孫雯?酈寅?方濤
為什么是浙東,成為唐朝詩(shī)人游歷的重要目的地?為什么在唐朝,詩(shī)人們開(kāi)始群體性地游歷山川?為什么要在當(dāng)下,展開(kāi)這場(chǎng)“浙東唐詩(shī)之路”的探尋?
浙江省社會(huì)科學(xué)界聯(lián)合會(huì)與錢江晚報(bào)近日共同推出大型策劃報(bào)道——“浙東唐詩(shī)之路”人文紀(jì)行,攜手全國(guó)知名學(xué)者,以及“浙東唐詩(shī)之路”沿線的研究者,開(kāi)啟一次尋路之行。
筆者和學(xué)者們沿著這條“旅游熱線”,開(kāi)啟“浙東唐詩(shī)之路”人文紀(jì)行,從歷史與現(xiàn)實(shí)中去觀照,浙地的文化、經(jīng)濟(jì)、交通為何在唐朝讓詩(shī)人們蜂擁而至,浙東的山水與唐詩(shī)的審美變化勾連起怎樣的關(guān)系。
被譽(yù)為“浙東唐詩(shī)之路”詩(shī)作神品的,當(dāng)數(shù)李白《送王屋山人魏萬(wàn)還王屋》詩(shī):“逸興滿吳云,飄飖浙江汜。揮手杭越間,樟亭望潮還?!?/p>
公元754年,也就是唐玄宗天寶十三年,54歲的詩(shī)人李白送別好友魏萬(wàn)歸隱故鄉(xiāng)王屋山,寫(xiě)下了這首詩(shī)。
看罷錢塘江大潮,魏萬(wàn)便自今天的濱江西興乘舟往東又折向南而行。此詩(shī)清晰地勾畫(huà)出了唐人在浙東,沿水路上溯,水盡登山而歌的游歷之路。李白對(duì)魏萬(wàn)的贊美之中,其實(shí)隱含的是他自身的青春回憶與自我江南文學(xué)地圖的組合——這張地圖上的綿延詩(shī)路,又不僅僅屬于李白,而是整個(gè)唐朝詩(shī)人對(duì)于浙東在自然與文化上的追尋之路。
樟亭、海門(mén)、耶溪、剡溪、曹娥碑、四明、國(guó)清、靈溪、華頂、石梁……這些是《送王屋山人魏萬(wàn)還王屋》的地理關(guān)鍵詞。浙江越秀外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院副教授張慧玲說(shuō),這首詩(shī)勾勒出唐人在浙江的游歷之路——
“從杭州渡錢塘江,至西陵,入浙東運(yùn)河到越州;游覽若耶溪、鏡湖,經(jīng)曹娥江,到剡中,登天臺(tái)山;游歷赤城、華頂、石梁、國(guó)清寺,入始豐溪,至臨海;轉(zhuǎn)入靈江,往黃巖,歷溫嶠,到永嘉,訪孤嶼;上溯甌江,至青田石門(mén);再上溯好溪,游縉云鼎湖;由梅花橋翻山,入雙溪,下武義江,到金華;上八詠樓,入蘭溪江,至新安江口;轉(zhuǎn)入富春江,詣嚴(yán)光瀨;順流而下,入錢塘江,從杭州前往吳都?!?/p>
一千多年前,這條由李白描繪出來(lái)的古道,是一條帶圓形的線路。限于當(dāng)時(shí)的條件,真正走完的詩(shī)人不多,據(jù)學(xué)者研究,魏萬(wàn)與孟浩然基本走完了全程。
唐代已遠(yuǎn),浙東仍是“千巖競(jìng)秀,萬(wàn)壑爭(zhēng)流。草木蒙籠其上,若云蒸霞蔚”(顧愷之)。
中國(guó)計(jì)量大學(xué)副教授房瑞麗認(rèn)為,浙東唐詩(shī)之路是一條山水和文化相結(jié)合的路,如果只有山水沒(méi)有文化,那么山山水水就會(huì)少了許多的靈氣;而如果只有文化沒(méi)有山水,那么文化就少了活力。
“就像茂林修竹的蘭亭,因?yàn)?0多位名士的相聚,因?yàn)橥豸酥摹短m亭集序》,所以蘭亭成為了一個(gè)符號(hào),成為了文人們雅聚的標(biāo)志。這樣一個(gè)擁有著豐富文化意蘊(yùn)和人文底蘊(yùn)的風(fēng)景秀麗之地,已經(jīng)超越了地理意義上的符號(hào),直接上升到了文化層次?!?/p>
正如唐代詩(shī)人柳宗元所說(shuō):“夫美不自美,因人而彰。蘭亭也,不遭右軍,則清湍修竹,蕪沒(méi)于空山矣?!?/p>
山水和文化的結(jié)合,構(gòu)成了唐代文學(xué)帶有靈性和隱逸氣息的特質(zhì),又和唐代積極向上的文學(xué)品格相互補(bǔ)充。這樣一個(gè)集地理意義、山水風(fēng)光和文化底蘊(yùn)于一體的產(chǎn)物,才是我們認(rèn)可的“大唐氣象”。
與此前的文人相比,漫游是唐代文人,特別是初、盛唐文人非常典型的人生選擇。
尚永亮在《詩(shī)映大唐春:唐詩(shī)與唐人生活》中寫(xiě)道:“特殊的身份使文人樂(lè)于漫游,安全的世界使文人敢于漫游,富庶的社會(huì)使文人能夠漫游?!?/p>
具體而言——
