耿巖玲,林云良,崔莉,朱姮,付瑞明,王岱杰
(齊魯工業(yè)大學(xué)(山東省科學(xué)院),山東省分析測試中心,山東省中藥質(zhì)量控制技術(shù)重點實驗室,山東濟(jì)南 250014)
厚樸為木蘭科植物厚樸Magnolia officinalisRehd.et Wils.和凹葉厚樸Magnolia officinalisRehd. et Wils.var.bilobaRehd. et Wils.的干燥干皮、根皮及枝皮,是我國傳統(tǒng)大宗中藥材[1]。厚樸藥材同時列入了衛(wèi)計委《可用于保健食品的物品名單》,保健功效顯著。在傳統(tǒng)中醫(yī)學(xué)上,厚樸具有燥濕消痰、下氣除滿的功效,主治濕滯傷中,脘痞吐瀉,食積氣滯,腹脹便秘和痰飲喘咳等癥狀?,F(xiàn)代藥理研究表明,厚樸還具有抗氧化、抗炎、抑菌、抗癲癇、防治老年癡呆、抗抑郁和抗腫瘤等多種功效[2~22]。和厚樸酚為藥典中規(guī)定的厚樸和厚樸花鑒別和質(zhì)量控制指標(biāo)之一,藥理研究表明,和厚樸酚還具有抗病毒、抗腫瘤、中樞抑制、抗血小板、抑菌、抗抑郁、抗血管生成效應(yīng)和抗增殖等活性[23~31]。然而目前市場上和厚樸酚樣品主要以對照品為主,純度參差不齊,未按照國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進(jìn)行均勻性、穩(wěn)定性和定值試驗,最終結(jié)果沒有不確定度評價,樣品也不具有溯源性。
標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品是具有一種或多種足夠均勻的和很好確定了的特性值的材料或物質(zhì),可以用來校準(zhǔn)儀器、評價測量方法和給材料賦值[32]。隨著天然產(chǎn)物包括中藥材市場國際化的發(fā)展,研制與ISO對接的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品的需求進(jìn)一步迫切,也是國內(nèi)外研究的熱點。目前,我國研發(fā)的天然產(chǎn)物標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品種類和數(shù)量嚴(yán)重不足,影響相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的檢測,也制約了相關(guān)行業(yè)的發(fā)展,為改善這一現(xiàn)狀,我國天然產(chǎn)物標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品的研究正在廣泛開展[33]。因此,為了滿足和厚樸酚及相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的檢測需求,保證檢測結(jié)果的準(zhǔn)確性、可比性和溯源性,本文參照ISO Guide 35和GB/T 15000.3標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品的工作導(dǎo)則[34],成功研制了和厚樸酚國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品。
圖1 和厚樸酚化學(xué)結(jié)構(gòu)式Fig.1 The chemical structure of honokiol
厚樸提取物購自青島紅星化工有限公司,厚樸酚與和厚樸酚二者的含量約為90%。
柱層析硅膠、GF254薄層硅膠板,青島海洋化工廠;甲醇(色譜純),美國天地公司;水為重蒸水,其它試劑為分析純。
R-3型旋轉(zhuǎn)蒸發(fā)儀,瑞士 BUCHI公司;SCIENTZ-10N型冷凍干燥儀,寧波新芝生物科技股份有限公司;E2695型高效液相色譜儀,美國Waters公司;KQ-500VDV型超聲波清洗器,昆山市超聲儀器有限公司;TBE-300A型制備型逆流色譜儀、TBP-5002型恒流泵和DC-0506型恒溫冷卻循環(huán)浴均購自上海同田生物技術(shù)有限公司;3057型記錄儀,重慶川儀自動化股份有限公司;8823A型紫外檢測器,北京賓達(dá)英創(chuàng)科技有限公司;WRS-1B型數(shù)字熔點儀,上海精密科學(xué)儀器有限公司;UV-2550型紫外可見分光光度計,日本島津公司;INOVA 600 MHz核磁共振波譜儀,美國瓦里安公司;6520 Q-ToF型液質(zhì)聯(lián)用儀,美國安捷倫公司;STA 449FC型同步熱分析儀,德國耐馳公司。
