE),分別位于膜的兩側(圖1:A)。疏水性環(huán)LB和LE各含有一段高度保守的氨基酸序列Asn-Pro-Ala,即NPA盒,直接參與運輸水的通道形成,是植物AQPs的重要序列特征,E環(huán)對外界環(huán)境敏感,能啟動AQP的功能,同時B環(huán)和E環(huán)各形成半個跨膜螺旋(HB、HE)參與AQPs活性調(diào)控,其余環(huán)是親水性環(huán)。AQP的雙向運輸水分子孔道是由2個NPA基序與6個跨膜螺旋形成,其收縮芳香族化合物/精氨酸(aromatic/Arg,ar/R)四聚體結構存在于NPA盒外側0.8 nm處,分別由LE上的2個氨基酸殘基和HB、HE上各1個氨基酸殘基組成,有1個AEF(Ala-Glu-Phe)或AEFXXT在N端結構域(Sui et al,2001)。一些AQPs的N端存在“DXE”基序是其從內(nèi)質(zhì)網(wǎng)外運的信號,而C端存在負責AQPs內(nèi)化的保守磷酸化位點(師恭曜等,2012)。AQPs的選擇性主要來源于排阻效應,由NPA序列、ar/R結構、弱相互作用3個因素決定(De et al,2003; Fujiyoshi et al,2002; Robinson et al,1996)。每個AQP單體都可形成獨立的水通道(Fetter et al,2004)。 AQPs的四聚體結構,對于形成AQPs的穩(wěn)定結構和準確的功能表達起重要作用(圖1:B,C)。蛋白質(zhì)結構構象多樣性可導致不同的生物體對環(huán)境適應性差異。Berny et al (2016)認為相比于細胞單獨表達PIP2s,推測可能是異聚化引起的玉米原生質(zhì)體上共表達ZmPIP1和ZmPIP2s的直接互作,導致細胞導水率的增加。因此,不同植物水通道蛋白單體的拓撲結構和聚合角度存在差異,導致每種植物AQPs具有其獨特的功能。
3 植物AQPs表達調(diào)控與活性調(diào)節(jié)
植物AQPs調(diào)節(jié)方式分為轉錄水平和轉錄后水平調(diào)節(jié)。轉錄過程中,AQPs活性受AQPs合成速度調(diào)節(jié),這種方式調(diào)節(jié)速度較慢,調(diào)節(jié)方式受植物生長因素影響。轉錄后水平調(diào)控主要包括AQPs活性的門控機制和蛋白酶的降解。影響AQPs門控行為包括磷酸化(Trnroth-Horsefield et al,2005)、去磷酸化(Yaaran & Moshelion,2016)、基因異源化、pH、Ca2+、活性氧(ROS)等因素。目前對植物AQPs表達調(diào)控與活性調(diào)節(jié)的研究多集中在PIPs上。調(diào)控PIPs表達與活性主要表現(xiàn)在轉錄水平受環(huán)境因素(干旱等)和內(nèi)源性信號(脫落酸等)影響,在轉錄后水平受翻譯后膜轉運水平和門控水平影響。PIPs翻譯后膜轉運水平包括翻譯后修飾、再循環(huán)利用(內(nèi)吞和外排)、自噬降解、蛋白酶降解。PIPs門控水平包括胞質(zhì)酸化、Ca2+、活性氧(ROS),最終調(diào)節(jié)膜的導水率(Zargar et al,2017)。
4 干旱脅迫下植物AQPs的表達
干旱下,植物氣孔關閉,胞間CO2分壓降低,光合作用減弱,增加氣孔導度來補償細胞間CO2可用性(Groszmann et al,2016),大部分AQPs基因表達量下調(diào),使AQPs活性降低,植物抗旱性提高,從而穩(wěn)定植物體水分含量,提高植物水分利用率。干旱下植物木質(zhì)部薄壁組織細胞增加大量AQPs,加強質(zhì)外體和共質(zhì)體間的水分交換來響應水分脅迫(Secchi et al,2017)。AQPs在植物根、莖、葉中均有表達,一般根中表達量最高,且不同基因家族、不同基因間的組織表達模式存在差異,具有透水能力的AQPs多集中于PIPs和TIPs。在細胞水平,PIPs負責水分的吸收與外排,TIPs負責調(diào)節(jié)膨壓,使細胞結構的完整性得以維持(Fotiadis et al,2001)。干旱破壞細胞滲透平衡時,PIPs和TIPs調(diào)節(jié)根系導水率和蒸騰速率。PIP1和PIP2亞型高度表達主要集中在根和葉的維管組織,且PIP2亞家族似乎比PIP1運輸水分的效率更高(urbanovski et al,2013),表明PIP2家族在脅迫條件下受到異位蛋白影響比PIP1家族大。