中國(guó)人有“讀萬(wàn)卷書(shū),行萬(wàn)里路”的說(shuō)法,苦讀與游歷是文人必然的生活方式;“學(xué)而優(yōu)則仕”,讀書(shū)的目的是為官?gòu)恼?,以求兼?jì)天下。他們游歷天下,也是為了積攢人脈。因?yàn)檫@兩點(diǎn),初、盛唐時(shí)期,文人的群體性漫游成為一種潮流。
為什么這樣的潮流會(huì)在此時(shí)涌現(xiàn)?不妨看兩則記載:
《通典》:“遠(yuǎn)適數(shù)千里,不持寸刃?!?/p>
《冊(cè)府元龜》:“千軸萬(wàn)艘,交通往來(lái),昧旦永日?!?/p>
當(dāng)然,典籍中記載的安定的社會(huì)秩序與便利的交通,都有賴于經(jīng)濟(jì)的繁榮,它讓文人出游中的行走吃住基本無(wú)憂。
正是在這樣的社會(huì)氛圍中,中國(guó)古典詩(shī)歌的發(fā)展,在唐朝達(dá)到了最高峰。
唐代詩(shī)人一路揚(yáng)帆高歌,足跡近乎遍布全國(guó)各地,留下了許多優(yōu)美的經(jīng)典詩(shī)篇。房瑞麗說(shuō):“如圍繞兩京洛陽(yáng)和長(zhǎng)安,有一條都市文化圈的唐詩(shī)之路;在西北地區(qū)也形成了關(guān)隴的唐詩(shī)之路,現(xiàn)在留存下來(lái)的邊塞詩(shī),就是這一條關(guān)隴唐詩(shī)之路所留下來(lái)的風(fēng)采;圍繞四川蜀中也形成了一條反映巴蜀的風(fēng)土人情的唐詩(shī)路線,如‘蜀道之難,難于上青天。而到了江南地區(qū),包括蘇州、徐州、揚(yáng)州等地,同樣留下了許多唐人的吟唱。如以現(xiàn)在的南京為中心的金陵地區(qū),有許多的歷史文化的淵源,而唐代的詩(shī)人們,在此處留下來(lái)的詩(shī)歌帶有獨(dú)特的金陵文學(xué)的氣象。到了浙東,所留下來(lái)的詩(shī)歌就是我們今天所說(shuō)的浙東唐詩(shī)之路的詩(shī)歌?!?h3>唐代詩(shī)人來(lái)浙東,吟詩(shī)山水頌江南
浙東對(duì)詩(shī)人們的吸引,首先源于其獨(dú)特的區(qū)域文化優(yōu)勢(shì),其次是優(yōu)美的自然環(huán)境。
“浙東唐詩(shī)之路”的形成,是遠(yuǎn)期和近期文化優(yōu)勢(shì)結(jié)合的產(chǎn)物,尤其到了南北朝時(shí)期,北方文人南遷,文化的交流融合豐富了浙東的人文內(nèi)涵。
經(jīng)過(guò)官方和民間的經(jīng)營(yíng),到唐朝時(shí),運(yùn)河行船運(yùn)輸已比較方便,京杭大運(yùn)河與浙東運(yùn)河讓從黃河、淮河、長(zhǎng)江而東的商賈、文人得以抵達(dá)杭州,再東至“浙東唐詩(shī)之路”沿線各地。
在這些綜合因素的作用之下,詩(shī)人們來(lái)到浙東,最終實(shí)現(xiàn)的是一種“形而上”的漫游。房瑞麗認(rèn)為,放眼唐代的許多條詩(shī)路,浙東唐詩(shī)之路對(duì)于唐代文人來(lái)說(shuō)是一個(gè)安置精神與靈魂的家園。
詩(shī)人隱逸于此或在此處尋求仙風(fēng)道骨。如“詩(shī)仙”李白就是來(lái)尋仙訪道的,或者是將此作為自己以后能夠隱而仕的一個(gè)臺(tái)階。浙東是道教名士隱居之地,特別是司馬承禎和吳筠,因?yàn)殡[居剡中而受到唐玄宗詔見(jiàn),給予他們很高的禮遇——他們作為文人所膜拜的道教人物,在這里的隱居,其號(hào)召力,不容小覷。
這里佳山秀水,風(fēng)景宜人。魏晉時(shí)期許多的風(fēng)流名士在這里留下了許多詩(shī)篇,比如王羲之等文人在蘭亭的曲水流觴和詩(shī)集,王子猷在剡溪夜乘小舟訪戴安道的“乘興而行,興盡而返”的盡興和灑脫,還有他們筆下所描繪的“山陰道上行,如在鏡中游”的風(fēng)景,對(duì)于唐代文人來(lái)說(shuō),仿佛一個(gè)巨大的磁場(chǎng),吸引他們來(lái)這里追尋名士的足跡。
唐代用科舉制度選拔人才,無(wú)論是普通民眾還是文人士子,他們都有著積極進(jìn)取的態(tài)度。但是通過(guò)科舉這條路能夠走上仕途的人畢竟少之又少。大量的落榜考生,一方面想積極建功立業(yè),另一方面又苦于社會(huì)沒(méi)有給他們提供那么多的機(jī)會(huì)。在兩者不可協(xié)調(diào)的矛盾之間,他們選擇了寄情山水。浙東秀美的山水,六朝文人的精神指引,吸引了許多文人墨客。
看似無(wú)意的漫游,其實(shí)各有目的,但無(wú)論如何,膾炙人口的詩(shī)歌就此留下了。
