尹繼友

筆者連續(xù)多年從事高三英語(yǔ)教學(xué)工作并參加高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)的閱卷工作，發(fā)現(xiàn)高考英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)的平均得分并不高，現(xiàn)把該類題型的失分原因和寫作技巧，尤其是一些常見開頭和結(jié)尾技巧以及過渡性的句子總結(jié)出來，助力同學(xué)們備戰(zhàn)2018年英語(yǔ)高考。

一、失分原因

在閱卷中，筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)許多考生在寫作時(shí)容易受漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式的影響，不知不覺會(huì)用漢語(yǔ)表達(dá)方式來表達(dá)自己的意思，寫出的句子只有懂漢語(yǔ)的英語(yǔ)老師才能讀懂。產(chǎn)生“Chinglish（漢式英語(yǔ)）”的原因是很多考生把英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)視為機(jī)械的word-for-word translation的過程，生搬硬套，不會(huì)在特定的語(yǔ)境中正確遣詞造句、選用句型，只會(huì)將漢語(yǔ)逐字逐句轉(zhuǎn)譯為英語(yǔ)。

要想改變這種情況，必須做到：①盡量養(yǎng)成用英語(yǔ)思維寫作的習(xí)慣，注意中西方的不同表達(dá)方式；②平時(shí)要?dú)w納總結(jié)失分原因，糾正“Chinglish”；③廣泛閱讀，多收聽英語(yǔ)廣播，收看英語(yǔ)電視節(jié)目等。

接下來，筆者總結(jié)高三學(xué)生在英語(yǔ)書面表達(dá)中出現(xiàn)“Chinglish”的各種情況，供大家參考，以免在2018年高考中犯類似的錯(cuò)誤。

（一）英漢主語(yǔ)不同

主語(yǔ)是句子的靈魂所在，然而，英語(yǔ)、漢語(yǔ)對(duì)主語(yǔ)的使用習(xí)慣卻存在著很大的差異。英語(yǔ)更強(qiáng)調(diào)客觀效果，注重客觀事物對(duì)人的影響和作用，因此常常會(huì)用一些表示事物、動(dòng)作或效果之類的沒有生命的詞作主語(yǔ)，一般稱為“無靈主語(yǔ)”。而漢語(yǔ)則恰恰相反，習(xí)慣用人或者是有生命的東西作主語(yǔ)，一般稱為“有靈主語(yǔ)”?？忌趯懽鲿r(shí)，如能緊貼英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言習(xí)慣，多使用“無靈主語(yǔ)”，就會(huì)吸引閱卷者的注意。

1. Wrong： I cost（我花了）one thousand dollars to buy the painting last week.（cost）

Right： It cost me one thousand dollars to buy the painting last week.

2. Wrong： Come and see me if you are convenient（如果你方便）.（convenient）

Right： Come and see me if it is convenient for/to you .

（二）英漢成分相異

句子成分的易位大致可分為語(yǔ)法易位和修辭易位兩類。易位作為一種重要的語(yǔ)法手段和修辭手段，在英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)中的使用存在差異，值得考生們重視。

1. Wrong： The old couple have two daughters， both of them are doctors（ 兩個(gè)都是醫(yī)生）.（ both ）

Right： The old couple have two daughters， both of whom are doctors.

2. Wrong： A manager as she is（盡管她是個(gè)經(jīng)理），she is very modest.（as）

Right： Manager as she is， she is very modest.

（三）英漢語(yǔ)序各異

語(yǔ)序（即句子成分的空間分布）反映的是語(yǔ)言符號(hào)之間的關(guān)系，是言內(nèi)意義在句法層面上的體現(xiàn)。因此，語(yǔ)序在很大程度上決定一個(gè)民族的思維習(xí)慣。我們可用“大同小異”來概括英漢語(yǔ)序特征：“同”是主謂賓的相對(duì)位置相同，“異”是指兩種語(yǔ)言中定語(yǔ)和狀語(yǔ)的位置不同。

1. Wrong： The longest three rivers（最長(zhǎng)的三條河流）in the world are the Niles， the Amazon and the Changjiang River.（river）

Right： The three longest rivers are the Niles， the Amazon and the Changjiang River.

2. Wrong： So clearly he speaks English（他講英語(yǔ)）that he can always make himself understood.（speak）

Right： So clearly does he speak English that he can always make himself understood.

