甘娟
一、近五年高考英語全國卷一的七選五的命題特點(diǎn)
1.篇章的單詞總數(shù)約300,主文詞數(shù)約240,七個(gè)選項(xiàng)詞數(shù)約60;七個(gè)選項(xiàng)大多以句子的形式出現(xiàn),內(nèi)容都與篇章有關(guān),一般為標(biāo)題概括句、段落主題句、過渡句和細(xì)節(jié)句。
2.文章的體裁主要是說明文和議論文,結(jié)構(gòu)明顯,線索清晰。內(nèi)容是考生較熟悉的學(xué)習(xí)或生活話題,難度適中。
3.傾向于考查文章篇章結(jié)構(gòu)、語境銜接、邏輯關(guān)系判斷、段落大意歸納、關(guān)鍵信息詞和關(guān)聯(lián)詞的鎖定與銜接能力。
可以看出,七選五既考查考生應(yīng)具備的基本詞匯、句法、語篇結(jié)構(gòu)層次等知識(shí),又要求考生具有分析、歸納、辨別和對(duì)上下文邏輯關(guān)系的理解能力。
二、考生如何做好七選五
(一)答題步驟
1.讀文章標(biāo)題或首段,判斷文體并預(yù)測(cè)內(nèi)容:
2.瀏覽七個(gè)選項(xiàng),畫出關(guān)鍵詞:
3.跳讀小標(biāo)題或各段首句,把握文章結(jié)構(gòu):
4.細(xì)讀全文,運(yùn)用銜接理論相關(guān)的解題技巧選出選項(xiàng):
5.回讀全文,核實(shí)答案。
(二)答題技巧
鑒于七選五的命題特點(diǎn),本文從詞匯、邏輯關(guān)系、句法、語篇結(jié)構(gòu)、語境等方面總結(jié)了以下答題技巧。
1.在詞匯方面,考生應(yīng)注意空格前后的關(guān)鍵詞,選擇時(shí)注意在選項(xiàng)中查找是否有該詞,或者它的同義詞、近義詞、反義詞或替代詞等。
例1
The jobs of the future have not yet been in-vented.36 By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.
D. So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that dont yet exist?
36題空格前有關(guān)鍵詞jobs of the future,恰巧選項(xiàng)D中也有jobs that don,t yet exist,屬于近義詞復(fù)現(xiàn)。另外,36題空格后的關(guān)鍵詞them,根據(jù)句意,them指人,前面肯定得出現(xiàn)them所指的人,正好對(duì)應(yīng)選項(xiàng)D中的our kids,這是代詞銜接上下文。
2.在邏輯關(guān)系方面,要重點(diǎn)分析空格前后的句子,讀懂句子意思,注意它們之間的邏輯關(guān)系,就近尋找關(guān)鍵線索且保證在選項(xiàng)與本段意思相關(guān)的情況下做出選擇。常見的邏輯關(guān)系有并列關(guān)系、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系、因果關(guān)系、層遞關(guān)系、解釋關(guān)系等。
例 2
Campers,in my eyes,were people who enjoyed insect bites.ill-cooked meals,and uncomfort-able sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me,36
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer.
D.1 was to learn a lot about camping since then. however.
36題的前一句作者表達(dá)了過去對(duì)露營(yíng)者的不理解,覺得自己和他們毫無共同之處,下一段敘述了自己去參加露營(yíng)的經(jīng)歷。兩段之間是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系,選項(xiàng)D可以承接上文,however是關(guān)鍵詞。
例3
There are three main types of cryptography.37:For example, the first letters of“My elephant eats too many eels”spell out the hidden message“Meet me”.
E. You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.
根據(jù)For example可知,37題空格處和后面的句子是解釋關(guān)系。
3.在句法方面,注意空格和前后句的句式是否相似。
例4 40:However,it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must he changed frequent-ly.
A. It is verv hard to break a code without the code hook.
該空格后的句式是it is also hard to_和選項(xiàng)A中的“It is very hard to...”結(jié)構(gòu)一樣,屬于結(jié)構(gòu)銜接。
4.在語篇結(jié)構(gòu)方面,七選五以議論文和說明文為主,把握其結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)有助于準(zhǔn)確答題。議論文先總述現(xiàn)象或觀點(diǎn),接著從正面陳述和反面論證,最后表明作者的觀點(diǎn),并進(jìn)行總結(jié)。說明文的主題句通常位于篇首,各個(gè)段落的主題句都是首句。一般來說,有“總一分”“總一分一總”“分一總”結(jié)構(gòu)等。
由于這兩種文體的結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,所以適合考查標(biāo)題概括、段落主題句、過渡句和細(xì)節(jié)句等??忌诖痤}時(shí)要注意設(shè)空處出現(xiàn)的位置,首段通常是文章的中心段落。若設(shè)空處出現(xiàn)在首段,考生則要在選項(xiàng)中找較能概括全文中心的選項(xiàng)。段落的主旨句一般出現(xiàn)在每段的段首,若設(shè)空處出現(xiàn)在段首,考生則要在選項(xiàng)中找能概括本段主旨的選項(xiàng)。若設(shè)空處出現(xiàn)在段中或段末,考生則要在選項(xiàng)中找過渡句或細(xì)節(jié)句。另外,考生還要注意首尾呼應(yīng)和前后對(duì)比等。
例5 Business management is a term used to describe the techniques of planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business.—73 0ne is the estahlishment(制定)of broad basic policies with re- spect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and counting.74 The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. Direction is concerned primarily with supervlsion(監(jiān)管)and guidance by the management in authority.75
A. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
74題前一句的關(guān)鍵詞是One,后一句的關(guān)鍵詞是The third,可以推斷出74題應(yīng)為The second,故選E。73題前一句的關(guān)鍵詞是planning,direction,andcontrol,75題前一句的關(guān)鍵詞是Direction,可推斷出之前應(yīng)是planning,接著又將planning從三個(gè)方面展開論述,75題應(yīng)是control。該段落結(jié)構(gòu)清晰,總分結(jié)構(gòu)明顯。掌握該段的結(jié)構(gòu)就能看出73題選G,75題選A。
5.在語境方面,考生要能理解上下文的意思,根據(jù)語境推斷出答案。
例6 37:We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom...
40 It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature.I recommend that you find your way in style.
C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.
E.I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
根據(jù)37題的后一句,可知此次露營(yíng)的艱辛,這與C選項(xiàng)中的rough照應(yīng)。故選C。
根據(jù)40題后一句的句意可知,作者已逐漸喜歡上了露營(yíng),這就是他回歸自然的方式。故選E。
最后,在答題過程中,考生要遵循先易后難的原則,必要時(shí)采用跳讀策略,先確定有把握的選項(xiàng),再根據(jù)關(guān)鍵詞逐步排除無關(guān)選項(xiàng)。