亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        Effectiveness and safety of different amifostine regimens:Preliminary results of a phase II multicenter randomized controlled trial

        2018-07-12 08:45:54HuiChangWeiYiXiaohuiWangYalanTaoXinYangChenChenWenwenZhangShuZhouSongranLiuXiaohuiLiShirongDingJingLiGongLiXunfanShaoYiminLiuWeishuSongYunfeiXia
        Chinese Journal of Cancer Research 2018年3期

        Hui Chang, Wei Yi, Xiaohui Wang, Yalan Tao, Xin Yang, Chen Chen, Wenwen Zhang,Shu Zhou, Songran Liu, Xiaohui Li, Shirong Ding, Jing Li, Gong Li, Xunfan Shao, Yimin Liu,Weishu Song, Yunfei Xia

        1Department of Radiation Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center of Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China; 2Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510120, China; 3Department of Oncology, People’s Liberation Army 421 Hospital, Guangzhou 510318, China; 4Department of Oncology, the Main Guangzhou Hospital of the Guangzhou Military Region, Guangzhou 510010, China;5Department of Oncology, Guangdong Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine, Guangzhou 510530, China; 6Department of Radiation Oncology,the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Guangzhou Medical College, Guangzhou 510095, China; 7Department of Radiation Oncology, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510120, China; 8Department of Oncology, Guangdong Second People’s Hospital,Guangzhou 510317, China

        Abstract Objective: The radioprotective effects of amifostine remain uncertain in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma(NPC), and adverse effects and cost limit generalization of its classical everyday regimen. This phase II multicenter randomized controlled trial aimed to explore whether amifostine could ameliorate the toxicities of NPC patients in the era of intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT), and to compare different regimens of amifostine on effectiveness and safety.Methods: Patients with stage I—IVB NPC were involved prospectively from January 1st, 2013. All patients received radical treatment based on IMRT. After a randomization stratified by their stage, these patients were allocated into 3 groups: the group treated without amifostine, the group treated with the everyday regimen of amifostine, and the group treated with the every-other-day regimen. The 3 groups of patients were compared on radiotherapy-related acute toxicities, treatment effects of NPC, and amifostine-related complications. This trial was registered on the clinicaltrials.gov (ID: NCT01762514).Results: Until August 31st, 2017, totally 187 patients completed experimental intervention. Only amifostine of everyday regimen appeared to reduce the patient proportion of mucositis (79.1% vs. 96.8%, P=0.002).Hypocalcemia was less common in patients treated without amifostine than in those treated with amifostine (22.6%vs. 53.4% vs. 41.8%, P=0.002). Neither complete remission rates nor the survivals were affected by amifostine.Conclusions: Amifostine of everyday regimen could reduce mucositis in NPC patients who received IMRT,though it also had the possibility to cause more hypocalcemia.

        Keywords: Nasopharyngeal carcinoma; amifostine; intensity-modulated radiotherapy; acute toxicity

        Introduction

        The nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) is one of the most common cancers in South China (1,2) and mainly treated through radiotherapy (RT) (3). The intensity-modulated radiotherapy (IMRT) brings a 5-year overall survival (OS)of 85.0% (4). Contrarily, there are still many patients suffering from severe RT-related toxicities. The total incidence of grade 3/4 acute toxicities during RT is as high as 33.2% (5). And late toxicities (incidence, 9.0%) remained the main adverse factors affecting life quality of the patients after RT (6). Because reducing the toxicities might help to ameliorate tolerance of RT and life quality of the longterm survivors, radioprotection has now become one of the research hotspots.

        Amifostine (AMF) is one of the most frequently used radioprotectors. It has been proved in vitro that AMF could protect normal cells from deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)damage, and simultaneously inhibit DNA repair of the cancer cells (7). A series of clinical studies have also revealed that AMF could reduce toxicities of RT in some solid tumors, such as head and neck (HN), ovarian, breast and lung cancers (8-10), without influencing the treatment effects (11). Oppositely, the radioprotective effects of AMF were not seen in some studies (12,13). Furthermore, the clinical value of AMF remains uncertain in NPC.Therefore, this phase II trial aimed to explore the protective and the adverse effects of AMF in NPC patients treated with IMRT. Additionally, the side effects and the high cost of the classical everyday regimen limit generalization of AMF (14), especially in the developing countries like China. This trial also aimed to compare the every-other-day regimen with the standard everyday regimen on effectiveness and safety.

        Patients and methods

        Registration and ethical information

        This trial was registered on the clinicaltrials.gov (ID:NCT01762514). It was approved by the Institutional Review Boards of the participating centers. Written informed consent was obtained from all individual participants involved in this trial.