（四）英漢語(yǔ)態(tài)有別

英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用范圍比較廣，而漢語(yǔ)中被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)使用比較少，這就在客觀上給中學(xué)生理解英語(yǔ)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)造成了困難。

1. Wrong： The driver should be blamed（應(yīng)該受到責(zé)備）for the accident.（blame）

Right： The driver is to blame for the accident.

2. Wrong： My motor-car is repairing（正在修）.（repair）

Right： My motor-car is being repaired.

（五）英漢表達(dá)方式特殊

由于不同語(yǔ)言有不同的特點(diǎn)和不同文化存在差異等原因，英語(yǔ)和漢語(yǔ)在語(yǔ)法、語(yǔ)義及表達(dá)方式等方面不盡相同。

1. Wrong： I hurried to the station only finding（結(jié)果卻發(fā)現(xiàn)）the train had left. （find）

Right： I hurried to the station only to find the train had already left.

2. Wrong： -You had better go and wash your car（把你的轎車洗洗）.（wash）

-I will do it myself.

Right： -You had better go and have/get your car washed.

-I will do it myself.

當(dāng)然，考生在寫作中出現(xiàn)的問題遠(yuǎn)不止這些，還有審題不仔細(xì)、抓不準(zhǔn)要點(diǎn)、拼寫錯(cuò)誤多、同根詞混用等。此外，同學(xué)們?cè)谟⒄Z(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)中有一種不良傾向，即比較重視句子的語(yǔ)法是否正確，忽視句子結(jié)構(gòu)及其實(shí)際運(yùn)用。在備考時(shí)，考生可借鑒庖丁解牛之法，學(xué)會(huì)總結(jié)規(guī)律，找準(zhǔn)漢譯英的切入點(diǎn)。

二、開頭與結(jié)尾的寫作技巧

（一）開頭

對(duì)于一篇考場(chǎng)習(xí)作來說，設(shè)置一個(gè)新穎、別致的開頭，做到“先聲奪人”，就離成功近了一步。

首先，考生應(yīng)注意以下兩點(diǎn)內(nèi)容：（1）開頭決不要繞圈子，也不一定要按時(shí)間、地點(diǎn)的順序平鋪直敘；（2）題目沒有提示的內(nèi)容一般不必加上，聯(lián)想不宜過多。其次，為開拓思路，避免或減少錯(cuò)誤，要盡量使用自己熟悉或準(zhǔn)備好的開頭句式。

以My Teacher這個(gè)話題為例，開頭句式可如下——

1. A is my teacher...

2. I have many teachers. A is one of them...

【點(diǎn)評(píng)】開頭點(diǎn)題，按照題目提供的情景平鋪直敘，一般不會(huì)離題，但寫作技巧不高。

3. I will never forget my teacher A...

4. Many things may be easily forgotten， but my teacher A often appears in my mind...

【點(diǎn)評(píng)】開頭點(diǎn)題，且話里有話，所要表達(dá)的內(nèi)容躍然紙上。

5. Several years has passed since I said good-bye to my teacher A...

6. Do you know my friend and also my teacher A...

【點(diǎn)評(píng)】開頭設(shè)疑，給人以“欲知后事，請(qǐng)看下文”之感，自然地引出下文。

7. Have you ever heard about my teacher A， learned but lovely man？ He is my teacher.

【點(diǎn)評(píng)】開頭設(shè)疑，引導(dǎo)下文，而且點(diǎn)明了老師的性格，為表達(dá)兩人之間的關(guān)系埋下了伏筆。

8. Simple as he is...， he is my teacher A.

【點(diǎn)評(píng)】在栩栩如生的描述之后揭示謎底，適合基礎(chǔ)較好的同學(xué)使用。如果文章很長(zhǎng)或內(nèi)容繁雜則不宜用這種開頭。

總結(jié)

1.書面表達(dá)體裁多樣，文章的開頭自然也多種多樣，斷不可無視內(nèi)容而生搬硬套上述句式。

2.無論何種類型、何種體裁的作文，都必須堅(jiān)持內(nèi)容第一、形式第二的原則。

（二）結(jié)尾

結(jié)尾是對(duì)文章主題的歸納，好的結(jié)尾能引起讀者的共鳴，深化主題，引人深思。結(jié)尾的寫作技巧主要有總結(jié)觀點(diǎn)、重復(fù)主題句、提出結(jié)論、提出問題、暗示答案等。

1.首尾呼應(yīng)，畫龍點(diǎn)睛

把含義較深的話放在文末，能夠深化主題，起到畫龍點(diǎn)睛的效果。例如題為I cannot forget her（我忘不了她）的文章的結(jié)尾：After her death I felt as if something were missing in my life. I was sad over her passing away， but I knew she would not have had any regrets at having given her life for the benefit of the people.