將正己烷、乙酸乙酯、乙醇和水四種溶劑,以體積比1:0.7:1:0.8配置于分液漏斗中,劇烈震蕩,充分混合,靜置分層,待完全分層后分取上下相,上相作為逆流色譜分離的固定相,下相為流動相。厚樸粗提物200 mg溶解于體積相等的上下相共10 mL。首先開啟恒流泵以20 mL/min流速將固定相注滿分離柱,順時針開啟轉(zhuǎn)速800 r/min,流動相以2.0 mL/min流速泵入逆流色譜儀入口,當(dāng)達(dá)到流體動力學(xué)平衡后,樣品自手動進(jìn)樣圈進(jìn)樣,同時開啟紫外檢測器254 nm和記錄儀,根據(jù)記錄儀的紫外吸收圖按管收集組分,HPLC分析后合并,減壓濃縮,冷凍干燥,得到和厚樸酚單體,制備圖見圖2。
圖2 和厚樸酚單體的高速逆流色譜制備圖Fig.2 Chromatogram of honokiol purified by HSCCC
1.5.1 高效液相色譜分析
等度條件:shim-pack C18色譜柱(4.6×250 mm,5 μm);流動相為甲醇-水(78:22,V/V);流速:1.0 mL/min;柱溫:30 ℃;運行時間:30 min;檢測波長:294 nm;樣品濃度0.2 mg/mL,甲醇溶解。梯度條件:YMC C18色譜柱(4.6×250 mm,5 μm);流動相:A為甲醇,B 為水;0~20 min,78%A,20~40 min,78%A~100%A,40~50 min,100%A。流速:1.0 mL/min;柱溫:30 ℃;運行時間:50 min;檢測波長:294 nm,樣品同上。
1.5.2 薄層鑒別
精密稱取樣品 5 mg,加甲醇配制成濃度為 0.2 mg/mL的對照品溶液。展開劑分別為正己烷-乙酸乙酯(4:1,V/V)和氯仿-甲醇(100:1,V/V),定量毛細(xì)點樣管吸取20、40、60、80、100 μg,梯度將樣品點于GF254硅膠板。兩種展開劑分別展開,取出,晾干,分別用熒光檢測(254 nm和365 nm)和10%硫酸乙醇法顯色(105 ℃下加熱3 min,至斑點顯色清晰)。
1.5.3 LC-MS純度分析
分析條件:shim-pack C18色譜柱(4.6×250 mm,5 μm);流動相為甲醇-水(78:22,V/V);流速:1.0 mL/min;柱溫:30 ℃;運行時間:30 min。MS條件:ESI電噴霧離子源,毛細(xì)管電壓為4.0 kV,普氮為載氣,載氣流速為10 L/min,載氣溫度為300 ℃,掃描范圍m/z100~1000。
1.5.4 熱重分析
精密稱取樣品5 mg,置于熱重用坩堝中,熱重條件:初溫30 ℃,最終溫度600 ℃,升溫速率10 ℃/min,氣體N2,流量100 mL/min。
和厚樸酚單體的結(jié)構(gòu)表征采用紫外光譜(UV)、紅外光譜(IR)、質(zhì)譜(MS)和核磁共振(NMR)等技術(shù)。UV法的測試溶劑為甲醇,掃描范圍為200~400 nm;IR法采用KBr壓片,掃描波數(shù)為400~4000 cm-1;
MS為電噴霧離子源,載氣溫度為300 ℃,載氣流速為10 L/min,普氮為載氣,毛細(xì)管電壓為4.0 kV,掃描范圍m/z為 100~1000;NMR法的氘代試劑為CDCl3。
依據(jù)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品導(dǎo)則(均勻性研究)要求[34],采用順序重復(fù)隨機(jī)測量,隨機(jī)抽取分裝好的和厚樸酚樣品種抽樣程序(第一種1-3-5-7-9-2-4-6-8-10;第二種10-9-8-7-6-5-4-3-2-1;第三種2-4-6-8-10-1-3-5-7-9),樣品按1.5.1中規(guī)定等度方法進(jìn)行分析,樣品純度讀取采用峰面積歸一化法,采用方差分析法進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。
和厚樸酚樣品儲存溫度為0~4 ℃,考察樣品的4年穩(wěn)定期,分5個時間段考察監(jiān)測,按1.5.1中規(guī)定等度方法進(jìn)行分析,樣品純度讀取采用峰面積歸一化法,每份樣品測定5次,統(tǒng)計分析采用t檢驗法[35]。
