亚洲免费av电影一区二区三区,日韩爱爱视频,51精品视频一区二区三区,91视频爱爱,日韩欧美在线播放视频,中文字幕少妇AV,亚洲电影中文字幕,久久久久亚洲av成人网址,久久综合视频网站,国产在线不卡免费播放

        ?

        Cultural Factors on Management

        2018-05-29 09:59:34董佳文
        校園英語·中旬 2018年3期
        關(guān)鍵詞:紹興人外語學(xué)院助教

        【Abstract】This article examines the relationship between culture and management, reviews some of the value differences of various nations, and relates these cultural dimensions to the business settings to analyze their effect on the practice of management in an international environment.

        【Key words】culture; cultural factor; value; attitude; management

        【作者簡介】董佳文(1978- ),女,漢族,浙江紹興人,上海立達職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院基礎(chǔ)與外語學(xué)院,助教,碩士研究生,研究方向為商務(wù)英語研究。

        Introduction

        Todays business world is increasingly global. And the real challenge at present, for the manager, is “developing the ability of management from different countries and cultures to think and work together ― a primary factor for the success of global organizations.”(Samovar, et al, 2000, 179) This challenge exists because even the conception of management can be viewed differently from culture to culture. Hofstede states that management in the American sense “refers not only to the process but also to the managers as a class of people. Members of this class carry a high status. In the United States, the manager is a cultural hero.”(Samovar, et al, 2000, 179) and in the Chinese view “Overseas Chinese American enterprises lack almost all characteristics of modern management. They tend to be small, cooperating for essential functions with other small organizations through networks based on personal relations. They are family owned, without the separation between ownership and management typical in the West, or even in Japan and Korea…Decision making is centralized in the hands of one dominant family member, but other family members may be given new ventures to try their skill on. They are low-profile and extremely cost-conscious, applying Confucian virtues of thrift and persistence. Their size is kept small by the assumed lack of loyalty of non-family employees, who, if they are any good, will just wait and save until they can start their own family business.”(Samovar, et al, 2000, 181) The different cultural views held by Americans and Chinese toward management suggest that there exist cultural differences in various nations which may affect their members management behavior to some extent.

        Cultural Factors on Management

        Cultures differ in their orientations and these differences in cultural values often result in varying management practices. According to Hofstede, there are four cultural value dimensions that have a significant impact on management in all cultures: (1) Power Distance; (2) Uncertainty Avoidance; (3) Individualism versus Collectivism; (4) Masculinity versus Femininity.

        Power Distance

        Power distance is “the extent to which the less powerful members of institutions and organizations within a country expect and accept that power is distributed unequally”(Hofstede, 1991, 28). People in cultures with a low power distance tend to minimize the importance of a persons position in the hierarchy. Decision making in organizations tends to be decentralized. In contrast, people in cultures with a high power distance tend to accept the power and authority of their superiors simply on the basis of the superiors positions in the hierarchy and to respect the superiors right to that power. Decision making in organizations tends to be centralized. Managers are seen as decision-makers. People accept decisions made by their superiors because of their implicit belief that those in higher-level positions have the right to make those decisions.

        For example, “a senior Indian executive with a Ph.D. from a prestigious U.S. university related the following story: What is most important for me and my department is not what I do or achieve for the company, but whether the [owners] favor is bestowed on me…This I have achieved by saying “yes” to everything [the owner] says or does…To contradict him is to look for another job…I left my freedom of thought in Boston.”(Hodgetts and Luthans, 2003, 116) This story indicates that in high power distance countries such as India, people will blindly obey the orders of their superiors. And such strict obedience can be found even at the upper levels.

        Uncertainty Avoidance

        Uncertainty avoidance is “the extent to which the members of a culture feel threatened by uncertain or unknown situations”(Hofstede, 1991, 113). People in societies that have a low measure of uncertainty-avoidance are stimulated by change and thrive on new opportunities. They tent to stress achievement over security. Risk-taking is highly valued in those societies. Organizations with low uncertainty-avoidance cultures exhibit “a less structured and more free-flowing style of management”(Mitchell, 2000, 18), and have more flexible hierarchies, rules and procedures for doing business. “The organization encourages personnel to use their own initiative and assume responsibility for their actions.”(Hodgetts and Luthans, 2003, 117) The opposite conditions apply in societies with high uncertainty-avoidance cultures. People in these cultures tend to have a high need for security and feel threatened by new ideas. Employees in organizations with high uncertainty-avoidance cultures prefer a structured and routine way of doing things. More rigid hierarchies are adopted, rules and regulations are strongly needed in those organizations. Such organizations have “l(fā)ess risk-taking by managers, lower labor turnover and less ambitious employees”(Hodgetts and Luthans, 2003, 117).

        猜你喜歡
        紹興人外語學(xué)院助教
        How to Understand the Story of an Hour Using Id, Ego and Superego
        Pilot Study for The Relationship Between Politeness and Prosodic Features
        A study on the teaching practice of vocational English teaching connected with the working processes
        紹興這地方,凈出硬骨頭
        中外書摘(2017年1期)2017-01-14 02:32:55
        紹興魚干好下酒
        龍泉帆影
        中國攝影家(2014年3期)2014-04-29 00:44:03
        Nihilistic Catastrophe:Barth’s The End of the Road
        Research on Public Signs and theⅠmportance of this Research to C-E Translation
        范文瀾譯《沁園春》
        av天堂午夜精品一区| 天天碰免费上传视频| 国内精品久久久久久久97牛牛 | 中文字幕一区二区三区97| 在线日本高清日本免费| 亚洲国产精品av麻豆一区| 国产激情视频免费在线观看 | 亚洲国产综合性感三级自拍| 日本视频一中文有码中文| 337p人体粉嫩胞高清视频| 精品久久久久久久中文字幕| 欧美手机在线视频| 久久精品国产亚洲av天美| 天堂国产一区二区三区| 亚洲精品久久久久久动漫| 亚洲成人福利在线观看| 国产精彩视频| 亚洲国产精品夜男人天堂| 国产人妖av在线观看| 亚洲午夜av久久久精品影院色戒 | chinese国产乱在线观看 | 亚洲av午夜福利精品一区二区| 亚洲日本人妻少妇中文字幕| 无人区一码二码三码四码区 | 免费人成在线观看播放视频| 亚洲熟妇色自偷自拍另类| 久久精品久久久久观看99水蜜桃| 亚洲日韩成人无码不卡网站| 中文字幕人妻互换av| 免费人成视频x8x8入口| 热99精品| 无遮挡粉嫩小泬| 精品久久综合日本久久综合网| 国产后入又长又硬| 亚洲av永久无码精品秋霞电影影院| 99久久国语露脸国产精品| 国产亚洲精品精品综合伦理| 成年女人色毛片| 天天躁日日躁狠狠躁一区| 免费蜜桃视频在线观看| 国产一区二区三区毛片|