        Study design and patients

        This trial is a multicenter, randomized parallel controlled,unblinded phase II clinical trial. The details of design referred to the protocol on the clinicaltrials.gov. The patients were enrolled into this trial if they had: 1)diagnosis of untreated stage T1—4N0—3M0 [the 7th edition of the Union for International Cancer Control/American Joint Cancer Committee TNM staging classification (15)]NPC after the trial started (January 1st, 2013); 2) age between 18 and 75 years old; 3) Karnofsky performance score ≥60; and 4) expected survival time ≥3 months. The exclusion criteria included: 1) prior history of alcohol or drug abuse; 2) pregnant or lactating women; 3) treatment with other radioprotective drugs currently; 4) regular application of anti-hypertension drugs; 5) severe hypocalcemia; 6) heart, lung, liver, kidney or hematopoietic dysfunctions unsuitable for RT; 7) severe neurological,mental or endocrine diseases; 8) prior allergic reactions to AMF; or 9) participation in clinical trials of other drugs within 3 months.

        Randomization

        A randomization stratified by stage was applied centrally in this trial, to allocate the patients into the control group(Group A), the every-other-day AMF group (Group B),and the everyday AMF group (Group C), at a ratio of 1:1:1.The allocation was unblinded for the researchers and the patients. The procedure of the randomization is summarized in Figure 1.

        Cancer treatment

        The treatment strategies of all the patients were decided according to the guidelines of the National Comprehensive Cancer Network and our hospital, which was the sponsor center. Stage I—II disease was treated with RT alone, and stage III—IVB disease was treated with RT plus concurrent chemotherapy (CCT). The RT technique for all the patients was IMRT. The CCT was performed uniformly with the nedaplatin plus 5-flurouracil regimen.

        AMF administration

        The patients in Group A were planned to receive only the cancer treatment (RT plus CCT or not). The patients in Group B were planned to receive the cancer treatment plus AMF of every-other-day regimen (400 mg on Day 1, 3 and 5, every week for totally 6—7 weeks). And the patients in Group C were planned to receive the cancer treatment plus AMF of everyday regimen (400 mg on Day 1—5, every week for totally 6—7 weeks).

        Figure 1 Procedure of randomization. NPC, nasopharyngeal carcinoma; KPS, Karnofsky performance score; RT, radiotherapy;CRT, chemoradiotherapy; AMF, amifostine.

        Study measurements

        Before treatment, all the patients underwent a series examinations assessing baseline clinical profiles, including naspharyngoscope, physical examination (PE) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of HN, thoraco-abdominal computed tomography (CT), and whole-body bone scan(or positron emission tomography).

        When the RT was performed 10, 20 and 30 fractions,HN CT and nasopharyngoscope were performed for each patient to evaluate the regression of the primary tumor.The regression grade was determined based on the Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1(16).

        HN PE, complete blood count and serum biochemistry profile were assessed once a week during RT and a week after RT. The RT-related toxicities and the AMF-related complications were decided on basis of Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events (CTCAE)version 4.0 (17).

        The follow-up of disease status was made through outpatient interview every 3 months for the first 3 years after treatment. In the 4th and 5th years, the patients were followed up by outpatient interview or telephone semiannually. And the patients were followed up annually thereafter, until death from NPC or August 31st, 2017,whichever came first.

        Endpoints

        The primary endpoints of this trial were: 1) proportions of patients with the most common RT-related acute toxicities of NPC (myelosuppression, xerostomia and mucositis); and 2) OS, which was defined as the percentage of patients who survived after a certain time period from pathological diagnosis (the survival patients and those lost to follow-up were regarded censored).

        The secondary endpoints included: 1) proportions of patients with the grade 3/4 acute toxicities mentioned above; 2) complete remission (CR) rates at 30 fractions of RT and 3 months after RT; 3) disease-free survival (DFS),which was defined as the percentage of patients who had no death, local recurrence or distant metastasis after a certain time period from pathological diagnosis (the patients without these events and those lost to follow-up were regarded censored); and 4) proportions of patients with the most common AMF-related complications, including upper gastrointestinal (GI) reactions, hypotension and hypocalcemia.

        Statistical analysis

        The baseline clinical profiles, patient proportions, and CR rates among the 3 groups were compared by a Chi-square test. The survivals were calculated through the Kaplan-Meier approach, in which a log-rank test is performed to assess the differences among the 3 groups. If a statistical significance is attained, multiple comparisons between any 2 of the 3 groups will be performed.

        All statistical analyses were done by IBM SPSS software(Version 23.0; IBM Corp., New York, USA). A difference with a two-sided P value of less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. But for the multiple comparisons, the P value threshold was adjusted as 0.017 according to the Bonferroni correction (18).