2.重復(fù)主題句

結(jié)尾回到文章開頭說明的中心思想或主題上，能夠起到強(qiáng)調(diào)主題的效果。例如題為I Love My Hometown的文章的結(jié)尾：I love my hometown and I love its people. They have changed-they are going all out to make more contribution for my motherland.

3.自然結(jié)尾

文章自然而然地結(jié)尾，具有簡(jiǎn)單之美。例如題為Fishing的文章的結(jié)尾：I caught as many as 20 fish in two hours， but my brother caught many more. Tired from fishing we lay down on the riverback， bathing in the sun. We returned home very late.

4.用反問句結(jié)尾

反問句具有特別強(qiáng)調(diào)的作用，能夠引起讀者深思。例如題為Should We Learn to Do Housework？（我們要不要做家務(wù)？）的文章的結(jié)尾：Everyone should learn to do housework. Dont you agree， boys and girls？

5.指明方向，激勵(lì)讀者

結(jié)尾表達(dá)對(duì)將來的展望，或期待讀者加入行動(dòng)，能起到良好的互動(dòng)效果。例如題為L(zhǎng)ets Go in for Sports（讓我們參加體育運(yùn)動(dòng)）的文章的結(jié)尾：As we have said above， sports can be of great value. They not only make people live happily but also help people to learn virtues and do their work better. A sound mind is in a sound body. Let us go in for sports.

好的文章結(jié)尾能夠概括全文內(nèi)容，進(jìn)一步強(qiáng)調(diào)或肯定文章的中心思想，使文章的意義表達(dá)得更加深刻。結(jié)尾沒有一定的模式，考生根據(jù)主題表達(dá)的需要靈活創(chuàng)作即可。

三、過渡模塊

在寫作時(shí)，考生可在文中穿插一些過渡性詞匯、短語(yǔ)或句型，這樣會(huì)使短文過渡自然，銜接緊密，行文緊湊。

1. 表因果關(guān)系：therefore，so，hence，thus，accordingly，consequently，as a result...

2. 表舉例示范：for example，in other words，for instance，that is，that is to say...

3表總結(jié)概括：in summary，to sum up，in brief，in short，on the whole，in a word，all in all，in conclusion，as has been noted...

4. 表轉(zhuǎn)折讓步：unfortunately，anyway，but，however，otherwise，still，yet，after all，in spite of，on the contrary，on the other hand，in any case，whatever...

5. 表遞進(jìn)過渡：again，also，worse still，obviously，then，besides，further，furthermore，moreover，next，similarly，after a while，at the same time，in addition，meanwhile，suddenly，later，soon，in the same way，whats more...

【開頭段模板】

1. Nowadays there is a growing concern over... Many people like...， while others are inclined to...

2. There is a debate/controversy today as to/over/concerning the issue/problem of...

3. Those who criticize/oppose/argue that... They believe that... But people who advocate/favor/are for...， on the other hand， ...

4. Some people say that...， other people suggest that... But I can hardly share this point of view for several reasons.

5. As far as I am concerned/Personally， I am in favor of the opinion that...

【中間段模板】

1. Undeniably， ...is good in many aspects. However， it has its disadvantages， too. For one thing， it... For another， it...

2. There is no denying that...

3. It is generally accepted that...

4. From what has been discussed above， we may safely draw the conclusion that...

5. Nevertheless， people seldom reach an absolute consensus on such a controversial issue.

6. Although...has a great advantage of...， it can not compete with...in...

7. However， views on this issue vary from person to person. Some people believe that...

【結(jié)尾段模板】

1. In brief/To conclude/In conclusion...

2. As for me， I am firmly convinced that....

3. Taking into account both sides of argument， I think...

4. Thus， based on the above discussion and analysis， we can see that...

5. For my part， I completely agree with the latter view that...