浙江越秀外國(guó)語(yǔ)學(xué)院副教授張慧玲介紹,唐詩(shī)中有關(guān)浙東的作品,謳歌的山水名勝和人文景觀有近百處。它們對(duì)于當(dāng)下的意義,或許正如華東師范大學(xué)教授胡曉明曾表達(dá)過(guò)的觀點(diǎn)那樣——“歷史上中國(guó)人對(duì)江南的贊許與向往、憧憬、評(píng)價(jià),以及這些贊許形成的經(jīng)典,連接著對(duì)于什么樣的生活更好、更值得追求的主張。”
當(dāng)我們將目光回溯到過(guò)去,將腳步踏進(jìn)當(dāng)下,將思索投射到未來(lái),讓一個(gè)個(gè)未盡的故事由學(xué)者以扎實(shí)的研究來(lái)敘述——便可以得到答案。
在統(tǒng)籌推進(jìn)“六個(gè)浙江”(富強(qiáng)浙江、法治浙江、文化浙江、平安浙江、美麗浙江、清廉浙江)的建設(shè)中,文化浙江是不可或缺的一環(huán)。
2018年初,浙江省政府工作報(bào)告中,便將“積極打造浙東唐詩(shī)之路和錢塘江唐詩(shī)之路”列為今年的重大戰(zhàn)略舉措之一。
“浙東唐詩(shī)之路”被賦予了新的現(xiàn)實(shí)使命。
這條古道上有兩大優(yōu)質(zhì)文化資源:以唐詩(shī)為代表的中國(guó)古代文化資源、古道沿線秀美的風(fēng)景旅游資源,其研究、開(kāi)發(fā)、振興,不但可以全面提升浙江的人文氣息,還可以盤(pán)活浙東的旅游,加速產(chǎn)業(yè)轉(zhuǎn)型升級(jí)的進(jìn)程。
近30年來(lái),浙江的文化研究者和建設(shè)者從未停滯過(guò)研究開(kāi)發(fā)“浙東唐詩(shī)之路”的腳步,如今,正是將這條路打通的時(shí)機(jī)。
早在1991年的唐代文學(xué)學(xué)術(shù)研討會(huì)上,學(xué)者竺岳兵就提出了“浙東唐詩(shī)之路”的概念。近30年來(lái),這個(gè)概念受到諸多學(xué)者響應(yīng),產(chǎn)生了豐碩的研究成果,并展現(xiàn)出開(kāi)闊的發(fā)展空間。
有關(guān)學(xué)者歸納出一條唐代詩(shī)人的“旅游熱線”:從西興出發(fā),經(jīng)蕭山到紹興鑒湖,沿浙東運(yùn)河至曹娥江,然后沿江而行入剡溪,再經(jīng)新昌天姥山,最后抵天臺(tái)石梁飛瀑,全長(zhǎng)約190公里。據(jù)《全唐詩(shī)》所載,大概有300多位頗有名望的唐代詩(shī)人,在這條“浙東唐詩(shī)之路”上,寫(xiě)下了1000余首佳作。
浙江省社會(huì)科學(xué)界聯(lián)合會(huì)不久前在新昌召開(kāi)了“‘浙東唐詩(shī)之路人文紀(jì)行論證會(huì)”,為本次人文紀(jì)行集中了智庫(kù)資源,也透露了隨之而來(lái)的研究動(dòng)向。浙江省社會(huì)科學(xué)界聯(lián)合會(huì)副主席陳先春介紹,“浙東唐詩(shī)之路”學(xué)者研究成果的梳理、文化與旅游并舉的建議、學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議的籌備、宣傳普及等項(xiàng)目,都將逐漸提上議事日程。
一千多年前,在中華民族的那一個(gè)盛世中涌現(xiàn)出來(lái)的壯麗山河、激昂文字,將在這一個(gè)時(shí)代被重新提及、整理、發(fā)揚(yáng)。夢(mèng)回唐朝,醒來(lái)又見(jiàn)盛世,這將是何等榮耀的人生體驗(yàn)。
Zhejiang Attracted Poets
of Tang Dynasty
By Sun Wen, Li Yin, Fang Tao
In the Tang Dynasty (618-907), especially in its early years and middle years, poets visited eastern Zhejiang. In 1991, Zhu Yuebing, a native of Xinchang in eastern Zhejiang, presented his discovery of the travels poets of the Tang took in eastern Zhejiang at a national symposium on the literature of the Tang Dynasty. His discovery caused a sensation in academic circles.