        Results

        Baseline characteristics

        Until August 31st, 2017, a total of 189 patients were enrolled. Of those, 2 patients (1 case in the Group B and 1 case in the Group C) quitted the trial before RT, according to the will of the patients. Finally, 187 patients (98.9%)completed experimental intervention and were eligible for analysis. The median age of these patients was 46 (range,18—75) years old. The numbers of the patients with stage I—II disease and those with stage III—IVB disease were 51(27.3%) and 136 (72.7%), respectively. There were 62(33.2%), 58 (31.0%) and 67 (35.8%) patients in the Groups A, B and C respectively. Baseline characteristics were balanced among the 3 groups (Table 1).

        Protective effects of AMF

        The proportions of patients with mucositis were 96.8%,94.8% and 79.1% in the Groups A, B and C (P=0.001),respectively (Table 1). The proportions of patients with xerostomia were 87.1%, 89.7% and 86.6% (P=0.858),respectively. And the figures of myelosuppression were 66.1%, 70.7% and 64.2% (P=0.735), respectively. Multiple comparison showed that the Group C had less patients with mucositis than the Groups B and A (P=0.011 and 0.002,respectively) (Figure 2). The Groups A and B had similar patients with mucositis (P=0.594). Nevertheless, there was no difference in proportions of patients with grade 3/4 mucositis, myelosuppression or xerostomia among the 3 groups (P=0.444, 0.561 and 0.958, respectively) (Table 1,Supplementary Figure S1).

        Treatment results

        No difference was seen in CR rates among the 3 groups at 30 fractions of RT, or 3 months after RT (P=0.279 and 0.974, respectively). After a median follow-up time of 41(range, 6—56) months, 14 out of 187 patients (7.5%) were lost to follow-up. There was no difference either in the OS or in the DFS among the 3 groups (P=0.354 and 0.448,respectively) (Figure 3).

        AMF-related complications

        Hypocalcemia was less common in the Group A than in the Groups B and C (P=0.002). But there was no difference in patient proportion of GI reactions or hypotension among the 3 groups (P=0.321 and 0.222, respectively) (Table 1).Further multiple comparison showed that the Group B had more patients with hypocalcemia than the Group A (53.4%vs. 22.6%, P<0.001). No difference was shown between the Group C and the Group B, or between the Group C and the Group A (P=0.193 and 0.020, respectively)(Supplementary Figure S2).

        Discussion

        AMF of the everyday regimen (400 mg/d, 5 d per week)concurrently with RT was proved in this trial to decrease the patient proportion of mucositis, compared with RT alone (79.1% vs. 96.8%, P=0.002). The result was reliable because the trial was a multicenter randomized controlled trial enrolling relatively large scale of NPC patients. For NPC, there was no such strong evidence before.Considering mucositis has been reported as the most common acute toxicity (incidence, 99.0%—99.4%) during RT (5,19), AMF might help to improve RT tolerance of NPC patients. Additionally, a recent study by You et al.indicated that combining chemotherapy with agents targeting epidermal growth factor receptor could further elevate the survival of locally advanced NPC, as well as the risk of mucositis (20). It conferred broader prospect of application to AMF. However, in this trial, the proportion of patients with grade 3/4 mucositis was not influenced by AMF.

        Prior to our study, there were a series of approaches which also showed radioprotective effects of AMF in HN cancers. A study by Münter et al. indicated that AMF could relieve decline in excretion rate of salivary glands after RT(21). Büntzel et al. also showed in a prospective cohort study involving 851 patients that AMF could ameliorate late xerostomia and altered taste significantly (22).Furthermore, Gu et al. made a meta-analysis summarizing 17 trials until January 2012 to demonstrate that AMF could decrease the risk of developing grade 3/4 acute mucositis,xerostomia and dysphagia (23). In addition, a study by Saavedra et al. revealed that AMF had a potential to alter radio-induced apoptosis of peripheral blood cells (24).

        Yet, evidences on application of AMF are unconsistent.In a phase II randomized controlled trial of Haddad et al.,AMF did not bring improvement of acute xerostomia or mucositis to patients who received chemoradiotherapy (25).The protective effects of AMF on acute or late xerostomia were not seen in a systemic review by Riley et al., either(14). In our study, neither myelosuppression nor xerostomia was reduced when AMF was administrated.Therefore, more evidences are needed to validate the radioprotection from AMF, particularly the strong evidences from randomized controlled trials.

