Wiwanitkit House, Bangkhae, Bangkok Thailand

2Hainan Medical University, China

3Dr DY Patil University, India

1. Introduction

Pox is an important infection that can cause the acute illness with dermatological manifestation. The well-known human pox infections are pox, smallpox[1] and chickenpox[2]. Apart from the well-known pox infections, the emerging zoonotic pox infections become interesting new issue in infectious medicine. In this short review, acute illness resulting from new important zoonotic pox infections such as monkeypox, cowpox, raccoonpox and buffalopox will be discussed and summarized.

2. Racoon pox infection in human

Racoon pox is an important animal virus. For human beings,there are few reports about this pox infection. The first report in human is by Rockeet al[3]. They reported a human exposure to a recombinant raccoon poxvirus. In this patient, Rockeet alfound that “within 9 days, the patient developed a small blister that healed within 4 weeks. Raccoon poxvirus was cultured from the lesion”[3].The observed acute illness in raccoon pox infection is not different from the general clinical problem in human infection by any other viruses in pox group.

3. Cowpox infection in human

Cowpox can cause human infection. The disease has been known for many decades. The disease is zoonotic from cat, not a cow[4].Direct contact is the cause of getting zoonotic infection. In cat, the virus can cause lung infection but it will cause acute illness with “a local nodular dermatitis at the inoculation site” in human case[5].Enlarge lymph node and high fever can also be seen[6]. Severe ocular infection can also be seen in some cases[7]. Cat immunization against this infection is available and it is suggested that cat owners should be informed about the zoonotic risk[8]. A recent report by Borisevichet alfrom Russia noted that a decrease of population immunity to pox in the population of Russia caused by cancellation of pox immunization, hidden circulation of cowpox virus in various species of rodents, as well as lack of vigilance to pathogenic orthopoxviurses in healthcare workers were noted to create the real preconditions for the emergence of infection of humans caused by cowpox virus[9].

4. Monkeypox infection in human

Human monkeypox is considered a new emerging virus infection[10]. The endemic area of the disease is in Africa. Visiting forest is the main risk factor for getting the infection[11].

The co-infection between monkey pox and varicella is also reported[12]. Focusing on the clinical feature of the human monkeypox infection, the patients usually have acute illness.Kalthanet alfound that fever and rash were the main symptoms of the disease. Lymphadenopathy was present in 54.5%[13]. At present,the new diagnostic test kit is also available for help confirmation and diagnosis of the infection[14]. The important concern at present is the recent report on extended human to human transmission of monkeypox infection[15].

5. Buffalopox infection in human

Human buffalopox is another uncommon zoonotic virus infection. The disease is usually due to contact with buffalo and the milker is the common infected group. The most recent outbreak occurred in India[16-17]. In the report on human outbreak in India,Bhanuprakashet alnoted that milkers developed pox-like lesions on the hands, forearms and forehead accompanied by fever, axillary lymphadenopathy and general malaise[16].

6. Goat-pox infection and sheep-pox infection in human

The possible anthorpo-zoonotic infection has been mentioned for a long time[18]. Nevertheless, there is still no confirmation on the epidemic or outbreak. An important explanation might be the good control of disease in animal, which can also be reflected by the trend of decreased incidence of Q-fever as seen in Taiwan[19].

For the sheep-pox infection, there is an interesting indexing case on a man who get infected by contact with sheep carrying ecthyma contagiosum lesions and confirmed by immunodiagnosis[20].

7. Conclusion

Many new emerging zoonotic pox infections exist at present. Those zoonotic infections are usually forgotten. Sometimes, the infection can be transmitted by pet and it is an important issue to promote health education for general people regarding the risk of atypical zoonotic pox infections.

Conflict of interest statement

The authors report no conflict of interest.

[1] Walsh M. Smallpox: The disease and strategies for its control.Nurs Times2002; 98(51): 26-27.

[2] Eckert N, Masserey Spicher V. Chickenpox and shingles: One virus, two diseases and current vaccination recommendations in Switzerland.Ther Umsch2016; 73(5): 247-252.