根據(jù)工作導(dǎo)則,標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品的定值采用8家實驗室協(xié)作進(jìn)行的方法。隨機(jī)抽取樣品24瓶,每家定值實驗室寄出樣品3瓶,每瓶測定2次,協(xié)作實驗室共出6個檢測結(jié)果,樣品純度以峰面積歸一化法讀取[34,35]。
圖3 和厚樸酚等度洗脫HPLC圖譜Fig.3 HPLC chromatogram of honokiol by socratic elution
圖4 和厚樸酚梯度洗脫HPLC圖譜Fig.4 HPLC chromatogram of honokiol by gradient elution
圖5 和厚樸酚HPLC 3D掃描圖Fig.5 Three dimensional chromatogram of honokiol by HPLC
采用HPLC的DAD檢測器對色譜峰進(jìn)行3D總吸收圖掃描,檢測結(jié)果扣除溶劑峰,HPLC純度分析結(jié)果表明,未見明顯雜質(zhì)峰存在,圖 3、4、5。以正己烷-乙酸乙酯(4:1,V/V)和氯仿-甲醇(100:1,V/V),熒光和10%硫酸乙醇法顯色結(jié)果表明,樣品呈現(xiàn)灰黑色斑點,Rf值分別為0.59和0.57,未見明顯雜質(zhì)斑點存在。LC-MS結(jié)果表明,當(dāng)提取MS的總離子流圖,未見明顯的雜質(zhì)峰存在。
熱重結(jié)果表明,在25.3~187.0 ℃溫度范圍內(nèi),TG曲線是一條水平線,表明測試樣品中吸附水和結(jié)晶水含量很低,熱穩(wěn)定性好。當(dāng)溫度增加超過187.0 ℃時,樣品開始分解,DTA曲線顯示溫度升高到317.5 ℃,樣品迅速分解。
熔點:1497 (δCH),1431 (δCH),1217 (νCO),907 (δC=C),824(δC=C),776 (δC=C),695 (δC=C);ESI-MS:m/z267.0[M+H]+,265.0 [M-H]-。在1H-NMR中可以看到δ7.25(d, 7.8), 6.92 (d, 7.8), 6.89 (d, 7.8), 7.06 (m), 7.22 (d, 1.8),7.02 (m)六個芳香氫信號,根據(jù)其峰形、化學(xué)位移和耦合常數(shù)推測該化合物存在 1,3,4三取代苯環(huán);δ5.05~6.11為六個烯氫質(zhì)子信號;在13C-NMR中可以看到18個碳信號,其中8個sp2雜化碳信號,其中δ150.8和153.9為連氧芳香碳信號。1H-NMR (600MHz,CDCl3)δ: 7.25 (1H, d,J=7.8 Hz, H-2), 7.22 (1H, d,J=1.8 Hz, H-6), 7.06 (1H, m, H-4'), 7.02 (1H, m, H-6'), 6.92(1H, d,J=7.8 Hz, H-3), 6.89 (1H, d,J=7.8 Hz, H-3'), 6.00(2H, m, H-8, 8'), 5.11 (4H, m, H-9, 9'), 3.35 (4H, d,J=6.6 Hz, H-7, 7').13C-NMR (150 MHz , CDCl3)δ: 153.9(C-4), 150.7 (C-2'), 137.8 (C-8'), 135.9 (C-8), 132.2(C-5'), 131.1 (C-6'), 130.2 (C-2), 129.6 (C-3), 128.8(C-4'), 128.5 (C-6), 127.6 (C-1'), 126.3 (C-1), 117.0(C-3'), 116.6 (C-5), 115.6 (C-9, 9'), 39.4 (C-7'), 35.2(C-7)。以上數(shù)據(jù)與文獻(xiàn)[36]比較基本一致,確定為和厚樸酚。
將結(jié)果進(jìn)行F檢驗,進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)統(tǒng)計,確定和厚樸酚樣品的均勻性,結(jié)果見表1和表2。
表2 方差分析數(shù)據(jù)Table 2 Results of variance analysis
瓶間方差的計算公式:
則瓶間標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差為:
F值的計算公式:
F=MS組間/MS組內(nèi)=2.08