4.1 植物AQPs響應干旱表達調(diào)控機制
迄今為止,植物耐旱過程中調(diào)控機制研究最為廣泛的一類AQPs是PIPs。干旱下,PIPs膜轉運調(diào)控PIPs表達和活性,從而減少植物水分流失和提高植物水勢。干旱誘導脫落酸(abscisic acid, ABA)直接或間接調(diào)控多數(shù)PIPs活性,但ABA對PIPs的調(diào)控有爭議。有研究提出ABA能使PIPs表達上調(diào),但也有研究者認為ABA會抑制PIPs的表達。本研究ABA和HgCl2預處理下,啟動子中AuxRE和ABRE元件可能是誘導番茄葉片AQPs上調(diào)表達的主要因素(Liu et al,2016)。ABA分別通過自噬降解途徑 (Hachez et al,2014)和蛋白體降解途徑(Liu et al,2016)減少富含色氨酸的感受蛋白或轉運蛋白(tryptophan-rich sensory protein/translocator,TSPO )和膜錨定泛素連接酶E3(a RING membrane anchor E3 ubiquitin ligase,Rma1H1),調(diào)控某些PIPs表達。ABA同時能調(diào)節(jié)Ca2+、胞質(zhì)pH值,活性氧,通過引導內(nèi)化或封閉構象作用于PIPs膜轉運調(diào)控(Prado & Maurel,2013)(圖2)。Vinnakota et al (2016)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)水稻耐旱與不耐旱品種保衛(wèi)細胞的PIP1和PIP2基因表達一致,而兩個耐旱品種的氣孔保衛(wèi)細胞滲透性存在明顯差異。氣孔保衛(wèi)細胞利用磷酸化,調(diào)節(jié)ABA引起氣孔關閉的水通道蛋白顯著(Assmann & Jegla,2016)。暗示可從不同抗旱品種氣孔保衛(wèi)細胞PIPs來研究AQPs有效門控機制。
4.2 AQPs表達的時空特異性
植物AQPs的表達不僅與植物的種類有關,還與干旱時間、發(fā)育階段以及環(huán)境條件有關。在干旱脅迫下,擬南芥和水稻葉片中AQPs的轉錄調(diào)控較復雜,大多數(shù)AQPs的表達有下降的趨勢,但有些卻增加。擬南芥AtPIP2;1和AtPIP2;2在干旱脅迫下表達下調(diào)(Jin,2015),但也有AtPIP1;3、AtPIP1;4等少數(shù)AtPIPs表達量增加(Alexandersson et al,2010,2005)。絕大多數(shù)被抑制擬南芥AQPs表達會逐漸恢復到脅迫前水平,但缺乏功能性PIP明顯復蘇緩慢(Secchi & Zwieniecki,2014)。AQPs有利于植物適應干旱環(huán)境,特別是促進植物干旱后的復水,但仍不清楚其具體作用機制。AQPs是水稻水分利用效率的主要決定因素(Nada & Abogadallah,2014)。Grondin et al (2016)發(fā)現(xiàn)干旱脅迫下6個水稻品種根中PIP2;1,PIP1;3,PIP2;2,PIP1;1,PIP1;2,PIP2;8表達量明顯降低。Li et al (2008)用15% PEG-6000處理水稻,發(fā)現(xiàn)OsTIP1;1、OsTIP1;2和OsTIP4;2在葉子部分初始上調(diào),而在10 h時開始下調(diào);OsTIP2;2,OsTIP4;1初始下調(diào),之后升高,OsTIP4;2也先升后降??梢娝綯IPs基因表達比PIPs更復雜,猜測干旱下水稻AQPs表達增強,可能與干旱初期根能夠生成大量ABA,ABA能調(diào)節(jié)Ca2+、胞質(zhì)pH值,活性氧,通過引導內(nèi)化或封閉構象作用于PIPs膜轉運調(diào)控,從而根系土壤中吸收更多水分。
4.3 AQPs的表達和蛋白豐度