According to latest research results, the road was about 190 kilometers long. The poets started their epic tours at the present-day Xixing, a town just across Qiantang River from Hangzhou. They went all the way from Xiaoshan to Shaoxing. They continued their tours along whats now known as the Eastern Zhejiang Canal to Caoe River. The poets then traveled on the river and went up via Shanxi River to Mount Tianmu in Xinchang. Then all the way up to Shiliang Waterfall in Tiantai.
, compiled from 1705 to 1706 by ten famous scholars of the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911) under an imperial decree, presents over 48,900 poems by 2,200 plus poets of the Tang Dynasty. All these poems are in 900 volumes and there are also 12 additional index volumes. Of these poems and poets, over 1,000 poems by about 300 prominent poets can be traced to eastern Zhejiang. These poems by so many poets in the collection testify to the existence of this itinerary. The trail is now officially referred to as “Road of Tang Poetry in Eastern Zhejiang”.
Over the past decades, more scholars have pitched in to explore the road through textual researches and field studies. Their studies convincingly explain what in eastern Zhejiang attracted the poets of the dynasty.
In fact the poets of the Tang Dynasty traveled a great deal. The dynasty prospered economically. The flourishing economy enabled poets to travel freely. People could travel all over the country without worrying much about their personal safety. And there were a number of travel itineraries the poets followed largely. One radiated from the central region to the military outposts in the border regions in the west. Another extended to Sichuan in the southwest. Yet another went southeastward to Zhejiang.
Eastern Zhejiang offered a lot to the poets of the Tang. In the South and the North dynasties (420-589), a lot of poets and artists moved to the south, bringing culture and tradition along. Many of them settled down in Zhejiang. Their poems and essays added a special touch to the national imagination about the beauty of the south. Moreover, in the Tang dynasty, the canal system across the eastern region of China made it easy and pleasant for traders and men of letters to travel southward and reach Zhejiang.
The natural beauty of the province had long since found its way into masterpieces in ancient literature. The poets of the Tang naturally wanted to follow the footsteps of the past poets and travel to experience what they had seen. The province magnetized the poets of the Tang.
The Tang selected talented government officials from the grassroots hierarchy through nationwide imperial examinations. For people who wished to be selected, travel was an eye-opening experience. For those who had failed to pass the examinations, travel provided them an opportunity for escapism. Despite the fact that different people visited eastern Zhejiang for different reasons, they unanimously wrote poems about their tours. The best of the poems have come down to us through timeless classics.
These poems have contributed to the fame of about 100 places of historical and cultural interests across eastern Zhejiang. For a long time, they have been a wealth of tourism attractions. “These poems reveal the ancient appreciation of the natural beauty and lifestyle of Jiangnan. Many people dreamed of such natural beauty and desired such a lifestyle. Their desire and appreciation combine to point to an ideal system of value in pursuit of a better material and spiritual life,” commented Hu Xiao, a professor with East China Normal University.
“The Road of Tang Poetry in Eastern Zhejiang” has acquired a new significance. In early 2018, the Zhejiang Provincial Government reported its work to the provincial peoples congress, presenting a series of measures to be taken for making Zhejiang better through economic growth, rule of law, culture, public safety, natural beauty, and clean and honest governance. Discussing the strategic measures to promote culture, the work report mentions active measures to build up “The Road of Tang Poetry in Eastern Zhejiang” and “The Tang Poetry of Qiantang River”.
“The Road of Tang Poetry in Eastern Zhejiang” offers opportunities. First of all, the study, development and revitalization of the ancient Chinese culture as presented in the Tang poems will not only make Zhejiang better culturally but also upgrade tourism and related industries in this part of the province.