以組間自由度υ1=9及組內(nèi)自由度υ2=20為變量查詢F界值表,可知臨界值F0.05(9,20)=2.94,由于F<F0.05(9,20),因此所研制的和厚樸酚標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品具有良好的均勻性。
采用t檢驗法對穩(wěn)定性檢測結(jié)果統(tǒng)計分析,采用直線模型,觀察直線斜率值變化趨勢,同時進(jìn)行預(yù)測,結(jié)果見表3。
斜率計算公式如下:
式中,Xi為抽樣的月份數(shù),Yi為檢測的樣品純度,
截距計算公式如下:
直線模型的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差:
則s=0.10。
斜率相關(guān)不確定度計算公式如下:
查表得自由度為n-2和95%置信水平(p=0.95)分布的t因子為3.182。由于斜率變化的絕對值:
即因此,斜率變化不顯著,即和厚樸酚標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品在4年內(nèi)穩(wěn)定性良好。穩(wěn)定性的不確定度為:u穩(wěn)=Sb×t=0.002×48=0.10
表3 穩(wěn)定性檢驗數(shù)據(jù)Table 3 Result of stability test
根據(jù)各個協(xié)作實驗室的反饋結(jié)果,進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)的統(tǒng)計分析,并最終確定和厚樸酚標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值和不確定度,統(tǒng)計結(jié)果如表4。
表4 協(xié)作定值數(shù)據(jù)Table 4 Results of purity value results
測定結(jié)果總平均值的計算公式如下:
實驗室平均值的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差為:
總平均值標(biāo)準(zhǔn)偏差為:
多家定值引入的不確定度:
和厚樸酚標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品的不確定度由如下三部分組分:(1)均勻性檢驗不確定度;(2)穩(wěn)定性檢驗不確定度;(3)定值不確定度,這三部分不確定度分量互不相關(guān),需將三種不確定度合成,即合成不確定度(U合成)為:
代入數(shù)據(jù)計算得U合成=0.11。
置信區(qū)間95%時,k=2。
則和厚樸酚標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品的擴(kuò)展不確定度:
本研究針對和厚樸酚及相關(guān)產(chǎn)品缺乏國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品的現(xiàn)狀,嚴(yán)格按照國標(biāo)規(guī)定的標(biāo)樣樣品研制規(guī)則,成功的研制出和厚樸酚標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品,并順利通過了專家驗收(項目編號:S2011018)。研制過程中對標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品的均勻性進(jìn)行考察,并進(jìn)行方差分析;穩(wěn)定性檢驗采用直線模型,并進(jìn)行了t檢驗法考察;定值采用多家實驗室協(xié)作,對定值結(jié)果進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析。根據(jù)三個方面引入的不確定度,進(jìn)行了不確定度的合成和擴(kuò)展,獲得了標(biāo)準(zhǔn)值為 99.72%,置信度 95%的不確定度為0.22%的和厚樸酚國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品,具有樣品溯源性,可用于相關(guān)產(chǎn)品的檢測方法評定和含量測定,填補(bǔ)了和厚樸酚標(biāo)準(zhǔn)樣品的國內(nèi)外空白。
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