植物AQPs的表達與蛋白豐度對干旱脅迫會產(chǎn)生不同的應答。Jang et al (2017)認為擬南芥AQPs豐度的調(diào)控對干旱條件下的吸水能力沒有明顯的影響。一般來說,在干旱條件下,PIP2豐度會下降,同時PIP1蛋白會積累,但PIP蛋白豐度與吸水能力沒有明顯聯(lián)系。然而,NtTIP1在煙草中的表達豐度與煙草的抗旱性密切相關,其表達量在干旱敏感品種中明顯下調(diào),而在耐旱品種中明顯上調(diào)(夏宗良等,2013)。在干旱條件下,耐旱和干旱敏感品種中的NtTIP1表現(xiàn)出不同的響應模式,表明每個水通道蛋白基因有不同的作用。NtTIP1在耐旱品種中能提高植物抗旱性,可能是因為其表達上調(diào)使通道活性增強,從而促進細胞或液泡的水分運輸,平衡體內(nèi)外的滲透壓。轉錄水平上的基因表達調(diào)控主要受轉錄因子與啟動子的影響。在不同耐旱品種中,AQPs對干旱脅迫的響應有差異,暗示該基因的轉錄調(diào)控因子或啟動子在敏感品種、耐旱品種中可能存在不同,有待進一步研究。當使用不同AQPs抑制劑處理時,AQPs的表達和蛋白豐度影響植物導水率(Devi et al,2016)??梢夾QPs基因表達和蛋白豐度與逆境條件下的水分狀況間的內(nèi)在聯(lián)系尚不明確。
4.4 AQPs基因的耐旱轉化
通過轉AQPs基因來改善植物逆境下的表現(xiàn),觀察到大部分AQPs過表達可提高植物的耐旱性,但其效應在不同植物和不同AQPs基因并不一致。干旱脅迫時,NtPIP1;1和NtPIP2;1在煙草(Nicotiana tabacum)中表達下調(diào),使煙草根部滲透導水率下降。而在體外表達中,各自單獨表達的水通道活性明顯低于兩者共表達的水通道活性,表明NtPIP1;1和NtPIP2;1以異源四聚體的形式組成水通道(Mahdieh et al,2008)。說明可能異源水通道蛋白基因在植物中過表達,它在植物中不能準確調(diào)控,甚至有可能影響自身環(huán)境脅迫應答機制。Lian et al (2006)發(fā)現(xiàn)將響應脅迫的啟動子和表達顯著地受到水分脅迫誘導山地抗旱水稻中的OsPIP1;3基因一起轉化低地不抗旱水稻品種,可明顯提高水稻抗旱性,表明在干旱脅迫下,相同物種的不同植物品種AQPs基因的表達可能不同。Zhuang et al (2015)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)FaPIP2;1在擬南芥中過表達,干旱下轉基因植物比野生型保持更高的葉片相對含水量、葉綠素含量、凈光合速率和更低的葉片質(zhì)膜透性,其抗旱性提高。Martins et al (2017)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)柑橘CsTIP2;1在煙草中過表達,轉基因植物在干旱下脅迫下的抗氧化和適應環(huán)境生長能力提高。但Li et al (2015)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)AcPIP2在擬南芥中過表達,反而加劇其敏旱性。Lee et al (2009)研究發(fā)現(xiàn)干旱脅迫誘導轉基因擬南芥Rma1H,膜錨定泛素連接酶E3,通過泛素調(diào)節(jié)AQPs表達水平。干旱下大部分AQPs過表達能觀察到提高植物耐旱性,可能由于AQPs提高根系水分運輸,穩(wěn)定光合作用。可見AQPs基因的耐旱轉化調(diào)控機制比預想的要復雜。
5 展望
近年來,AQPs表達特征及其與干旱環(huán)境的關系報道日益增多,是未來的研究焦點。AQPs干旱應答機制研究,可考慮以下幾點:(1) 迄今對于干旱脅迫下AQPs 的研究多數(shù)在轉錄調(diào)控上,而聚合調(diào)控、門控機制及重新定位等對其活性影響更直接的作用機制的認識,尚不十分明確,闡明這些機理將有助于進一步認識AQPs。例如,AQPs參與保衛(wèi)細胞氣孔關閉,可從抗旱品種氣孔保衛(wèi)細胞AQPs來研究門控功能。
(2) 迄今干旱條件下,AQPs研究主要集中在PIPs和TIPs,其它亞型基因功能研究甚少,比如只在苔蘚和卷柏中存在的GIPs與抗旱機制有無關系。(3)通常逆境條件下,AQPs只能短暫平衡植物細胞水分,如果能把AQPs基因工程與抗旱滲透調(diào)節(jié)物質(zhì)(甘露糖醇、6-磷酸海藻糖)結合起來研究,可能會提高作物抵御嚴重干旱和長期干旱的能力,將有助于改良和調(diào)控非抗旱植物的抗旱性。(4) 研究啟動子的順式作用元件和反式作用因子相互作用調(diào)控基因時空表達模式差異化機制。(5) 隨著測序技術的發(fā)展,在基因組、轉錄組和蛋白質(zhì)組水平上的探求,將為轉基因技術培育優(yōu)良抗旱作物提供依據(jù),對于深入認識、系統(tǒng)闡述AQPs在植物干旱脅迫下的生理功能及其作用機制具有重要意義。
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