        AMF itself could also cause some complications. The most common grade 3/4 side effects of AMF are hypocalcemia, emesis, nausea, hypotension and allergic reactions (incidences were 8.6%, 6.0%, 5.0%, 4.0% and4.0%, respectively) (23,26). Some rare complications such as Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis were also reported (27). In our study, AMF did not increase incidence of GI reactions or hypotension.Nevertheless, compared with RT alone, concomitant AMF of every-other-day regimen presented to cause more hypocalcemia (53.4% vs. 22.6%, P<0.001). And though statistical significance was not achieved, the everyday regimen still had a potential possibility to increase hypocalcemia (41.8% vs. 22.6%, P=0.020). Additionally,subcutaneous injection of AMF was reported to cause fewer complications than intravenous injection. Meanwhile, the protective effects of the former might be weaker as well(23,28). Admittedly, it is another concern whether AMF influences the treatment effects of RT. Our study showed that neither CR rates (at 30 fractions of RT or at 3 months after RT) nor the survivals (OS or DFS) were affected by AMF. These results were in accordance with the previous

        studies performed in HN and lung cancers (11). Hence,AMF was a safe choice for radioprotection of NPC patients.

        Table 1 Baseline profiles, treatment effects and complications (N=187)

        Table 1 (continued)

        Figure 2 Multiple comparison in mucositis, xerostomia and myelosuppression. *, P<0.05; **, P<0.01.

        Figure 3 Survival curves of the 3 groups of patients. (A) Overall survival (OS). The OS of the Groups A, B and C were 98.4%, 94.8% and 98.5%, respectively (P=0.354); (B) Disease-free survival (DFS). The DFS of the Groups A, B and C were 96.8%, 91.4% and 94.0%,respectively (P=0.448).

        Indeed, there were some limitations in our study. First, it was not done in a double-blind manner because enough financial and technical support was lacked. Second, late toxicities were not compared among patients with different regimens of AMF. It was because that this trial focused mainly on the acute toxicities, which were the main factors affecting the RT tolerance. Last, the follow-up time was relatively short for NPC, which had an ideal long-term outcome. The follow-up will be continued to report more exact results of prognosis.

        Conclusions

        AMF of everyday regimen appeared to reduce mucositis in NPC patients who received IMRT, though it also had the possibility to bring more hypocalcemia. And we still recommended that the results of our study be further verified by a phase III trial with a longer follow-up before generalization.

        Acknowledgements

        We are grateful to Prof. Qing Liu (Department of Preventive Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center) for his technical help in the statistical procedure.This study was supported by the grants of the Hi-Tech Research and Development Program of China (Grant No.2006AA02Z4B4) and the National Key Projects of Research and Development of China (Grant No.2016YFC0904600). The funding sources had no role in the study design, data collection, analysis, interpretation or writing of the manuscript.

        Footnote

        Conflicts of Interest: The authors have no conflicts of interests to declare.

        1.Chen W, Zheng R, Baade PD, et al. Cancer statistics in China, 2015. CA Cancer J Clin 2016;66:115-32.

        2.Meng R, Wei K, Xia L, et al. Cancer incidence and mortality in Guangdong province, 2012. Chin J Cancer Res 2016;28:311-20.

        亚洲AⅤ男人的天堂在线观看| 人人狠狠综合久久亚洲婷婷| 色综合久久无码五十路人妻| 女人色熟女乱| 最新亚洲人成网站在线观看| 国产高潮视频在线观看| 久久夜色精品国产欧美乱| 欧美丰满熟妇乱xxxxx图片| 麻豆国产成人精品午夜视频 | 狠狠躁夜夜躁人人爽超碰97香蕉| 国产精品成人午夜久久| 亚洲成AV人片在一线观看| 91九色国产在线观看| 亚洲国产av综合一区| 丝袜美腿在线观看一区| 国产电影无码午夜在线播放| 成人无码α片在线观看不卡| 国产小视频网址| 国产av无码专区亚洲aⅴ| 最新日韩精品视频免费在线观看| 性感的小蜜桃在线观看| 久久女人精品天堂av影院麻| 久久国产精品一国产精品金尊| 人人妻人人狠人人爽| 一本无码人妻在中文字幕免费| 国产成人亚洲精品91专区手机| 久久久久亚洲AV片无码乐播| 日本二区三区在线免费| 成人av片在线观看免费| 色哟哟精品视频在线观看| 亚洲中文无码成人影院在线播放| 国产女主播免费在线观看| 91久久精品一区二区三区大全| 国产农村妇女精品一区| 曰韩无码二三区中文字幕| 亚洲国产成人精品无码区在线观看 | 亚洲一区亚洲二区视频在线| 成人无码一区二区三区| 朝鲜女人大白屁股ass| 亚洲国产福利精品一区二区| 女女同性av一区二区三区|