[3] Rocke TE, Dein FJ, Fuchsberger M, Fox BC, Stinchcomb DT, Osorio JE.Limited infection upon human exposure to a recombinantraccoon pox vaccine vector.Vaccine2004; 22(21-22): 2757-2760.

[4] Baxby D. Is cowpox misnamed? A review of 10 human cases.Br Med J1977; 1(6073): 1379-1381.

[5] Schulze C, Alex M, Schirrmeier H, Hlinak A, Engelhardt A, Koschinski B, et al. Generalized fatal Cowpox virus infection in a cat with transmission to a human contact case.Zoonoses Public Health2007; 54(1):31-37.

[6] Zaba R, Ja?owska M, Kowalczyk MJ, Bowszyc-Dmochowska M, Adamski Z, Szkaradkiewicz A. Cowpox virus infection in a child after contact with a domestic cat: A case report.New Microbiol2017; 40(2): 148-150.

[7] Kinnunen PM, Holopainen JM, Hemmil? H, Piiparinen H, Sironen T,Kivel? T, et al. Severe ocular cowpox in a human, Finland.Emerg Infect Dis2015; 21(12): 2261-2263

[8] M?stl K, Addie D, Belák S, Boucraut-Baralon C, Egberink H, Frymus T, et al. Cowpox virus infection in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management.J Feline Med Surg2013; 15(7): 557-559.

[9] Borisevich SV, Marennikova SS, Makhlai AA, Terent’ev AI, Loginova SIa, Perekrest VV, et al. Cowpox: Features of spread after cancellation of mandatory pox immunization.Zh Mikrobiol Epidemiol Immunobiol2012;(3): 103-107.

[10] Di Giulio DB, Eckburg PB. Human monkeypox: An emerging zoonosis.Lancet Infect Dis2004; 4(1): 15-25.

[11] Quiner CA, Moses C, Monroe BP, Nakazawa Y, Doty JB, Hughes CM,et al. Presumptive risk factors for monkeypox in rural communities in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.PLoS One2017; 12(2): e0168664.

[12] Hoff NA, Morier DS, Kisalu NK, Johnston SC, Doshi RH, Hensley LE, et al. Varicella coinfection in patients with active monkeypox in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Ecohealth2017. doi: 10.1007/s10393-017-1266-5.

[13] Kalthan E, Dondo-Fongbia JP, Yambele S, Dieu-Creer LR, Zepio R,Pamatika CM. Twelve cases of monkeypox virus outbreak in Bangassou District (Central African Republic) in December 2015.Bull Soc Pathol Exot2016; 109(5): 358-363.

[14] Li D, Wilkins K, McCollum AM, Osadebe L, Kabamba J, Nguete B, et al. Evaluation of the geneXpert for human monkeypox diagnosis.Am J Trop Med Hyg2017; 96(2): 405-410.

[15] Nolen LD, Osadebe L, Katomba J, Likofata J, Mukadi D, Monroe B,et al. Extended human-to-human transmission during a monkeypox outbreak in the Democratic Republic of the Congo.Emerg Infect Dis2016; 22(6): 1014-1021.

[16] Bhanuprakash V, Venkatesan G, Balamurugan V, Hosamani M,Yogisharadhya R, Gandhale P, et al. Zoonotic infections of buffalopox in India.Zoonoses Public Health2010; 57(7-8): e149-155.

[17] Prasad VG, Nayeem S, Ramachandra S, Saiprasad GS, Wilson CG. An outbreak of buffalo pox in human in a village in Ranga Reddy District,Andhra Pradesh.Indian J Public Health2009; 53(4): 267

[18] Sawhney AN, Singh AK, Malik BS. Goat-pox: An anthropozoonosis.Indian J Med Res1972; 60(5): 683-684.

[19] Hartmann AA, Büttner M, Stanka F, Elsner P. Sero-and immunodiagnosis in parapoxvirus infections in the human. Milker’s nodes, ecthyma contagiosum contact infection.Hautarzt1985; 36(12): 663-669.

[20] Lai CH, Chang LL, Lin JN, Liao MH, Liu SS, Lee HH, et al. Association of human Q fever with animal husbandry, Taiwan, 2004-2012.Emerg Infect Dis2015; 21(12): 2217-2220.